IOSEPHI SCALIGERI
3
EMENDATIONE
TEMPORVM:
Caftigatius & multis partibus auftius, vt nouum videri podite.
ITEM
VETERVM GR>ECORVM
FRAGMENTA SELECT A,
Quibu loci aliquot obfcuriflimi Chronologit fart & Biblioruin illuslranturi cum N o TI s eiufam Scaligeri.
Sg TVTrcMfatTfa 'X.tfvoypiQM (^c^; Eguacfeif xaMiov
Sy <J’ (J bo; cui^i; oumU ^bi/oi/f \^vi.
T0'x GwuMcr€-
Lvgdvni Batavorvm, Ex Officina Plantiniana Francifci Raphelengij.
clo. Id. i i c.
CONSPECTVS
LIBER TERTIVS,
Q_V I E S T
DE ANNO QJ ABILI MAIORE.
OMNIVM CAPITVM
Q^V A HIS L I B R I S CONTINENTVR.
De Anno AEgyptiaco.	185
Te Annis Nabonajfari ASgyptiacis.	189
Te Pdeuruz periodica veterum Terfa-rum.	196
<Dc tAnno vago lezjdegird. ' 199
De Anno Armeniorum.	20 5
DeAnnoTrifcorum HebraorunteAbraha-meo.	206
DenouarumlndiarumAnno.	210
e Horis &partibw dieirebquis. 4
PRIMVS LIBER,
Q_V I E S T
DE ANNO A QJ7 ABILI MINOR E.
De Teriodo ^Macedonum Alexandres au-
De Die bus.	6
De ^Menfibiis.	9
De Anno.	12
De tAnno aquabib tninore Gracorum. 22
De 0 Tact tride.	18
De Men/ibus dtticis.
De Teriodo Macedonica aftiua.
De Peri do tAttka.
ibid.
35
40
45
tumnah.	47
De TeriodoDtbynorum.	49
De Teriodo Delp bor urn Tythica.	5 o
De Periodo rbe b ana.	52
De Periodo Syracufana.	54
De Te^iodo Laconum.	5 5
De Teriodo Samiorum & aliarum Gracia auitatium.	5 6
De anno commentitio Herodoti.	57
S EC V ND VS LIBER,
Qjr I
DE ANNO
D e 0 clset eride Cleo ft rati.	Gt
De 0 diaeteride Harpa'i.	6 4
De Offaeteride Eudoxi.	6 7
Elene bus 0 clacteridis.	69
De Anno magno AMetonis^ue Enntadecae-t er ide.	70
De cyclo iMetonis Tbilippto.	8 o
De Periodo (alippi Attica Solflitiali.	81
De PcriodoLunari falippicaabautumno. 88 De Periodo Syromacedonum Alexandrta.'b') De Ter iodo C baldaorum Alexandres. 9 4
De Periodo ludaorum Alexandres. 9) De Teriodo Hipp arc bi & vero anno Lu-nari.	1 oj
De T eno do Arabum Havarenorum. 1 o 7
De Teriodo Sam ant anorum.	111
De Anno Arabico fdutoepoclnt full ana. 114 De tAnno ludaorum nouitio.	117
De Anno veterum Hebraorum autumnah.
150.
E S T
L V N A R I.
De Anno Hegira.	1 3 I
De Cyclo ludaorum Karr aim.	145
De Cyclo Teljaresl^adecaetitarum^ vttu-fli[]imorum Afi* Chrifltanorum.	j 44
De OElaeteride & Teffareskadecaeteride
Pafcbali.	14J
De HekfadecaeterideHippolyti Cpifcc 1.146
De Cyclo Pafcbali Alexandrmorum. 148 De Cych Pafcbali Occidentahum}fue Latinos urn.	150
De Periods Pafcbalibus Tbeopbili} Cyrilbi, Viciorini,Vibloris^Dionyfij Cxigui. 151
Defalfo Cyclo Pafcbali.	15 6
De Ter iodo Tbdolai Pytbagoret.	15 9
Dema^noAnno Democriti.	160
Dema^no Anno Oenopida CbijAslrono-
mi.	1G1
De Cyclo Lunari veterum Saxonum. \Gt
De vet er urn Gallorum Anno. 164 De veteri Anno Tpmanorum. ibid.
LIBER
LIBER Q^V ARTYS,
Q_V I E S T
DE ANNO SOLARI, TRIBVTVS
IN PARTES
P R I M A PARS.
De Anno Romanorumfuliano.	212
DetAnno Asoyptiorum AEhaco-	111
De Anno Syrogracorum & Antiochenorum lubano.	115
De tAnno luliano Atbenienfium. 117
De Anno Samaritanorum luliano. 218
De tAnno Dawaflenoru prifeoru Solari. 219
De Anno luliano Damafcenorum recentio-rum.	ibid.
De anno fuhano Hiff anorum.	ibid.
De Anno ludaorum Solan.	2 3 0
De Anno Calesli.	246
De Parapegmate Attico.	ibid.
De Tarapegmate Cbaldaico-	251
De Tarapegmate Tbiladelpbi Dionyfiano. ibid.
De Anno calc fti Mubammedanorum. 253
SECVNDA PARS.
De Annis emendatis.	255
De eAnno	csviaA^nupnciiQ.
i^G.
De tAnnoTabbi Adda.	261
QJ A T V O R.
De Anno265
De Anno	vTaaxnc,. 272
TERTIA PARS DE PERIODIS SOLARIBVS.
D e Salcbodai iNeuruz veterum Terfa-rum.	2.7^
De magna periodo Cbaldaica.	zy 8
De Heled veter urn Hebraorum.	ibid.
De Saculo Romano.	279
De Periodo magna Dionyfiana.	281
Q^V ARTA PARS DE ANNIS TROVICIS ET
LVNARIBVS EMENDATIS.
D e eAnno Tropico Terfarum fiue Neuruz.
Gelalao aut Sult an to.	284
De nouo Anno CAefti.	288
De cauffs 'Sf^tiardwcna)^ cnTdujcu^ sm-ttunbdnwc,.	^01
DeemendationeTeriodoru Lunarium. 505 Ifacij Argyri de emendatione cycli Pa/cbalis.. 506.
De emendatione cyclt Tafcbalis.	31 i
De eAnno Pficeno.	314
De Annorum Harmonia.	323
liber q V I n t v s,
Q^V I E S T
PRIOR DE EPOCHIS TEMPORVM.
D E Teriodo lubana.	3 3 7
De Epochs ludaicaartificiali, fiue deprimo
Tifri ludaico.	339
De Epocbaartificiali fonslatinopohtana Pafcbali.	341
De condit u Mundi.	3 4 5
De Diluuio.	348
De Exodo Hebraorum.	35°
De primo Anno Sabbatico.
De Anno Sabbatico Samaritarum commen-
titio.
De llij excidio-
351
355 ibid.
De con-
357
358
De condit u Templi Solomonici.
De Encaniis templi.
De initio Olympiadum ft) primo anno Ipbiti.
Ibid.
361
3^7
Deprimis Paldibus Vrbu.
DeprimoTboth'JCabonafiari.
De initio Merodacbfiue Mardokenpad.yjc
De exceffu Romub.	ibid.
De initio Nabopollaffari Regis Chaldaor. ib. De Anno captt lecbonia Regis luda. 3 7 5 De initio Nabucbodonofori Regis Babyl.^6 De anno excidij Templi Cr eaju Sedekta.yy De annoprimo Hewlmerodach. ibid.
De initio Cyri.
378
De initio (ambyfa Cyri F.Regis Perfaru.ib. De initio Darij filij Hyflafiis} Regis Der[a-
rum.
379
De anno (onfulatus lunj BruE, Ct} fugj.	ibid.
De clade 'Perfarum CMarathonia.	381
De initio Xerxis.	ibid.
De tranfituXerxis.	383
De cade Xerxis initio (Artaxerxis Lon-girnani.	384
De Solshtio CMetonts, primo anno En-neadecaeteridos eiufdem.	ibid.
De initio belliDeloponncfiaci.	386
De excejfu Artaxerxis Longimani>(efr initio Darij 9{othi.
De initio Artaxerxis ^Memoris De Cyri minoris expedition. Depugna (Alienfi. De Leuflrica puona.
De initio Alexandre CMa^ni.
387 388 589 ibid.
J9i ibid.
De memorabib clade Carthaginienfium in
Sicilia.	392.
De clade ad Cher oneam.	ibid.
De euerfis ab AlexandroTbebis Boe of its. 393 Depugna ad Arbela (fiy initio imperij Afi.i-tici tAlexandri.	5 9;
De periodo Calippi.	,397
Deprimo Tbotb annorum Philippi & mortis Alex andn.	398
De primo Hyper beret ao (Alexandr eo. 399
De anno tAlcxandreo ludxorum. 403
De primo anno Cbaldaorum. 405 De initio Ptolemai Dbiladelphi (gfr eius ar a calesli.
De initio Ptolemai Pbilometoris.
De Encanits CMacabai.
407
408
409
De initio Simonis ludaoru Etbnarcha. ibid.
De primis Kalendisjanuarij luhani.
De anno cadis Cafaris.
De initio (afaris Augufli.
De draHifiamca.' De initio Herodis JMagni. De Cyclo Lunari'Rpmano.
De Acliaca aaic7oria.
De primo anno tAuguHorum Romano. 416
De initio Caligula.
De initio 'laud] (afaris. De initio Nyronis.
De primo agone Neroniano.
Deprimo agone lAcltaco.	4x7 I
De Tifexto ab Augusto correElo. 430 I
Deexcejfu Herodis.	435 ■
De excejfu tAugusti	initio Tibtrj. 435 I
4J6 I
437 I
438 I
440 I
De T\pma a 9(erone incenfa & perfccutione
CbriFlianorum.	441
De initio JNffafiani.	441
De Hierofolymorum (jfi Templi fecundi ex-
cidto.
De initio Titi Veffafiani.
De initio Domitiani.
444 j
445 I ibid. I
De primo tAgoneCapitohno^ ahis Agoni bus.
De ludis facularibus Domitiani.
De initio $(crua.
De initio Traiani.
De Triumpbo DacicoTraiam.
De initio Hadriani.
De initio Antonini CPij.
446 455 456 457 ibid.
458
459
De ludis facularibus imperatoris Seucn.yGo De initio fmp. Seuert tAlexandri.	4 G1
De initio Gordtani.	ibid.
De ludis facularib. Pbihpporum Impp. 462.
De initio Imp. Probi.	4 5 5
De epoeba Acgyptiorum Diode tianea. ibid. De initio Diocletian.
De Derfecutione Dioclctianea. De initio fonslantini Magni.
466
467
469
De Ineicbonepnma Constantiniana. 4-0
De CMaxentio a Conftantino TMagno deui-
Eio.	475
De Encaniis ^vrbis ConHantinopoleos noua
Roma.	477
De exce/Ju (onFlantini,^ annoprimo (on-fl ant ij eius filij.	4~ 8
Dtexcejjii
|
I fj)e exceffu Imp. Constantj (efi initio luhani
I ?	480
411
414
4’5 I DeConfulatUiAufonj.
417 ■ De morte Valentmiani Junior is.
4xi ■ DeficutidoConfulaiuStiltcbonts.
4*3 I De N n Confulatu Honorj.
481 ibid, ibid.
482, 483 484 485
L I B E
R S
Q_v 1
POSTERIOR DE EPOCHIS TEMPORVM, IN DVAS PARTES TRIBVTVS.
PRIOR PARS.
£) e anno Natalis Domini.
a baptifmo^adre-516 5*7 5i9 511 52-5
^jye quinque Pafchatibus furrectionem.
•prtrHumPafcha. Secundum Pafcba. Tertium Pafcba.
506
Quartum Pafcba.
Quantum Dafcba.
ZJeterum ^velit at tones de die Daffionis Do-
minica.
I Qua obiiciuntfudai.
I rRefidua Paffionis Dominica.
5x6
530
531
SEPTI
S LIBER,
E S T
DE COMPVTIS
ANNALIBVS NATIONVM.
M V
Co MP v T v s annalis ludaorum boditr-nus Hebraice & Ratine.cum Notts. 587 TypusanniSamaritani cum eorum Chrono-logia Hebraice characleribus Samor it a-
GiG
vis. cum Notis.
(omputus annalis Ecclefia Habaffena fine /Ethiopica lingua Habajfcna^ Latina.
cumSfotis.
Gi?
Computus annalis Ecclefia Elkupti, ex Ara-
>ico.
GGi
Qmputus annalis Arabicus Ecclefia Antio-chena.cum Pfotis.	664
De primo Muharram Hegira. ibid. De primo Dbrurdin lezdegird'Terfa, <vel potius Othmen Arabis Cahpha'Rabylo-nis.	488
De annoprimo Constantini Copronymi.^o De initio AEra Calecutienfium. 491 De primo Dbrurdin Gelali. ibid. De anno Conftantinopoleos a TMuhammede
Turca capta.
4?4
E S T
ALTERA PARS DE DVABVS
QV A S T 1 O N I B V S DANIBL1S.
D E Regibus Baby Ionics^ folutione capti~ uitatis.	j 3 8
Tfhquum Daniehs de temporibus Antiochi Epipbanis.	547
De Hebdomadibus Daniehs. 549 Epocha xiil Adar Mardochai , inslau-rationis Templi ac Hierofolymorum. 559
Epilogifmus Hebdomadum Daniehs. 561 Refidua temporary & de primordns prifei Erancorum imperij.	5 71
‘Reges Francorum,quorurngeflax. Lb.Greg.
Epifcopi Turonenfis coprebenduntur.^j,
Canon Pafcbalis Hyppolyti Epifcopi Grace, cum Notis.	Gy 7
Excerpt a ex Computo annali magno Maximi monaebi Grace, cum Notis.	Go 1
Computus anniArabici Hegira Mubamme-dana. cum Notis.	yiG
Qmputus annalis Derfarum (fig Armenio-rum Arabics.	7x1
Computus Perfarum Gelalaus. yiG Computus nouns annalis Ecclefia Romana. 750.
Omnia qu&abrimis inuenta au fidribuS) omni* GrAcia^ dein de fuos Rpmana pot ent ia in v/us Paulatim deriuauit: variat tamen or do Et ratio annorum, ipfa fides per/ape laborat Pftfloria: zfique adeo fait hoc cahgine tettum. Quamuis dignafuit Romano Principe fiantti Cltra Kalendariifrtiflra tamen omnibus iftud TentatumtnequeconHabat fibi computus anni, oAuguftus qualem dederat, wel Iulius antt_j. Curia nec nodumpotuit folutfie Calabra, Quem nunc (kfarei f(doles do^ifiima patris Scaliger omnem aperit, prifeifaue indiHa^ nouifijuc^s Ignorata au ft or nobis miracula dines Promitf defcriptu iamdudum nobtlis aflris (Aftrologus, nuper columen fulmentaque Sphara Barbaric a: obfeurilux inuidtofa oPktanilj, Tempora qui melius poft (Ider a digerit anni (Atque dies inter defignat rite calares.
Propterea JEthiopum lingua* atque induit ora Phoenicumj Phoenix venerandus vnicus ales Scahgeri fafios illinc	t empora qtiAque
Ordinal vt quod nunc tot us benecomputat orbit, S caligerogratus pofihac tot urn imputet wni.
TOY ATTOT0. XP.
Etp ADEN s; young cp^vd o	xAwsii xfyuaxosaraw s^av,
aidi07r6t)v P ctyay&)rM ayjylctf r)U.in
oiao^
Qs7\cl<; ot[4(pct(po(i)v « Qotcpii; Qcpov.
cu^io7T& poJo^axrt/As; tof 7ron /udrnp
tb? ^(p>n;^,r.ctAaioD kmts r ixain^ wity'M (pcts^, TJuyd(riiov re (OOftov, wc 'iTCTtov ItoanTToy xaA£<j7ra?
ipthxa,^	vTrtjpfo’iw;.
Tro^g, £ Aw snv « Asy)?
7rowf cu’&ij/ (Jata^s^xaZctto; ^iwctT&rnp^ ifh, zW'Je (pspsoi ^ow/,oSxaAfiw#{ 3

PROLE-
i'i v
I
I
I
i
ii
Ad candidum Leftover.
vintvsdecimvs hie annus agitur, candids Ledor, poftquam opus noftrum de Emendations Temporum emifimus. Perfualeram mihijiomines ftudiofos aliquam nobis gratiam habituros tot return,quas & icitu dignas,& a nobis primum indi-catas negate nonpoterant. Sed longe aliter animates experti fumus: atq. adeo rem potius inuidiolam
atque obtredationi opportunam, quam illis gratam me fiulcepifls intellexi. Denique nihil aliud quam fignificarunt, quiduis potius (s ignorare malle, quam a nobis aliquid difeers. In quibufdam cando-rem, in aliis ftudium,in omnibus fenfum bonarum rerum defideraui. Nos vero,qui nihil vnquam prius habuimus^uam vthorum oratio-nes finamus prxterfluere, modo vetum eruerc,& inimicos noftros ctiam inuitos iuuare pofiimus, opus noftrum iterum inmanus firm-ptumauximus,illuftrauimus, emendauimus, vt,quanuis idem fit, aliud tamcn anouacultura vidcripollit. Quxhuiceditioni accefle-runt, hand promptum eft diccre. Sed in quibus a priore demutab, poftcaintelliges,fiquideminftitutinoftri ratfonem aperuero. Subie--dura operis noftri eft ratio Temporum ciuilium,& corum,qua: in ve-tuftatis cognitionc verfantur: finis, Emendatio: quod quidem me ta-cente,&Titulus iplc promittib. Ciuilium temporum cognitio,eo-rumque hiftoria vertitur in multiplied diuerforum annorum forma & eorum methodis vulgaribus,quos Computes pofterior xtas vocauib. Ta iTopapSJua ciuilium temporum habes in primoribus tribus libris, & maiore parte quarti: raethodum autem in feptimo. Atemenda-tionis dux partes funb. Prior vetfatut circa cpocharum inueftigatio-nem, pofterior circa verum annum tropicum,& pcriodos Lunares: quam materiam pofterior pars libri quarti, item toti quintus &fextus fibi vindicanb. lam quemadmodum Epochs funt notationes, &C
Q> x tituli
ii
I
Prolegomena.
titulitehiporum,itaipfarum epocharum quxdam debentefle propria	8C charaderes: quorum charaderum alij funt natu-
rales,alij ciuiles. Naturales quidem a rationibus vtriufquc fideris, vnde nati cycli Solaris, 8c Lunaris: ciuiles ab inftituto,cuiufmodi in-didiones 8c anni Sabbatici: finequibusin harum rerum tradatione omnis conatus irritus. Rurfus 8c eorum quoque fallax vfus eft, nifi quxdam annorumexillisperiodusinftituatur. Sed ex funt toti-dem,quot aut formx annorum, aut ciuilia initix. Nam in anno ^Egyptiaco Nabonaflari alia opus eft, ac in anno Solari,quia diuerlx forma:item in anno Adiaco fiueDiocletianeo alia,ac in luliano,propter diuerfa initix. In anno ^Egyptiaco vago naturales charaderes, funt	Lunaris,8c	Solaris: ciuilisautem cha-
rader eft quadriennium,quern canicularem annum minorcmvoca-bant JEgyptij. Hi tres charaderes in ft dudi producunt periodum. magnam annorum 700 xEgyptiacorum: qua vti debet difputator temporum, fiquidem rationes fuas ad annos Nabonaflari, Armenio-rum,aut Perfarum exigit. At qui anno luliano ,qux omnium formarum temporibus eft conuenientiflima, vti volet,is cyclo vtriufquo fideris quindeciesdudocomponet elegantiflimam periodum annorum 7980,cuiusinitium in cyclo Solari, 8C Indidione Romana, a Kal.Ianuarijjin cyclo Lunaria Martid, in anno Sabbaticoab au-tumno. Itaque non minus vtilis, quam neceflaria eft. Sine ea nihil agit Chronologus: cum ea tempori,8c Ixculis imperat. Quam enim lubricum fit,retro ab aliqua epocha notare tempora, quod maior pars dodorum virorum facit, fatis nos vfus docuits. His ita pofitis, ad lingula huius operis membra venio. Libro primo prxter diuifionenx temporum, 8c iucundiflimam menfium,8c annorum hiftoriam, do antiquiflima anni forma difputatur,qux in menfts xquabiles annum deftribit,qua pleraque omnis Grxcia vfaeft, 8c ab ea omnis ratio Olympiadum pendet:rf!fipotius earn e ratione Olympiadum pro-pagatam dicas: quod fine cognitione Olympiadum nunquam tanx eximium vetuftatisSc temporum monimetum in lueem eruiflemus. ExtantaautemGrxcorum ftriptorum copia vnicus Pindarus nobis facem alluxit, qui folus nos docuit tempos ludicri Olympici. Al iter, qux paucitas eft bonorum ftriptorum, nulla crat via ad hxc interiora perucniendi. Huius anni Grxciformadodrina tanto acceptior efle debet, quanro obfturioreius rei apud maiorcs noftros ftientia fuic: cum ante hosmille quadringentos plus minus annos cius rcinequo volam, neque veftigium vetuftas retinuerit. Nam falfo verercs multi, ac poft eos infimx antiquitatis ftriptores,Macrobius acSolinus,atque proauorum memoria fummus vir Theodorus Gaza, annum Grxco-
runx
I
Prolegomena*
rum ftatim ab initio merum Luharem fuifle prodiderunt. Quamuis cnim in Panegyribus fuis,ac nobilioribus facris,quxcerto annorum circuitu redibant, vniusLunx rationem habebant, ramen,vt vno vet-bo dicam, eprum anni formaLunaris non erau Olympictim chirm ludicrumipfa Lunx plena lampadecelebrabatur,vc folus yfcterunx nos docet Pindarus. PrxtereaLaconibus ante pleniluniiim,autnoui-lunium aliqiiid iheiperereligio erat*. Vnde Aaxftwxa$ QtMa.; vici-norum prouerbio iadatas,& contra Arcadibus prouetbiali cbnuicio negledum religionis obiedum legimus. Quod enim ante nouilu-nium,aut plcmhinium vt plurimum bellaaut alia feriora aggrederen-tur, ob earn rem a finitimis nationibus (v&rbduM vocabantur: qux conuicij caufla ab fpfis Arcadibus interpretationeeluft eft, probrunx in Uudemcouerfum ad vetuftatem originis fux refcrentibus, & anti-quioremfideregentem fuam gloriantibus. Quod igitur nbuilunij ac plenilunij tempora Panegyricis hidicris deligebant,propterea facrx trieterica inftituta: cuiufmodi erant orgia Bacchi, Nemea, Ifthmix, alix. Ea enim eft anni Grxcanici forma, vt fi, verbi gratia, nouilu-nium in neomeniam Gamelionis incurrat, plenilunium in eandenx neomeniam incidat anno tertio redeuntc,. Itaque cum in Tetraete-ridc orgia Bacchi trieterica celebrabantur, tertio anno redibant itx eum fitum Lunx, qui priorum orgiorum fitui oppofitus erat. Quaro elegantiflime Statius trieterida vocat alternam: quia alternis in noui-lunium, 8cplepilunium incurreret. Atfacra, qux neceflario eodenx Lunx temporC|4)bibantur,ea femper erant retraetcricx: vt in Atticx Panathenaica maiuftula,in Elide Olympias, vtiam tetigimus,pleni-lunid. quod fane fieri no poterat,nifi abfoluta Tetraeteride,8t Pentaeteride ineunte. Atque ita Tctraeterides in idem	Lunx,non vtiq.
in idem tempus Solis redibant. Vt enim in orbem Solis 8c Lunx redirent,non aliter putabant fieri,quam odaeteride confeda,encaeteride ineunte.Exquoquxdam eneaercrica (acra eo nomine inftituta: cuiiiP modi abinitio Pythia fuerunt: & quide merito. Apollinienim,quern eundem ciim Sole faciebanr,erant attributx. Hine colligimus, noix fblum Olympiadis interuallum annisquatuorfolidis explicatufuiflej ftd ctiam pueriliterpeccare,qui annorum quinq. folidorum fuifle putabant. Neq. vero quibufilam recentioribus fiiccenftndtfqui ita cen-ftnt,itaftribunt,ftd 8C Aufoniu noftratem culpa liberat Ouidius,ftri- . ptor longe antiquior,8c nobilior,quixtatem fuam quinquaginta annorum decern Olympiadibus definit:quo magis mirum Paufanianx hominem Grxcum in ea hxrefi fuiflqvt fuo loco a nobis relatum eft. Nam minus mirandum de Solino,qui cap. x 111 Ifthmia vocat quin-quennalia, qux erant tantum triennalia,quodcertamen a Cypftlo
(	/31	tyranno
Prolegomena.
tyranno mtermiflum anno primo Olympiads 49 inftauratum fuifte. dick. Horumigituromniumcauffsead typumanni Grxci referenda funt. In quoargumerito nihil eorum pratermifimus, quxcirci illuftrandae facicbant, quanquam pene omnibus prafidiis deftituti. Et quidem primtim in genere, quod Temper folemus, deinde priuatim multarum Graecix nationum periodos propofuimus} qux quidem, non anni formajed fitu & capite inter fe difterunt: in qua tradatione diu nobis res fuitcum prseftantiffimo viro Theodoro Gaza,vel potius cum eiusfequacibus,a quibus extorqueri non poteft dodrina Sc fitus menfiumab illbprimum proditus. quae quidem velitatio nobiliori-bus ingeniis & ab omni inuidia remotis, vc fpero,mcunda eric. Quid cnim eft toco libro primo, cuius vel minima pars non dicam iftis que-rulis, qui nihil fciunt,fed etiam dodioribus, hoc faeculo,8c ante multa retro faxula obolueric ? Quid dicam rafei	quis illa-
rum cauftas, &C vfum fciebac ? quis locum nobilem de illis in Verrina Ciceronis i ntelligebat ? quis locum cfyupaws in fecunda Boedromio-nis Fquis Pofideonem intercalarem menfem fuifle? Huie materix ac-ceflit	in vin lulij,qua: in priori editione ornifla erat.
Id erat	populate,quod nomine	Sey-vw Ariftoteles,Theo-
phraftus,Plutarchus, 8c omnes veteres intelligunc, non autem ipfum, verum Solftitium: quaerei pulcherrimx notatio nobis viam ad illtf-ftriora prxiuit. Quod Solftitiorum,Sc jequinodiorum ptanda vocentur, fatis fciunt, qui veterum Graecorum libros Ibgerunt. Columella cardinesvocauib. In prxftantiffimo Parapegmate, quod falfb Ptolemaeo attribukur, (eft cnim antiquiusPtolemaeo)ad vin Kalen. lulij (quod eft Solftitium Sofigenis) annotatum eft:	cardd,
& momentaneA aeruperturbatio. In Grxcof vtiham haberemus!) fine dubio fuit:	xsvt^v ,	ds& Igirurxm^
5^01'nihilaliud,quamr^7roM S-tyvai Cur vm dies lulij erac epo-cha aeftiua in vfu ciuilis anni,non femel cauftam reddidimus. Adicda etiam perneceftaria neomeniarum Atticarum Tabula: quae nonfb-lum priori editioni, fed etiam dodrina: anni Attici deerat. Liber fc-cundus anno Lunari dicatus eft idco, quia is annus ex illo Graeco xquabili manafte videtur. Ibi apcritur omnis antiquitas
fflag, Odaeteridon Clcoftrati, Harpali,& Eudoxi. qua: omnia hodie nomine tenus nota erant. Eudoxea Odaetcris nunquam in vfusciui-les admifta eft. Anni vero in vetuftiftimis Pfephifmafiib Athenienfium primo quidem ex Cleoftratea, deinde,ilia abrogata,ex Harpalea pet it i func. Sequicur magnus annus Metonictis ambarum. Sc Calippicus Metonici caftigator. Et quidem hi ambo nomine noti tantum;cauftarumautem,& omnium,qux ad ilia pertinent,mine ignoratio
Prolegomena.
ignoratio hadenusfuic. Acceflerunt huic editioni Tabulaeoperofif-fimx difpenfationum neomeniarum Metonicarum , Sc Calippica-rum:cuiufmodi etiam in Harpalea Odaeterideexhibuimus. Quod de Eudoxea Odaetcride diximus, idem de periodo Chaldaeorum di-cendum,earn nunquam adciuilia tempora,fed ad GenethliacorumL. thematavfurpatam fuifte. Id quod turn multa argumenta, cum vni-cum ccrtiflimum illud eft,quod eorum menfesappellationibus Macedonia, non autem Chaldaicis fuerunt. Propterea rede cum illius anni diatribadodrinam dodecaeteridis Chaldaicx Genethliacorum, coniunximus, cuius nomen quidem folum notum erat ex Cenfbrino: cognkio autem nobis ex Arabuin^Si Oricntalium vfu repetendafuit. An aliquis Graecorum	XaAtaiwk meminerib , haud
promptum eft diccro. Vnum tantum Orpheum fine Qnomacritum eius meminifte feimus.dpeptif v JV&^gxagmdw:
sroq <5” cwfy ocvvip9m	m's
n	0; TYipt,&> e; ovgyvdv cumuj.
Eft apotelefma cuiufdam Genethliaciconfukifuper alicuiusgenefi, de quo ipfe refpondic, cum fore magnum regem aut Dynaftam, &c. Citac Tzetzes. Haec mulcum illuftrantdodrinam Dodccacteridosge-nethliacae parum antehac nota:. Itaque quemadmodum TgAfrcU ita> etiam ygwrfaf fcripferat Onomacritus fub nomine Orphei. Qualis fuerit ludxorum annus fub Seleucidis, quibus parcbanr,mul-tis exemplis teftatum reliquimus: in quibus etiam cranflationis feria-rumin capite anni antiquitatem afleruimus aduerfus homines no-ftrortim temporum,qui nugantur commentum nuperum ludxorum efte. In illis Dodor Theologus ingenti commentario fuo in Euange-lium fecundum lohannem exultabundus ait illam tranflationem, confutari ex loco lofcphi, in quo (cribit, quo anno Hyrcanus foedus icitcum AntiochoSidetc, Pentecoften fuifte feriaprima. Hunc locum lofcphi nos olim in priore editione produximus, vndc is, aut qui illi indicauit,accepit. En, inquit, duo Sabbata continua. Si propter continuationem duorum Sabbatorum,feria transferror, ergo vbi font duocontinua Sabbata, non transfertur. In quibus aperte oftendit fc, ignorarecauftam fcrixtransferendx,quae fiebat propter folum Tifri, non autem propter alios monies-, propterea quod illc mentis multa (b-lenniahabet, adeovrfi non habeatur ratio tranftationis ,aliquando non folum duo, fed etiam tria continua labbata concurrere neceftc, fit. Si enim aferia fextainciperccneomeniaTifri,omnino tria fabba-tacontinuarentur,ncomenia,fiue clangor tubae, fabbatum ordina-rium,ieiuniumGodolix. Continuantur autem fepemimero in ali-quoreliquorummenfiumduoSabbata: idquefit, quando folcnno 3 eft aut4
Prolegomena.
eft aut feria prima,aut feria fexta. quorum akerutrumquotannisinci-dere, nifi quando Tifriincipit feria tertia,Doftor ignorauic. In pri-mam fcriam incidunt haze folennia, xxv Cafleu^Sc x Tebeth in anno defe&iuotam communi, quam embolimxo, quotiefeunque Tifri incipit feria fecunda: v i Siwanjquando Nifan incipit feria feptima: xv Nifan,xvn Tamuz,ixAb,quando Nifan incipit feria prima.. In feriam autem fexta m conuenit fblenne, xxv Cafleu Sc x Tebeth, quando Tifri eft feria feptima in anno tarn communi, quam emboli-mzo. xiiii Adar,quando Nifan fequens eft feria prima: vi Siwan, quando Nifan feria quinta.. Vides,quot Sabbata quotannis, nifi quando Tifri incipit feria tert ia, ludae i continuent in aliquo menfium, prxterquam in folo Tifri, cuius vniusgratia ilia cautio inftitutx. Ita-que Doctor tarn fruftra,quam ridicule lofephi teftimonium adduxit? de fexta Siwan,id eft,Pentccofte feria prima-, cum illo anno neomenia Nifan fueritSabbatum. Atqui nihil fuperefle putauit,quam vt Vatican! montis imago redderet in ttoM Sed ipfe valdeignarus eft ha-rum rerum,vtreliquiomnes, qui contendunt nouitium cffeludxo-rumcommentum.Nosvalidiftimcdemonftrauimus,&Cfa:culoChri-fti, Sc retro fub Scleucidis tranflationes in vfu fuifle. Sdfane res peruc-tufta eft. quae tamen non minus ignorata, quam periodus Calippica. qua Scleucidae, Sc Seleucidarum edifto ludaei vfi.quod non fol u nr. ex Nifan anni excidij Hierofolymorum a nobis demonftratum eft, fed etiam patet ex definitione Rabbi Adda. Is annum definit dierum C C C L x v,horarum 5,	Quid hac definitione aliud vult, quam.
periodum ludaicam fuifle annorum 76 ? Cum Meto definit annum, dierum 365. hor. 5. Aexeo coniicicndum relinquit, fe vti periodo annorum 19. Vtebanturigitur periodo 76 annorum,id eft Calippica: &C tamen in omnibus neomeniis Lunx	obferuabant, non quod
earn ex prxfcripto periodi non indicerent, fed idco, vt cam fandtifica-rent. Nam Sc hodie quoque obferuant (petjiv, non vt ex ca neome-niam indicated vteam faneftificent. ItaqueLuna ftatim vifa dicunt: b$nn aio jp’p.	v^iivfc ttojuti Ittywh. Idem
faciuntScMuhammedani,quamuis neomcniasex fcripto indiccro foieant. Ncque aliud intcllexit fabulofus quidem, fed tamen vetus au&or /afetolw ILipa apud Clementem: kJ Qt-£s&e(rv 5eoj'.)Kc« /j.oioi olo'utyuoi rv Ssov ywmM cffitfWTcq (zlw'n^ QsMn. Kaiiargw w Mn tycuYi) Qct££c&v cu a.y>sn rd	Trpa^F, oy’dsi^aWai' , outs.
a^yfzci 3 outs so^rlut, outs (zsyctAluj yi/uls^v. Praxlara quidem ifta: fed nefeit, quid dicit*. Nam in ludxorum poteftate nunquam fuit, vt, exfpedarent <pwiv: quia raroLuna feoftendit, nifi fecundo poft coi-
tuiru
Prolegomena.
turn die. Quod fi exfpedandum ipfis effer, res ridicula acciderct, vt • Elul, qui femper eft cauus mentis, non folum plenus, fed etiam ali-quando vnius Si triginta dierum eflet. S ine du bio tranflationem fe-rias incclligit, cuius caufTam ignorat. Trffit Qc&fca&v vocat, HMn wi caputanni. Nam Sabbatum vocat,quia Feftus dies, ^a’ep^of. Ita. etiam vocatur Leuiticixxin, 14. goprZw intellige xar ^oylijo M w-wlur. quod ita Hebraice vocetur nempe row. Vide in Compute lu-daico. Atp.eyiklu) h/uls&h vocat rlu) cwvo7ntyiM)3xaT c%o%bjj quoque, id eft tfi. Nam alias erant ^aAcq ^ujpcq,proinde vt Sc DMO.Non ncga-bis,candidc Lcdorjiax vulgo non intelligi.Itaque locus ille eft nobi-liflimus. Tamen quotus quifq. eft ex tot Lecloribus, qui non hax aut prxtcribit, autcalumniabitur ? Sequuntur periodi magnae Hagare-
< norum, ex quibus ratio anni fokiti Indorum, Sc Muhammedano. rum tota pendet. Omnia nunc primum ex Arabum fcriptis pro-deunt: atqueadeoomnistraclatio noftris hominibus nona eft. Excipit hancdodrinaanniludaici hodierni,res quodfxpediximus,artifi-ciofiflima,idcoqueeximia,quiamelior anni Lunaris formaconftkui non poteft. Docemus prxterea, vnde natus fit ille annorum computus, quo vtuntur hodie, a vn Ocftobris: quern ineptc putant a conditu rerum. Poft mukarum Periodorum, Cyclorum, O&aetcridum, Pa-fchalium hiftorias, in locum vltimum ra ^o^vp^jot veteris anni Ro-manorumconiecimuSjideoquod ea forma proximeabeffet aLunari: vbidefeculo Romano,Secapite veteris anni Romani, teporibusvki-misC. lulij Cxfaris,muka accuratiftimediiputata. Itaque ex fingulis rebus fingula capita confecimus, cum potius fingulilibri Sc quidem, ingentesconfieri poffent,fi,qux hominum hodiernorum eft ambitio, eadc nobis incefliflet. Tertiolibro opportune annus xquabilis datus eft, cum annus Solaris 2Egyptiacus,adfcitis diebus quinque,ex Grxco propagatus fit:(quemadmodum annus Lunaris ex eodem Grarco ma-nauit,abiedlis abco totidemdiebus cum horis xv, paulo amplius) quod me tacenteyPlutarchus docuit in libro
Adeo inter fe libri noftri mutuo confpirant,neque abcis ratio, mc-thodus,Sc ordo abeft. In co libro de Neuruz antiqui Pcrfarum periodo annorum exx, deque cognominibus dierum Perficorum, do tranflatione mv STrctyo^iMv in enthronifmisnouorum Regum,item de cauffisanni Iczdegird, deannis Armcniorum, Sc eorum menfibus omnia noua protulimus. Sed hxc non expergefacicnt animos hominum,nifi forte ad obtre&andum. Qu^rtus liber eft emedatio tcrtij,vc fcctindus primo erat fubfidiafius: qua methodo imperfedusLunaris Grxcuslibroprimodifputatur, vtperfedus fecundo. Sic etiam per-fedhis Solaris,Sc fiqui alij naturam perfedi imitantur,fupplent id, 4 quod
Prolegomena.
quodarquabili 2Egyptiaco,Perfico,St Armcniaco vetuftasdetraxerat. Itaque in quatuor partes cribuendns fuit. In prima continents anni, quibus quarto anno eXeuntc diesex quatuor quadrantibusconflatus accredit. Ex illis nobilioresfelemmus.Iulianu, Adiacum, Antioche-num,Samaritanum,SCalios. Nam St alios quoq. eius forma: habeba-musjVt Tyriorlim,quoru mentes appellationibus Macedonicis,diucr-fa initiaa lulianis habent. Sicetiam Gazenfiu annus mere Adiacus fuit,appellationibus menfium Macedonicis, mefibus ipfis tricenariis. Marcus EcclefixGazenfisDiaconus in AdisPorphyrijGazcnfisEpi-foopi vocat Aw Nouembrem,A7rsMaw Deccmbrcm: qux nomine habent a Macedonibus. Scd cum idem fcribacGazenfcs cclebraffe. Theophaniorum diem vndecima Audynxi,qux eft fexta lanuarij lu-liani,fe autem redifte C6ftantinopoli,Xanthici vicefima tertia, quam ait fuifle decimam odauam Apnlis fecundum Romanos:in his plane oftendit formam illius anni mere Adiacam fuifle,mefibus tricenariis, appellationibus Macedonicis.Sccr.nda pars annos emendates,eorum-que emedandorum rationem copleditur: tenia periodosmultiplices, quarum finis conciliatio anni ciuiliscum Solari,cui dies quinto quo-que anno ineunte accrefcit. Quarta pars agit de vera emendations anni, Si de anno cxlcfti inftituendo,qui pertinet ad methodum epochs mundi. Qnemadmodum autem nulla Lunaris anniciuilis ratio reda iniri poteft, prater earn, qua ludad vtuntur: ita nullus annus ca:-leftisTropicus redeinftitui poteft,nifi ex forma , quamedidimus, quam nemo vitupcrabic, nifi qui ignoraueiiq omnis laudabit, qui intellexer it. Alioquin fcio St malignos St obtredatores non defuturos. Annus tarn nofter,quam ludaicusciuilisquidem, fed naturalis, vtcr-que ad motum quifquefui fideris deforiptus. Ideo eius faltemin fcri-ptisvfusefle debet, qualis olim Philadelphi Dionyfianus, Chaldxo-rum Calippicus, hodie Perfarum Gelalcus. Tres igitur libri primi,St prima pars quarti pertinent ad fcopoufjSpa, temporum ciuilium cum fc-ptimo. At reliqua: tres partesquarti cum duobus libris fequentibus pertinent ad ipfam cmendationem temporum. Atque vt a mundi pri-mordiis omnes res deducuntur, ita mundi epocham primam ordino pofuimustqua in re quam pueriliter hallucinati fint omnes,no fine ad-mirationetam imperitix quam pertinaciar, eorudicerepofium. Non loquorde iis,qui£eculovno,aut pluribus altius originem rcircpctunt. Nam quemadmodumij nullam rationemfibi propofuerunt,quarrL fequerentur,ita nulloslcdores nancifcipofliint,nifi imperitos.Qui intra feculum maiorcm mundi epocham faciunt.eorum duo genera re-perio. Prius genus eft eorum,qui folutioncm captiuitatis in primurru annum Olympiadis lv conferunr.akcium corum, quitempus illud
xvm aut
. Prolegomena.
xviii autxix annisante LxiiuOlympiademdefiniunt. Inpno-ri haerefi fuerunt St quidam veterumEcclefiafticorum, vt alicubi in-dicauimus. AiuntCyrumctepifle imperare primo anno Olympiadis l v,hoc eft 117 anno Iphici,quod verum eft:de quibus dedudis fe-ptuaginta,relinquitur annus excidij Hierofoly morum,St cafus Sede-kise 147 a primo ludicro Olympico. Sed tarn puerilis fontentia multis abfurditatibus eluditur. Primo computatione non reda annorum. foptuaginta a capto Sedekia. Deindequod Cyrum ftatim initio regni fui Regem Mediae, Perfidos,Sufidos, Aflyrix, Babylonia:, totius Afiae minoris, Indix, totius Syrian conftituunt, qui tantum Perfidos Rex I vniusfuerit aliquot annis ante excefliim Aftyagis,St poft illud tem-
pus pauculis annis ante obitum fuum Babylone potitus fir. Hxc fola abfurditas facit, vt non folum eorum nulla ratio habeatur,fod vt 1 udi-brium quoque debeant. Tertio 147 annus Iphiti eft 118 Nabonaflari: qui erat annus quintus ante initium Nabopollaflari patris Nabucho-donofori. Ergo Nabuchodonofor anno decimonono regni fui tern-plum St Hierofolyma euertit annis quinque ante quam pater ipfius, cui ipfo fuccelfit, regnaret. Digna profedo talibus dodoribus fenten-tia. Tamen tantum abeft, vt hac tarn infigni abfiirditate a fententix. defiftantjVCanimosabeiufmodiportentis opinionum fumant. Po-ftremo ignorant diuerfa eife initia Regum, vt ipfius Nabuchodono-fori ciim patre, & folios: Alexandri, ab exceflii Philippi patris,St ab initio Seleuci:Diocletianiabxramartyrum,St a primoanno imperij. r Sicetiam Cyri apud Grxcos ab initio regni Per fidis: apud Babylonios vela fubatto totoBabyloniximperio, velab aliquo infigni fado, quodcunque illud fuerit, fine ex edido ipfius Cyri, fiue tranflationo vtfoiebat fieri. Qu,i tantam infeitiam foqui noluerunt, non tamen redam viam inftiterunt, quia quindecim aut amplius an-I nis ante x l v 1 Olympiadem cafum Sedekix coniiciunb. Nos ante. J annum quartum illius Olympiadis id non potuiife accidcre ita de-monftramus. Ezekias Rexluda,poftquamfingulari Dei beneficio ab ancipiti morboconualuifiet,anno xim regnifui,accepit Legatos St aMerodach RegeChaldxorum. Ponamus xnn annuiru Ezekix in primo'anno Merodach, hoc eft,in xxvi 1 Nabonaffari. I Nam is eft annus primus Merodach apud Ptolemxum ex Chaldaicis obleruationibus. Hoc modo annus primus Ezekix conuenerit im annum x 1111 NabonalTari. Ab initio Ezekix, ad excidium ternpli, anni funtabfoluti q8. Hoc eft,annus ipfius excidij eft 159 labensab initio Ezekix. quod ita demonftramus. Annus primus Sedekix eft quartusHebdomadis, tefteleremia, initio cap.xxv 111: St proinde. vndecimus,qui St vltimus,eft Sabbaticus.de quo excatteftimonium apud
Prolegomena.
apud leremiam/SC nemo dubitat. Rurfus annus tertius decimus Eze-kix crat Sabbatic us. au&or Ifaias xxxvi i, 30. exquibus manifefto colligituF'»x 1111 Ezekix efle primum Hebdomadis, 8c primum. Ezekix cflc fextum Hebdomadis. Ergo annis ab initio Ezekix vnitas addenda, ad methodum anniSabbatici. Additavnitate annis 139, nu* meruserit fepcenarius. Quare annus labens 139eft verus annus ab initio Ezekix. Quibus additis 13 annis Nabonaflari: prxteritis (quia , pofuimus 14 Nabonaflari primum Ezekix) componitur annus Na-bonaflari i$i, in quo cafus Sedekix ex hac hypothefi locandus eft,hoc eft,ip anno periodi lulianx 4118: de quibus dcdu&is 9oyab{blutis ab Exodo, remanet annus Exodi 3m in periodo Iuliana>. Porro Nifam
• Exodi expit feria quinta, vt toties diximus,8c ex Mofe rediflime ante* nosludxi docuerunt. At in anno periodi Iulians 3111 Nifan non expit feria quinta,fed feria tertia,Martij xi,cyclo tarn Solis,quam Lunx xix. Ergo annus proximus,quo Nifen expit feria quinta, is debuitfaltcrrb efle annusExodi: atque adeo is fuerit annus periodi lulianx 3114: ia> quo fane Nilan expit feria quinta, Aprilis vijcyclo Solis xxn,Lunx 111. Additis 907 annis abfolutisab Exodo, annus 4111 periodi lulianx fuerit isjn quo excidium templi contigit:qui eft quartus Olympiadis 46, vt erat propofitum. Sed 8C poft Olympiadem 46 ponendum efle cafum Sedckixitaprobabimus.Amafis rcx/Egypti,poftquarcgnaflct annos 55, obiic circiter annum 7 Cambyfis,anno antcexceflum ipfius Cambyfis, hoc eft, anno. 115 Nabonaflari. Nechao interfedus eft a> Nabuchodonoforo anno quarto loiakim regis luda* leremias xlvj,z. Poft eum regnauit Pfammitichus annos vi. Cui Aprias,cuius memi-nit leremias x l 1111, jo, fucccdic. Is poft x x v annos relinquit rc-gnuin Amafi. Summa annorum a cxde Nechao ad obitum Amafis, anni 86,quideduftide2.z$,relinquuntannum Nabonaflari 139,quartern! loiakim Regis ludx, primum Nabuchodonofori. Ergo Sede-kias captus anno 158 NabonafTari. qui erat tertius 47 Olympiadis. Idqueverum eflepoftea validiflimcdemonftrabimus. Diodorus Siculus audor omnium Grxcorum ccrtiflimus attribuit' lv annos Amafidi.reliquos Aprix 8C Plammatichi habemus ex Herodoto. Te-mere igitur, 8c imperitcfaciunt, qui cafum Sedekix antiquiorem illo tempore conftituunt: neque his caflibus fefc explicate poterunc, quantumuisfuacommoueant facra,vt Plautus loquitur. His valide demonftratis, 8c licentia chronologorum intra aliquos fines fiimmo-ta,quosamplius migrate non poflunt, ad origines ipfas penetremus. Sed prius vt in Mathematics conccfla quxdam, aut qux negari non pofllint, aflumuntur, ita 8c nobis quoque faciendum. Tempora Si initia Regum Babylonix a Chaldxis notata in obferuationibus eclipticis,
Pro legomena.
eclipticis, qux reiicereSC damnare extremx impudentix 8c infeitix 1 eft: item corundem regum initia 8c tempora a Berofo Chaldxo, qui minus quam tribils Ixculis poft illos vixit, 8c qui qux Adis ac faftis 1 Babyloniorum publicis Continebantur, ignorare non potuiq hxc, in-quam non tantum tanquam vera haberi poftulamus, fed etiam ,qui aliterputant ,tanquam indignoscenferi.qui aut audiri a nobis me-reantur,aut vllas liccras attingant,autaliquem locum inter dodos ha-beant. Tricefimumannum,cuiusinitioProphetixfuxmcminitEzc-kiel,quiquecaptilechonixquintuserat,ludxiinepti deducunt a li-bro legis reperto, anno xv 111 lofix Regis. Quis vnquam a iibro re-perto vllam xram autedido lofix inftitutam, aut a Prophetis vfur-patam legit ? Si tanri erat ilia temporis nota, quarc earn, non vfurpac leremias, qui tarn accurate annos Regum luda lofix, loiakim,Iccho-nix, Sedekix notare fblet ? Capite x x v, quare dicit anno quarto loiakim, cum dicendum eflet vicefimo fecundo a Libro inuento? Efto, cur Ezekiel dixit triccfimo,non tricefimo a Libro inuento? qui tamen dixit anno quinto deportationis Regis loachim. Certc mos eft vti epocha,quxomnibus 8C nota 8C in vfu fit'. Quareigitur epochanx. producit, neque plebi notam, neque in vfu pofitanr,? Sed quid ex. epochaopusin Babylonia, inter deportatos ? Nugx ludxorum nugx funtiftx,8challucinationesdodorum,qui cos fequuntur. Quaro cruditiores ludxorum huius abfurditaris 8c nugatorix cauflx confcij, his incpciisexplofisjdicunt, ilium annum non a libro inuenro, fed labile! fuifletiiccfi mum. At hoc eft litem lite decidere. Nam quomo-do ludxi annos a lubileo putarcnt,qui lubilea nunquam vfurparunt ? Annos quidem Hebdomadis notant, vt initio xxvin Ieremixmentio anni quarti feptimanx: Initio rtgniSedekix anno quarto. Rurfus mentio anni primi, 8c fecundi in annis xi 1 n, 8C x v Ezekix,apud Ifaiam xx x v 11,30. Sed notationem per 1 ubilca,imo ne Iubilei quidem mentioncm,nufquam nifiin lege, reperies. Prxccptafuit tantum, non reccpta lubilci obferuatio. Sed qux hxc plumbea ludxorum fententia a xv 111 lofix lubileum putare ? lubilea putantur x. primo anno hebdomadis, non a feptimo. At x Vi 11 lofix fuit fepti-mus feptimanx, non primus. Quare fi a lubileis annos putare mos eflet, fuerit hie annus non vrique tricefimus, fed vndetricefimus Iubilei, ax vi 111, non a x v 111 lofix. Denique is crat annus 861 ab cx-ceflu Mofis,855 a diuifione terrx fine	Ergo fuit vicefimus
fecundus, non vndetricefimus lubilci. Enquot crrorcs locus prxpo-fterc fumptus nobispeperir. Cum igitur neque a Libro legisinuento, quod eft abfiirdiflimum, neque a lubileo, quod eft falfum dupliciter, illc tricefimus annus putandus fit-, fequitur,quod negari non poreft, a.
<	Prolegomena.
quodam rcge tunc imperante putandum efle. Nam deportati 8C ca-ptiui inter vi&ores, qua epocha vti poflunt, nifi vi&oris ? In Palxftina, cum aliqua eflet ludxorum Refpublica, 8C Ecclefia bene conftituta^, ludxi cogebantur vti anno Alexandrco dominorum Seleucidarum.. quanto magis Chaldxorum,in media Chaldxa, nullis legibus, nullx» Republica, nulla Ecclefia. Nehemias initio libri fui ita fcribit: ^4cci~ dit men(eCafleu, anno rvicefimoi cum effem incaflro Stifan. Si alibi non exprefliflet fode vicefimo anno Artaxerxis loqui, haud dubie aliquod lubileumhiccommend eflent inepti ludxi, 8cinepti quidamhomi-num noftrorum foquuti eflent. Eodemquoque modo loquiturEzekiel anno tricefimo, non adiedo regis nomine. Quid enim opus eraL in Chaldxa ?. Duo ergo Reges fimul inipcrabant, Nabuchodonofor, 8c ille,qui iam tricefimumannumcurrentem imperabaL. Quifnam R ex,obfecro,potuit tricefimum annum in regno agere,cumiam Nabuchodonofor tertiumdecimum regnaret ? Non alius igitur fueriu prater Nabopollaflarum pattern Nabuchodonofori, quod verum eft. Namxxixfolidos annosimperauic,tefte Berofo. Quodfifiliuseius anno tricefimo patris iamduodecimum abfoluerat,profe<fto imperare cxperit anno patris decimoodauo, qui erat Nabonaflari 140. Namu primus Nabopollaflari eft 115 Nabonaflari,teftibus Chaldxis apud Ptolemxum,ex defecftibus Lunaribusobferuatis. Et proinde Sedekias captus fuitanno 158 Nabonaflari, tertio aurem Olympiads 47. Vide locum Berofi apud lofophurm. Nabopollaflarus audita rebellions TEgypti mifit filiu co cum regio imperio,8C regio excrcitu:aquo tempore confurgit initiumNabuchodonoforicum patre regnantis. Mos erat Regum Babylonia: 8c Perfidis,vt aut profedhiriin expedirionem, filios reges declararent, aut in expeditionem mitterent cum regio nomine, tanquam defignatos, ficontigiflct ipfum pattern mori, abfonto filio,nevlliisderegefuturotumultus oriretur. Exemplum habemus apud Herodotum de Cyro Cambyfcn in folium fluum collocate in ex-peditione in Scythas. Hine Ctcfias Cambyfi attribuit annos 18, cum tamen Coins regnarit otfto annos,teftibus omnibus vcteribusGracis,8C Chaldxis ipfis apud Ptolemseum. Dario veto Notho annos idem attribuit 55,cum tantum 19 folus imperarit.Rurfus Bcrofus quadraginta tres annos ait NabuchodonoforLimimpcrafle,cdprchenfisnimirum 15 annis,quoscum patrecomniunicauit,cum illis quos Coins in imperio tranlcgit. Quare Nabuchodonofori regnum dixit non Satrapian,tanquam a patre non vtSatrapes, fed Rex SC focius imperij in rebelles mifliis. Verba eius funthacc: Sv^t^a^Q	tat-
tm Kpi	, <£M	vzps tIuj
ou&S faiGihdow tnoMM. Vitto rebel/i, eius regtonem regno juofabiecit.
Mox
Prolegomena.
Max? fiibiicit, Nabopollaflari patris morte audita, qui vigintinouenL annos folidos icgnauerat,ipfum Babylonem fecontulifle: quod accidie proculdubio aliquot diebus poft illud tempus ab Ezekiele defi-gnatum. Obiitcnim Nabopollaflarus anno regni fui tricefimo. tzJ ti rare} dud	kJ 'fcffiv tv kou^v aMu^ntfasmc^Tij Ba •
(fah&nuv TCoXei gLt&haL'oq tv (2>iov, en	dxooj oma. Pul-
cherrima hxc eft obferuatio, quam Berofo vernaculo Babylonica-rum rerum foriptori debemus. Eadem verba repetit Eufcbius De pra-paratione euangelica, vbi plane Na&ToMowrapw, quemadmodum, eft apud Ptolcmxum, nominal, non NaCaMaajapw, vt perpcram eft editum in lofepho: ex quo ineptus quidam duos efle coniecit Nabu-laflarum & Nabopollaflarum-,cum tamen eadem verba fint} ne vna. quiderh fyHaba minus,prater illud nomen. Rurfus apud lofophum, libro x cap. n.eadcm verba Berofi repetuntur. Sedvbi hie eft vatw-Aaarop®', ibi eft bis va^n^ohvo'S^, vrrobique male pro >a£o7n>A-Aaarapo?. Quam bene hxc diu inis fcripturis conueniunt? Vnde ctiam foquitur, mortuo Nabopollaflaro, non tricefimum annum Nabuchodonofori dici exptum in Chaldacajed’primum. qua: res obferua-tionc digna.. ludxiprimum annumputarunt ab eo tempore, quo cum imperio mifliis eft. Sed in Chaldxa primuseiusannusconfurgit abobitu patris. ItaqueDanielis 11,annus fecundus Nabuchodonofori eft fine dubio fecundus ab obitu Nabopollaflari, tricefimus primus ab initio eiufdcm^iab initio Nabonaflari,fextus Scdekix. Vnde in-dubitata eruitur temporis nota illius Capitis fecundi apud Danielem, qui erat quartufdccimus annus capti Danielis, 8c fociorum cum rcge Ioiakim,fextus autem regni Sedekix. Proinde annus ille erat x 1111 Nabuchodonofori in Syria, fecundus autem in Babylonia: non autem xxv,vt coniicit Hieronymus ex quadam vi&oria Nabuchodonofori de Syria, 8C Arabia, cuius meminerit Berofus. At Bcrofus loquitur tantum vfque ad obittim Nabopollaflari, qui cratxm Nabuchodonofori eius filij. His tarn illuftribus demonftrationibus fiia. fomniaprafcrant,quibus antiquius eft fomniare, quam vera dicero, autnoflo. Nosadreliqua pergamus. Annus capti Scdekia: eft 158 Nabonaflari, 4114 in periodo Juliana. Dedu&isanniscjoy folidis, re-I inquit lit annus 5117 Exodi,qui eft 1164 ludaici Computi: in quo fans Neomenia Nifan habuit charadere feriam quintam,(ecunda Aprilis, Cyclo Solis xxv,Lunx vi. Sed quadragefimus annus, 8c quadragefi-musfoptimusjhoc eft 2.505,8c 2.510 ludaicusfuitfabbaticus.lofuxxiin, 7,10. ludxi dicunt feptenarios annorum Coputi fine xra fux efle Sab-baticos. Atqui 1505,8c 2.510 flint foptenarij.Ergo rede Sabbaticos annos putant ludxijvt apud illos poft legem nihil hacobferuatione vetuftius 7	fit ires
Prolegomena.'' fitjesprofedo,quxfirmilTimurn munimcmumfaWafitharum ft-rum inueftigatoribus.NeomeniaNifanExodi conuemebat cum neo-menia Krionos.Ita vere naturalis fuit ilia ncomenia^Pfsercrea quadra-gefimus feptimus annus couenit fabbaticoludaicor^oiautem' annus eft tricefimus NabopollalTariconueniehscum teftimonio Ezckiefis. Dcniq. anni 86 afeptimo Camby fx retro putatidefinuc in annocxdis Nechao .zEgyptij,eodemque 1)9 Nabonalteri: quod conuenit eiderm computation!. Negari igitur non poteft,hanc efte veram Exodi epo-cham, quam &C verbum diuinum,St vfiis anni Sabbatici, 8c hiftoriae fides penes eximium fcriptorem Chaldxu Berofum,& naturales neo-menix vtriufq.fiderisinvnum coucnientesconfirmant. Quidpoftu-lamus prxterea? An Vt tarn ccrtisjam egregiis,tam firmis argumentis fomnia Corybantum anteponamus ? Qnis vnquam ita hxc demon-ftrauit ? Quid demonftrauit ? Quis aliter poteft demonftrare ? Iam a conditu rerum,adexodum,anni funt abfoluti 1451 cum menfibus (ex ab autumno,anni vero abfoluti 1455 a vere.Sed ante Exodum initium anni putabaturabautumno, SCeodc initio intepus veris tranflato,te-kuphatamen.hoceft,finis anniSolarismafitin autumno, circaquam tekupham Dcusw ndwoTn^/cwcelebrari pnecepit. Igitur vbi initium anni ab vltimaantiquitate fuit,inde & rerum quoq. initium repeten-dum.quodquidem a nobis fadum,damnata priorifcntcntia5qux initium reru ftatuebat in vere. Reliqua pete excapite de conditu return. Prxterea,quibus annus Lunaris in vlu eft, illis commodius initium 66 rationibus Tropicis coucnientius ab autumno,quam a vere vt Iiidxis propter indwmyictvSC Pafcha^. Nam fiannum noftrumcxleftem ad-mitterent,& hoc vnucauerentjVtodtom^a citima fit in fecunda Zy-gonos,temper citimum Patehaeitet in neomcnia Krionos. quia inter-uallum a neomenia Zygonos,ad ncomcniam Krionos,eft temper 178 dierum,vno die plus, quam a teenopegia,ad Pafcha. Anni Sabbatici | cauflas iam reddidimus,Sc verum annum fabbaticum a ludxis hade-nus obteruari demoftrauimus initio hebdomadum lumpto non vtiq. adefeduMannx,quodfanatici quidam, & veritatis hoftesfaciunr, ted a 48 anno Exodi,ex capite xi 111 Io fine, Si rationibus dodorum He-brxorum, qui dicunt teptem annos W3, id eftjubiugationis terne,te-ptem pihn fuifie, id eft,diuifionis. quod rcdiflimumeft:ideoqueheb-domadem primam diuifionis, nonfubiugationis procedcre in nume-rum. An potuit annus fabbaticuselte ante agrorum culturam? Furor eft aliter petarc. Tamen non defunt, non deerunt-, qui lolo contra-dicendi ftudio,vt tepere videantur, aliter ftatuent: qu 1 bus per me non folum hocfacere,fedetiam nos irridere licet-, quandoquidem veritas apudillosnulloin precioeft. Vndenatafit diuerfitas cpochx excidij
Uy,
Prolegomena.
Uij,cum alij 407 annis,alij 405,011 m cafum antiqtiiorem prima Olyrri-piade ftatuant,aperuimus ex dodrina anni Attici,cui acccptum refe-rimus quicquid eximium ex alta obliuione eruimus. Veram tenten-tiam Eratofthenisefledeprehendimus, qux illam cladem coniicit irL annum 4073010 caput primx Olympiadis: eiufque veram diem im anno luliano oftendimus. Primam autem Olympiadem ex dodrina itidem anni Grxci xx 111 dielulij celebratamfuilteante nos aperuerat nemo. Ettamen quidam Simiolitanquam rem vulgatam infuis vanidicis Chronologiisretulerunt: cuius rci cognitionem vnus Pin-darus, quern illinequeviderunt, ncquenorunr,nosdocuic. Quem-admodum autem Olympia, ita etiam Karnia plenilunio celebrate finite, libro primo,capite de periodo Laconum oftendimus. nequo folum plenilunio, ted etiam eodem anno, quo Olympia.. Itaquo Herodotus libro vn 1 Olympia Sc Karnia anno primo Olympiadis 75 celebrata finite teribit, pag. 307 edition is Henrici Stephani noftri. Cum multi cruditilfimi viri, SC quidem in iis Onufrius Panuinius Pater hiftorix,multa accurate de Palili bus Vrbisdifteruerint,vt cido-drinx nihil ad perfedionem deelte videatur, tamen & plura deelte ex noftris dilpurationibus colligi poteft. Monere vero debent Annalium & Faftorum fcriptores, qui temporafuaad annos Vrbisdirigunt,vtra Palilia tequuntur, Varroniana, an Catoniana. Nam ccrte Onufrius nofter,tamctfi Catonem tequitur,tamen in quibufdam imprudens ad Varronem transfugit. Nifi hxediftindio adhibeatur, ridicula multi contequi necelte eft. Exemplum habemus in annis Chrifti perannos Vrbis erucdis,quodhadenusab omnibus faditatum.Chriftus in annis Varronianis vno anno maioreft apudalique,quamin Catonianis apud a'lium,. Quare,vt dixi, ridicula func. In tequentibuscpochis quanuis non ca occurrit obteuritas,qux in prioribus: tamen temper aliquid none demonftratur, praxer fuperiorum teriptorum confuetu-dincm: in quibus funt quxdam de vero die & anno natalis Alexandri, ciulque obitus; de Encxniis Machabafi, de initio Simonis ludxorum Ethnarchx, quem ludxilohanncm vocanr', de xra Hifpanica. De> quibusomnibus pluria nouadilteruntur,quam trita & vulgaria. Iam exceftiim Herodis ad fuum verum annum ex lotepho retulimus, qui n Adiacam illud tempus dilig
tationem,cuicontradici non pofiit, adducit,dcfcdum Lunarcm, qui contigitix Ianuarij,anno45lulianoineunte,in cuius anni tequenti DeccbriDionyfiusExiguusimperitc ftatuit natalem Chrifti,nouem folidis menfibus teilicct poftexceffum Herodis. Itaque diligentifli-mus Z	omnium teriptorum lotephus rede ait dccelfilfo
xxxv annolabentcrcgni eius acaptis a Sofia Hierofolymis. in quo y 1	tamem
enter exigir,&prxterea no-
Prolegomena.
tamen interpretatio adhibcnda. Nam rcuera Hcrodcs obiit anno tri-cefimofextoexdiebusxftiuisnonianni luliani. Ergo triccfimusfex-i tusannus Hcrodisiniuit ex diebus xftiuis anni luliani x l 1111. Obiit autem initio Nifan. Igitur finedubiodeceffitahno lulianoxL v,qui erat tricefimus fcxtus iniens ex diebus xftiuis,vt diximus. Scd ex com-putationeciuililudxorum,nondum xxxv-i annusiniueraf. lofcphus ; enim,ScIudxieo fxculo putabantomnia tcmpora a xxm Ijar,vt alibi oftendimus: cuiusconfuetudinis ignoratio multos deccpic. Ab Ijar igitur Hyrcani, fiue,vtludxi vocant, Iohannis Hafinunai, triccfimus fcxtus annus Herodisinibat,qui tamen iam nouem menfibus ante ex confuetudine Romana iniuiffet. Itaque eius deccftus confirmaturpri-mum accurata putatione diligentiftimi fcriptoris, deinde notations eclipfis, qux omnem contradidionemexcludif. At ex epilogifmis EufebijHerodesobieritannoluliano lii , feptem annis folidis port ilium defedum. qui ftupor non meret caftigationcm,cum tanquam. forex indicio fuo perierib. Namftatim ab eius deceftu tetrarchiam. fuam Archelauseius filius iniuit: quod quidem, fi huic oraculo Eufe-biano credimus,contigerit anno Chrifti Dionyfianofeptimo labcn-te. Ergo Chriftusfucrit an norum feptem, cum ex ?Egypto monitu Angeli reuocatus eft. Quod eft ridiculum. Rurfusanno dccimore-gni, a nt tetr arc hi a: fux Archelaus ab Augufto rclcgatus eft Vienna. Allobrogum. SccundumtempusabEufebiodeterminatum hoc continent anno luliano lxi, qui erat annus Tiberij tertius currens,bien-nio abfbluto poft exceftum Augufti. Hoc modo anno tertio exccftus fuiAuguftus Archelaum relegauerit. VidesaWow. Atquiinnume-ros videas, quibus hoc fomnium placet. Nam faneomnes fere Chronologic Sc Annales hoc ftigmate inufta fiinb. Atque vtinam in illis hominibus non eftet vir eximia dodrina prxditus Dominus Cxfar Baronius, Annalium Ecclefiafticorum ftriptor cuius operis copia nobis fada eft ab amicis, cum hxc Gr&teyqjSfja, fcriberemus. Is erudi-tiftnnus vir ex hoc loco Eufcbij lofephum exagitat, tanquam impe-ritum temporum:cum Eufcbius potius ex lofephocaftigandus fuiftet. Namabfquclofephoeftet, quid certi de Hcrodc habcremus? Quis hxc tradauit, prxter ilium? Qui fieri potuit,vt fcriptor, cuius diligcn-tia Sc fides in notatione temporum fpedatiftima,in iis peccaueri^qux fine illo Eufcbius & alij ignoraftent ? Scd ipfedodus Annalium con-ditor poteft iam videre,vtnfides de hacre habenda Jofcpho,cuius ra-tiociniacum motibuscxlcftibuscongruunt, anEufebio, cuius (en-tcntia Sc hiftorix,Sc rationi aduerfatur ? Scd de lofcpho nos hoc au-dader dicimus, non folum in rebus ludaicis, fed ctiam in externis tu-tius illi credi,quam omnibus Grxcis,ScLatinis. Itaque definat mirari dodus
Prolegomena.
dodus vir,cur tot eruditi, SCnos quoque,qui non in illis eruditis, fed huiusfcriptoris ledione peregrini non fumus/antum illi defc-ramus, cuius fides S£ Cruditio in omnibus elucct. Cxtcrum de Eu-febij amlibus hallucinationibus, prxter hanc,quaiii modoprotuli-mus,fatis libro fexto difteruimus. Sed ad Epochas nofttas venio:qiia-rum omnium rationem redderelongumeftet. DeEpocha Martyruni Dioclctianea non poftumus tacere, earn hadenus etiam dodiffimis impofuifte, quod cam ab initio Diocletiani incipcre omnes credunb. Hincprodigioficrrores, Sc magna Confulum confufio in Annales Sc Faftos deriuata funt, prxfcrtim in annis. Nam initio Diocletiani per-peram fumpto,perperamquoqipcrfecutionis Epocha initur.Eafcm-per antiquitus a folis Jigyptiis Chriftianis hadenift vfurpata fuir. Itaque Hiftorici Sc Chronologi,qui temporibus Caroli Magnidicunt exptumputariabannis Chrifti,cum antea mos eftet annis Diocletiani vti, errant. Nam nullis nationibusin vfufuir. Vnica autem Ec-clefia duntaxat Alexai:drina,SC qux illi fubditx funt,hac Epocha vfL eft temper,vtiturque hadenus,SC vocaturabjEgyptiis,qui Elkuptdi-cuntur,	^ra<^/l'lartyrumfan^oru>n.’.
Nam hallucinatus eft ille,qui nuper Capt'mitatem vertit in lite-ris Alexandrine EcclefixRomam miftis,anno Martyru ijio,quierat Chrifti 159 j. Epocha igitur Martyrum iniuit xxix Augufti, id eft,neo-mcnia Thoth Acftiaci,velMafcaraHabafteni,anno Chrifti Dionyfia-00184. Initiumauteimpcrij Diocletiani a Palilibus anni 187. Differentia anni duo,menfes odo. Perturbatio,qux eft ill Cofulibus a tem-poribus Maximinorum, vfq. ad filios Conftantini, ca vtique ab anti-quo eft. Scd SC non minor confufio in annis pcrfccutionis. In hoc ma-gnxfiint avn^y^ apud Eufcbiumtquanquamrede fentit de initio Diocletiani,Sc primo annoperfecutionis. Tamen omniu Chronologorum fides hac in parte natac. Nam cditftu Diocletiani de tradendis codicibus prius eft Ecclcfiarueuerfione, euerfio Ecclefiaru prior cxde Martyrum. Felix AfricanusEpifcopusSc focij eius fupplicio in Campania affeefti idco,quod codices Deificos,idcft, facram fcripturamtra-dcrc noluiftent. Itaque in Adis illorum fcriptum fiiit: St duStwe^lad pafiontt locum, cum ettam tp(a Luna in (angwnem conutr/a die ter-tioKalendas Septembrif^ De Eclipfi Lunari loqui manifeftum eft, cuius is color fuerit,quern fanguineum aftrologi vocant: cuiufmodi proculdubioacciditanno Chrifti 301,cycloLunxxv; 1, annisqua-tuor folidis ante edidum de euertendis Ecclefiis,idque 111 Nonas Se-ptembris,non autem 1 n Kal.Scptcmbris, diebusquatuor poft paf-fioncm Martyrum. Itaque perturbatus eft ordo verborum. Legen-y 1	dlllTL,
Prolegomena.: i dum enim videtur: Ei duftw eft adpafionis locum^die tert io Kal. Sept, cum etiamipfa Luna in fanguinem conuerfd rfl.id eft, quo tempore, Luna defecit,proximo nimirum nouilunio. Nam cum conftetpaflbs in Kal* Septembris, & ita habcat Kalendarium, non videtur efle error in notatione temporisi At Dominus Baronius h#c gefta conferc, in annum 301,tribus annis ante pertecutionem: 8c tamen putat cum, eflefecundum annum perfecutionis, qui erat decimus nonus fete Martyrum,dccimus autem teptimus currens ab imperio Dioclctiani. Sed	illorum Annalium propagati Cunt partim ex errori-
bus aliorum Chronologorum,quosaudor fequitur, partim ex annis Chrifti male adfuam & veram epocham redudis. Vnde fadum,vt ab initio operis, ad*epora Nicen# fynodi,ne vnus quidem annus Chrifti ver# epochs fu#redditus fit. Iraq, triennio aliquando,aliquado qua-dricnnio,vt plurimum autem biennio erratu eft.Exempli gratia:Exci-dium Hierofolymorum contigit anno Chrifti Dionyfiano l x x, quo neomenia Nifan conueniebatcum ncomeniaXanthicfteftelofepho. In Annalibus refertur ad annum 71: qui eft error Eufebij, fed alibi ab eodem caftigatus. Certumeft, FruduofumEpiteopu,ChriftiMarty-rem cum fociis palfum anno antequam pax & interfpiratio data eftec Ecclefiis fub Marco Aurelio Antonino,& L.2EI10 Vero.quod tempus Eufebiusconfert in annum quartum Olympiadis ccxxxn 11, id eft Chrifti Dionyfianu 160. Ergo paftuseftFruduofus anno Chrifti 159. Hoc aliter demoftrabimus. In Adis agonis Fruduofi Sc fociorum le-gitur: TrodM funt> duodecimo Kal.FebruarijJeria fexta. Ergo litera, dominicalis crat B. Proinde hoc accidit anno 159, triennio citius, quamnotatum in Annalibus. In Adis Andre# militisSc fociorum, teriptum extat, eos necatos fuifte decimoquarto Kalendas Septem-bris, Dominico die, hora fecunda. Igitur litera Dominicalis erar G. Hoc neceflario contigit anno 305, qui erat primus perfecurionis a Patella illiusanniantecedente, poft euerfas Ecclefias: quod quidem Pa-fcha celebratum xxv Martij, iptedie termini. At in Annalibus hoc refertur in annum 301, quadriennio ante rem geftam. Rurfus in Epi-ftola Vigilij Epifcopi Tridentini de Palfione Sandorum Sifinnij, Martyrij, & Alexandri ita legitur: Dies pafitonis Sanctorum, quarto Kalendas Junias,fena (exta> nafeente luce. Pafti ergo funt anno 403, cyclo Solis xx,quando. xxix Mai erat fcria vi. At in Annalibus dicitur teriptaanno 400 Chrifti. Scripta ergo fuilfet triennio ante c#-demipforum Martyrum. Cui abfurditati ipfe non adferibet, certo feio. In iifdcm Annalibus ex codice Antonij Auguftini mentio fit Homili# Cyrilli Epifcopidid# in natiuirateIoannis Baptift#, Phar-muthi vicefima odaua, indidione prima, fub Thcodofio iuniore &: Valen-
I
Prolegomena.
Valentiniano. Ergo dida fuit Homilia anno Chrifti 435, April is vice-fimatertia. At in Annalibus refertur in annum 431, April.2.9.S.Bene-didus Monachorum Occidents Pater obiit xi Kalerid. Aprilis, Sab-batofando,vtrefert Aimoinus monachus ex Adis S. Mauri ipfius Benedidi diteipuli. Toto illo I#culo hoc non potuit coritingcre, nifi anno jjG.Tamen in Annalibus Ecclefiafticis obitus Benedidi confer-tur in annum 541, fex annis ferius. Mu Ita igitur peccari neceffeeft in, Geftis Benedidi, qu# in illis Annalibusreferuntur. In Encyclica epi-ftola Vigilij Pap# teriptum fuit: Tn/Stmusatque clementi/fann Impe-ratorDominico die,id eft,Kalendu Februaripgloriofos Iudices fuos ad nos deftinare dignat us eft. Anno 554 Kalendis February fuit dies Dominica. At in Annalibus hocconfertur in annum 551, duobus annis,citius. Anno 546turbatio fadain Pateha, vtex Cedrenodocuimus,ca-pite de periodo Dionyfiana, libro 1111. In Annalibus refertur fub anno 545. MartinusEpiicopusTuronenfisobiitanno395,vtaccurate a nobis difputatum eft. Audor Annalium Sigebertum tequutus coniicit in annum 401.EXeo errorc multum peccatum eft in tempori-busRegumFrantorum.de quibuscofulaturvltimadiatribalibritexti huius operis noftri. Non femel monuimus magnam perturbationem elfein initiisImperatorumjaMaximinis^ad Valentinianum. Vt alios taceam, Conftantini initium abaliisin 305, ab aliis in 306 annum, coniicitur. AtConftantinusiniuit imperium poft obitum patris fui Chlori. Obiit autem Chlorus in Britannia anno primo Olympiadis 171, vt inquit Socrates. Nosoftendimus,apud Socratem, Hieronymi Suppiementum, Autenium, &. alios, temper Olympiadem fumi pro luftro luliano, non pro luftro Olympico Elidenfium, idque luftrum, lulianum biennio pofterius elfe Elidenfi ,cum incipiat ab anno luliano bitextili. Itaque is fuit aynus bitextilis, quo obiit Chlorus, & imperium iniuit Conftantinus. Sed du#cautiones adhibend#. Prior eft, vt feias annum Conftantinopolitanum ,fiueNicenumhic intelligi, qui incipiebat a x x 1111 Septembris. Altera, vt prolepfis vfurpata in-telligatur in anno mortis Chlori. Nam obiit xxv lulij, lxi diebus ante xx 1111 Septembris,8c tamen obituseius ad eundem annum refertur quo iniuit imperium eius filius, (tF&Twrbxdc,vt dixi. Omnino igitur iniuit imperium anno 303, aut 307. Nam primus annus Olympiadis Iulian# incipit temper diebus 153 ante bitextum... Sed nemo concedetChloruraobiifleanno 503. Obiit ergo 307. Et proinde anno 307 iniuit imperium Conftantinus, ex ante diem vn 1 Kal.Odobr. ciufdem anni 507. In his prouocamur a dodo Annalium fcriptoro, & rem abfurdiffimamprodidifle nos dicit,Conftantini imperium, iniilfecxanno 308, cum,vt inquit ipfe, iniuerit anno primo Olym-y 4	piadis
Prolegomena.
piadis 171, Chrifti vero 506. Nos vero negamus vllam culpahi auL abfurditatem in nobis admifiam. Nam annus Chrifti 508 Conftan-tinopolitanus incipit a Septembri anni 507, Vt iamdidum eft. Er proindeipfumySc alios errare, qui annum Chrifti 506 aKalendisIa-nuarijdicuncefie annum labentem Conftantini. Hoc enim volunc, cum putant primum 171 OlympiadisElidenfis annum efteprimum. Conftantini. Olympias enim ilia Iphitea expit ex diebus xftiuis anni 505, qui fuit annus primus perfecutionis. Quare in annis Conftantini, vt in aliis,infigniter peccatum eft a viro dodo. His pofitis , quinquennalia Conftantini data funt anno pi: vicennalia autemanno 317. Interuallum inter illas duas celebritares interiedum hand dubie vocatur I ndidio, iniens a d a cis quinquennalibus, definens in vicen-nalibus, quibus concilium Nicenumdimiffum. Sedneque hoc placet Domino Baronio: hequecauftam appellationis indidionum ad-mittit. At nos dicimus,non minus iniufte nos hic,quam in initio imped] Conftantiniani reprehendi. An negatindidiones in quinquennia indici,& in quinquennalibus Principum panegyribusremitti? Si non credit, legat & qua: priore, &C qua: hac edition^ad cam rem col-legimus. Quinquennalia ilia dicuntur c^zH^Msjhoceft ad verbum, fparfiones,largitiones, profufiones, in quibus liberalitas Principis ad remifiionem vfque tributorum,Scindidionum, editionesmunerum Si ipedaculorum,cogiaria,SC donatiua extendebatur. Inde cWIuwk non fblum pro ilia largitione fumitur,fed etia pro ipfa indidionis temporalis nota. Nam quod Latini dicunt,Indidioneprima,fecunda,ter-tia hoc fadum eft,Graxi dicut,ww * Non ergo nos,fed ipfc fallitur? Quid ? fi initium Conftantini a nobis ignoraretur,tame quinquennalia eius nos manu ad illud dcducerent. Itaque ignorari non poteft.Neque minus errat,cum eladem Maxentij coniicitin annum pi. Quot modis enim hoc rcfclli poteft ’ Scd de. co fno loco. Nam Maxentius anno 315, non pi extindus eft, vt rede Panuiniusnotauit, fed male inde Indidionum initia Sc cauftas repe-tebatiquod a nobis iam olim diligcntcr difeuftum fuit. Sextus liber cotinet refiduum Epocharum,in quonobiliorcs quo:ftioncs de Natali die, & PalTionc Chrifti, de Hebdomadibus Danielis, qua: breuibus diatribisexplicarinon pofiunt, perfequimur. Neautem aut rudiores, aut refradarij audoritateveterum fcriptorum nobis pracfcribere pofi-fcnt,pauca de Eufebij erroribus in anteccflum dclibauimus,in quibus prxter frequentesdva^ovitr^^puerile illud deliramentum de EfTenis confutauimus,quos Chriftianos fuifte hoc vnico argument© probab, quod a’ffwod efTent,Sc fblitaric viuerent,Sc monafteria haberentiquafi Bonzios lapancnfium Chriftianos efte cenfeamus, quia Sc coenobitx funt*
Prolegomena.
funt, & Pfalmos quofdam inftar monachorum Europxorum altcrnis modulanciir, SC horas Canonicales corum excmplo habent. Eoruim Eftenorum alij wnioZwi, alij fzovd^oyT£<; fuerunt. Scd illorum non vi-detur fedadiuturna fuilfo. Aft 7&v xwoCkw, auteorum non diffimi-lium fynagogxfuerunt ad temporal uftiniani. Sunt enim ij,quiCs-licolae vocantur. Nam Sc nomen id indicate Cadicolac enim func Angeli. Ita vocari volebant, propter fandum, SCcxlefte, vt ipfis vi-dcbacur, vitaeinftitutum. Inpcrueteri GloifarioLatinoarabico O
(£jXa • id eft, Angelus. Praetcrca quia erant wug^eM/g-cdjnoui baptifmi audores Donatiftis fucrunc. Princeps eorum vocatur Maior, vtScaliorum ludxorunv. Hoccnimeft a*!. Philodubitans quare Effeni illi didi fint	vrrum quia medicinam profi-
tercntur,anquia Deum colerent, ex co coniiciendum relinquit, eos non didoseffe quafi lot^ou^ vt volebat quidam Lunaticusliterarum Hebraicarum profeffor, fed quia fxsfe vocat, eo oftendic M’on didos, hoc eft,	. Quod Chriftiani non efient, fed mere
Efleni,ftatim initiolibri oftendit Philo, fed Sc Sabbati fummus cultus, Sc rcliqua,qua: a Philone de ipfis narrator,fatis leuiratis damnanc Eufcbium, Sc reliquos veteres,qui Eufcbium fequuti, idem h ariolati funt. Sed in Annalium tomo primo tacite perftringitur fententia, noftra ab audore, qui tamen fatetur veros Eftenos ludxos fuifte. Mi-rati fumus,quomodo ilk putauit in vnum hxc bencconuenirepoflo, ludaifmum Sc Chriftianifmum.Vt hocprobet,ait veteres patres idem fcriberc, quod Eufcbium. Atqui ex Eufebio hoc defumpferunr, Sc eius audoritatc contenti Philonem non confulucrunt. quern fi legif-fent, nunquam tarn ridiculx fententix aftenfum accommodaficnr. Hxc vero puerilia funf. Venio nunc ad natalem Chrifti, quem vetu-ftasChriftianifmiad xx v 111 annum Adiacum retulir,rede. Nanu Chriftus iniens annum vnum a tricefimo ictatis fux acccflit ad baptif-mum,vt omnes vetuftiftimi Patres ex Luca retulerunt,, Sc poll eos eruditus Annalium fcriptor. Baptizatus eft anno xv Tiberij,dqobus Geminis co ss.anno luliano 74. Ergo xxv Dcccmbrisanniyj illi inibat annus primusa tricefimo. Dcdudis 50 annisabfolutis de7$, remanctannuslulianus45411 cuius xxv DcccmbrisnatusfueritDo-minus, cyclo Luna: x v 111, anno Adiaco x x v 11 r, vt illi vetuftiftimi patres credidcrunt, duobus annis folidisantccpocham hodiernarrL Dionyfianam, anno folido cum diebus aliquot antcexceftiim Hero-dis. Hocproculdubio verumeft. SedinAnnalibus pcccatur ab audore in anno x v Tiberij. (Poem enim putat xv, is eft xvi, Sc magno errorc illi attribuit Confutes duos Geminos, quibus Confulibus annus xvi Tiberij iniitex xix Augufti,cyclo Luna: vndccimo,anno luliano
Prolegomena.
luliario 74. Nifan igitur is, qui proxime fecutus efl: baptifinum, Chrifli, Confulibus duobus Geminis, anteceffit annum xvi Tiberij ineuntem,menfibusquinque. Atfcriptor Annalium putatduos Ge-minos Confulatum gefliffe cyclo Lu nx xvi: in quo ne ficquidcnx, fibi conftat. Nam is fueric annus 75 lulianus iniens. Hoc modo De-cembri anni74 Chriftusiniuerit annum primumatricefimo: Si de-dudis 30 abfolutis, remanebit annus 44 lulianus, in quo natus Chri-ftusfuerit, tribus circiter menfibus ante exceffum Herodis, anno foli -do ante epocham Dionyfianam, qua hodie Ecclefia vtitur. qux fano multorum veterum, inque illis Eufebij fuit opinio. Scd Chriftus ba-ptizatus anno 74luliano:paffus7S. Differentia,anniquatuor fblidi, pafchata quinque. Quorum nullum veftigium in illis Annalibus re-perias. Quinetiam audor,quando numerus arinorum non fuccedic. exvoto, culpam in lofephum reiicit, mendaccm multis modisar-guens: inter alia, quod fcripferit	fadampoft Archelai re-
legationem, cum, inquit, ea Chrifto iiafcente contigerit, SC aperte Eufebius id indicaueric. Nos hallucinationem Eufebij loco fuoconfutauimus,inquo defcriptionem patrimonij Archelai cum, defcriptione totius orbis Romani confundit more fuo, ncq. meminit verbis illis,auui q	^-p^defignari non vnicam fuiflc illam de-
fcriptionc, cum mentio fiat. Qua re idem Euangeliftcs quem-admodum prioris meminit in Euangelio, ita alterius mcntioncm fa-cit in Adis, vt non fit audicndus dodus Annalium fcriptor, qui non, folum hac in parte Eufebij audoritatcm lofepho opponit, fed etiam, adiicit defcriptionem illam eandem efle,dequa JEthicus ftatim initio libri fui loquitur: cum tamen neque tempus, ncqueresconucniatde-fcriptioni nafcente Chrifto fadx. Nam defcriptio, de qua intclligit, zEthicus,expit ab annocxdis Cxfaris,dcfiuitinanno xixm,qui erat tricefimus quartus a primis Kalcndis lanuariis 1 ulianis.dece annis ab-fblutisantevcrumnatalcChrifti,duodccim antcepocham Chrifli ho-diernam Dionyfianam. Res autem cadcm non eft,imo longe diuerfa: atq. adco tantum differt defcriptio, de qua dEthicns loquitur,a defcri-ptionc,quxfada Chrifto nafcente,quanta dcccmpcda,& tabulxcen-fuales.Nam ilia defcriptio ^Ethici mandata eft agrimefbri bus,Sc Gco-mctrisjhxc Rationalibus.l Ila orbis menfura,
haccenfusSc facultatcs in Tabulasrelatar. Scd neque rede concludit, lofephum hallucinatum.quod paulo ante initia belli ludaici auditam exadytistemplivocem fcripferit, qua: diccrct hinc migremvs:cuit!, inquit,Eufebius id in paffionis Dominica: tempus rcfcrat. Quomodo Eufebius melius fcirepotuitca^quxconrigcrunt Chrifli Sc belliludaici tempore, quamlofephus ? autvnde,quam exlofcpho? deillis dice, qua:
Prolegomena.
co, quae non pertinent ad hiftoriam euangclicam. Sed tarn friuolum, argumqntumcluditur lis, qux aduerfus hanc Eufebij hallucinatio-nemlibro fexto dicimus. Deniqueiniufte vbique lofephum repre-hendit, omnium fcriptoriam veraciffimum, & religiofiffimuiYbquod quidem ipfius fcriptaloquuntur. quern audorem fi non tamcontcm-pfiffet, nunquam eos	commififfet, quibys totus contex-
tiistemporuraprimitomi perturbatus eft. Sed antequam exhacveli-tationefaceffimus, quaSCnos 8c cognominem noftrum fcriptorem, ab animaduerfione dodi viri vindicamus, nos homines Aquitani ex-poftulamuscumeo, quod a nobis ties fummosvirosabdixit, Pauli-nuip > Phoebadium, Sc SulpitiumSeucrum: qui cum fuerint natione, SC domo Aquitani, tamen Paulinum Sc Sulpitium Roma: nates fcri-bit,PhoebadiuminHifpania. Qms ilium docuit Paulinum non eflb natum Burdigilx, vbi antiquitus Paulina gens, hodieque quxdam. regio vrbisBurdigalenfis Paulino cognominiscft ? Phoebadium autem Aginni Nitiobrigum Epifcopumquare in Hifpania natum dicit, autquoaudore? Apud Hieronymum male excufum eft Soebadius, qui error irrepfitex Sophronio,vbi legitur 20/^^. Scd liber manu fcriptus SandxMariazdeGranaterialiquido habetFebadium. Apud SulpitiumSeucrum deprauatum quoque eft, vbi legitur Fegadius,pro Febadius,vt quidem librarij fenbunt, nam orthographia eft	Ag,
Phoebadius: fatis hodie notuseruditafua in Arrianos Epiftola, qua: antexxvannosprimumedita. MeimunicipesFiariumvocant,cuius memoriam bisquotannis inflaurant,ineunte iciunio quadragefimx, Sc die Marci Euangeliftx, menfe Aprili,fibenememini. Huie fuc-ceffit Gauidius in epifeopatu. Sulpitium Seucrum nemo hadenus Aquitanumfuiffedubitauit: fed patria ignoratur, cum tamen ipfo Nitiobrigcm fefe manifeflo prodat, cum Scruationcm Tungroruim, Phoebadium autemfuum Epifcopum fuiffe fcribit. Phoebadius autem cratNitiobrigum Epifcopus. IfteSulpitiusEcclcfiafticorumpu-riffimus fcriptor, pofttranfitum Martini reccpit fefe Elufbnem, quo tempore ad eum fcribebat Paulinus. Id oppidum eft cum arce veteri in finibus Nitiobrigum,qua amni Draguto a Petrocoriis diuiduntur’. Vulgo Laufim. Scd de hoc (atis.Mci Nitiobrigcs pro Sulpitio Suppli-cium dicunr,quomodo SC Bituriges fuum ilium vocant, quem eun-demcumhoc faciuntperperam ,cum inter tranfitum Martini, cuius nofter Sulpitiusdifcipulus fuit,SC ordinationem Sulpitij Epifcopi Bi-turicenfisfub Guntchramno Rege, intercedant plus minus anr i 190. Non iniuriam facimus dodo viro, ficum bonaeius venia dodiffimos viros Aquitanos, SC Chriftianiffimos origin! bus fuis vindicamus. Scd quemadmodum tribus viris Aquitaniam orbauerat, ita eandem dua-bus
Prolegomena.
bus alienis ciukatibus donauir Reienfi, 8c Vafenfi. Profperum noil, vno loco dick Regienfium in Aquitania fuiflc Epifeopum, cumdi-cendumfuerk,Profperum Aquitanum fuifle Epifeopum' Reienfium aut Regienfium in fecunda prouincia Narbonenfi. Hodie Ries vd-catur. Vafenfe autem cortcilium idiotifmus illorum temporumvo-cauit,quodpotiusVafionenfedicendumerat.VafioVocontiorumhb-die Vaifon dicitUr* Eft Epifeopatus Aueniohi metropoli attriburns. Imperite quidam cum foroVotontiorum confundunt. Itaque Va-fenfe vel Vafionenfc in Vafatenfe mutandum non erat. quemadmo-duminanno Chrifti 551 perperam Firminum Vticenfcm mutatim Vencienfem. Vticenfes,vulgodicuhturLyrr^.Eft Epifeopatus inpri-ma Narbonenfi. Dicuntur etiam Vcetenfes, & Vcetix Epifeopus. Apud GregoriumTuronenfem libro v 1, mentio eft Fcrreoli Epifeopi Vcetenfis:vbivulgomale Vcecenfis. Sed tarn imperite vulgus Vti-cenfes deprauauit in Vcetenfes,quam Araufio in Aurafio. At ciuitas fiue Epifcopatus Vencienfis,eftin (ecunda Narbonenfi. Vu Igo S.Pau-lus de Venciis. Sequuntur in fexto libro ilia quinque Pafchata a ba-ptifmo ad refurredionem, fuis temporibus,Confulibus,8c cyclis no-tata. In tertio Pafehate quid fit QxEfcc&v	, explicatnus,
qux veriiTima interpretatio adhuc aflenfum vel mereri, velexprimcrc a dodis hominibus non potuit: quodvalde miror,cum abfurdiflima, fit ea,quam fequuntur ipfi. Omnes igitur vnp oreputantW^Trp/a-^,pro Mjrs&TtpcSfo didumefle. Id ad verbum Hebraice eflet w? tfipp: aliter v^e^v LatinePrxpofterum. quo nihil prxpofte-riusdici potuit. Nam quid eft prxpoftcrum Sabbatum ?Non pudet iocularis interpretationis ? Seditaeft: Alius fortafle aflenfum extor-fiflet. Sed quia a nobis, ideo minus acceptum. Theophyladus poll Epiphanium, 8>C alios veteres, interpretatur	d/T^tiywct/ud-
>»?aZA«? sofrik vd/ Cattons, Itaque verum eft, quod diximus,omnes tarn veteres,quam recentiorcs	interpretari tt^j-
id eft	prxpoftcrum. Vt illud prober, idem Theo-
phyladus fubiicit: 7roN\dxtg dTrbdfan goprn ovni afyuncan. quodfalfum eft, propter tranflationes, quas imperiti negant fcculo Chrifti vfurpa-tas, cum ramen longe ante Chriftum in vfu fuifle demonftraueri-mus, vt locus non fit pertinaeix. Sed valcant Sabbata prxpoftera,. Igitur Qdttc&v prxpoftcrum, non quodd&n^F 7rp^,fed quod 7* kvTifytg Nam ^73 f &tUTggp;S 7rd%ct inibat computus 7s ttcowosx. Hebrxi etiam hodie vocant nnnap prs-i nxo QdpfiA yrpafef
(Jgyrs^;: id eft, Sabbatum, quod eft primum a xvi Nifen,qux eft £Ticket. Vera, & reda interpretatio fine vlla prxpofterita-te. De quinto Pafehate verbum non addidiflem, nifi cumhxc com-mentarer,
Prolegomena* mentarer, incidiflem in Commentaries quorundam,qui ChrifturtL pafliim volunt ipfo folenni Pafehatis, xv Nifan, feria fexta,nempc pa-rafeeue Sabbati. Quanuis audorkas Euangeliftarum, ratio ipfa,do-drina veterisanni ludaiefomniadenique contra illos faciant,rameib potius etiam Euangcliftas ipfbs valere iubebunt,quam vt fententiam, murenb. Caufla pertinaeix verba Euangeliftarum, nn 0 «
Contra obiicitur: w j) rt^oxgt/h f Ila^a. lohan. xix,i4. Hie miferam latebram quxrunt, & ftrenuo mendacio idum declinanL. Aiunt	tantum dicideSabbato. Acuti homines! Quaro
dicit (afarttvh £nd^ct, nifi	quafi 8C fit alius
rei,quam $ird%c£ quod quidem verum eft. Nam	eft genus,
cuius fpecies «B&Tdttd&y, (Gt&dpTiM. Vtrumque vno verbo He-brxis eft Itaquen?^ any	S’ Ca£&tra,fiue (ofysopTiov di-
citur,	quod fintalix Gfyurxtvoufiue Tr&dprict, quxa>
feftis fuis appellationem (brtiuntur. nqfiany afyuMM Snd%ct, nor S 7sd^a. niwatf any	idv i^o/jLdi(vvi7r^io^'Tiov TTZvm-
yii;. Itaque ei parafeeux, in qua Chriftus paflus,accidit turn vt ex con-fuetudine eflet Tr^o-aCCa^, id eft z^o-xsum S (d^dvdy turn vt cafii Tr^opnoFjideftra^rxgyn J* Trdjj^ct. Sabbatum enim illud crat n tyrn idv A^'uw. qux propterea dicitur fzeyd^n	ab Euangelifta.)iv $
jLttydN] npsyi S	quod 8i ipfumquoque (&&<; JLxj'a-
M dictum,tanquam fitquxdam Qct^d-nsnfzg^i^vix non fitgc^aAw. Nam quod Hebraice dicitur Jr»}ideftSolenne,id gftdujMU ludxi, 8C Apoftolus vocant [Mydhljuj	Vndexdr c^o^lw CiuecbiavofsA^
xd<; (blenne QxlujoTmy'ict; dicitur ^otAw vt fupra ox r rLtw ckauimus,nimirumexemplo Iudxorum,8iSamaritarum;qui tIm	an vocant duraFo^agxS;. Tria autem proprie He-
braice vocantur duu, aliter ofy^quas sM^r^quoquc vocarunt^g-yaAa; n^g^fjXV Nifan, id eftgo^n idv cum xx 1 Nifan. vi Siwan, id eft xv Tifri, id eft CxtuDonyia.}cutn x x 11 Tifii. Ac Sabbatum ordinarium nunquam dicitur (Ug^aAn , non magis, quam. an. Sic Philo libro ©ci ^gzapwnxoJ idv EmIumv {&(* dixit tIuj TT^opnor	loquens de Pentecofto. At ordinarium,
Sabbatum nunquam diciturptyw j^g^aut w*th. Temere igitur dodorTheoIogus Commentario in lohannem ait (^tsxguluj tantum didam de feria fexta, & omne Sabbatum dici pofle (jLgyd^lw EcquxGrammaticahxc eft,vt	J’Trao-^anonfit^^o-xgun
yraa-^a? Quid poteft dici abfurdius? Ac propterea longe iocularius dicitcodem mododidum /zgyaAw yi/^^vSQd^dvd oxdv«,qucm-admodum illud: c# 3 rn	M^g^a th /u.eyd?w to^<; zmivw;. Nam
verum efteodemmodo didum, fed contra animi eius fententiam:
J\,	quod
Prolegomena.
quod nimirum didi fit , quia odauaTabcrnaculorum, noth, quia Sabbatum. quae quidem odaua fuiteo anno feria quinta s non, Sabbatu,i69 diebus ante paflionem.Itaquedum hoc eflugium parar, fuo fe gladio iugulat. Qu.is vnquam tarn obftinatos aduerfus verita-tcm animos credidiflet ? 111am autem obiedionem quam argute elu-dunt 1 Iva. pt fJLLOLV^cnv3 oM ivct Qayutji r Trcur^. Aiunt tpayeb TTrct-^a,hie nonefleagnum Pafchalem comedere, fed alia facrificia Pa-fchalia. Argute, dode, eleganter, vt nihil fupra: quafi in parafceue comedere Pafcha aliud fit,quam agnum Pafchalem comedere. Imo nos negimus,5w jyiQayeiv r , aliud efle,quam agnumPa, fchalcm immolate, aut manducaro. Exodi xii,ii. Neque vllus paulo dodior illud fine rifu audire poteft. Sed quid ex tot mendaciis confequuntur ? Quid quam vtfe deridendos propinent? Si quinta-dccima Nifan, quando Chriftus paflus, fuit feria fexra: ergo Penteco-fte illius anni fuitSabbatum. Nam Pentecofte eft feria ftcunda quin-txdccimx Nifan, yt diximus ad Computum ludxorunu Fallitur ergo Ecclefia, St omnisChriftianitas,qux ab vltimavfqueantiquita-tecredidit illam Pentecoften fuifle diem Dominicam,non Sabbatum. Quid igitur ? Quid ’ — Die aliquem die, Quint tit ant colorenu. Itaque Dodori Theologo non bene proccdit commentuiXL. Rurfus vrgetur abfurditate. Deus die magno Azymorum diftride vetat opus facere. Exodi x 11,16. Leuitici x x 111,7. Hine quoque aliquo in-figni facinoreelabendumerit. Adducit locum ex libroludaico,cui titulus pop nrnjjideft,ligatio Ifaaci,vtprobetur etiam Sabbato licuifle opus facere:in quo is,qui locum vertit,impofuit hominiquxftionum, quam Hebraifmi peritiori. Namqui interrogat, an Soloccafus fit, item,an fit Sabbatum,eandc rem duabus interrogationibus fignificat. Si enim Sol nondu occidit, eft Sabbatum, in quo non auderet mittere falcem in meflem.Oportet igitur,vt Sol Occident prius,St confequen-tcr non erit amplius Sabbatu,id eft,iam prater ierit quinta decima Nifan, quxquacunq. feria incident,diciturSabbatum.Lcuiticixxin,15. Igitur interroganti, an Sol occidit, re(pondetur,occidifle. Rurfus, am fit Sabbatum, id eft, an m eoprn idv cilfaw nondum pratcricrit, fi re-fpondetur adhuc efle, nihil agitur: firefpondeturnon efle Sabbatum, tuncconfidcnter immittit falcem in meflem. Hxcprofcdo eft mens illius loci, quanquam libri copia non eft. Sed qui vertit illi hxc verba, dicit refponderi efle Sabbatum. Ergo hoc modo oportebat om-nem xvi Nifan efle Sabbatum, omni anno. Quodquis non mire-tur a DodoreTheologo non animaduerfum ? Atque adeo illi com-mentum placer. Denique tot lapides mouit, vt tandem concludere-tur, Ecclefiam falfoputare diem Pentecoftes,quando Spiritus fandus fupcr
Prolegomena.
fupcr Apoftolosdefccndit, fuifle Dominican!,xumfueritfabbatiw, ex hypothefibus Dodoris. Concludimus igitur, quod nemo fani capitis negauerit, Chriftum Pafcha comedifle tertia decima Nifan ciui-lis,quartadccimaLuna. Vnde redcEuangeliftx: >iv jj TdvdtypMV, nempe QtTwvv. Nam fane quoties fit tranflatio ferix, tunc duplex eft ncomcnia, prior quidem xj1 crgAw/w, pofterior veto sroA/nxw. Sed, inquiet,aliusEuangeliftesdicit, cv w gfeoi/ Trdr^cL. Ergoomnes g&w. Non lequitur: quare alius interpretatur, d wg^Svty. Chriftus g3v-troiir m gJ<|, Chriftus immolauit Pafcha in qua die oportebat,nempe quartadecima Luna.Iudxi poftridie gr w gwf^,in qua non oportebat, nempe quintadecima Luna. Etita quoque hunc nodum foluerunc Monachus Veronenfis Hilario,8C Paulus Epiftopus Burgenfisex lu-dxoChriftianus. Neq. meliorfblutio dari poteft. Neque vero illiduo viri dodi tarn vacuicapitis fuerunr, vt credercnt eo anno rlu>	S
fuifle feriam fextam. Sed Dodor melius Latine iutdligens, quam Grace, vulgatam tralationem fequitur: Jn quaneceflar'wn erat tmmolare. Nos negamus gJa bene tradudum, neceflarium erat. At-queadcointcreratLogicifcirc, quatenus Oportere,& 3\Qeceffariurn efle difterunt. Abfurde igitur, imperitc,&: aduerfus EuangeliftarunV mentem dicitur Chriftum crucifixum ipfa die folennis Paichatis.Nos vero Sc hie mutauimus lententiam ,cum huic ftulra interpretation! hxrcremus priore editione: quemadmodum cum Chriftum cyclo xvi crucifixum aflerebamus, (equuti Dionyfium Exiguum, Sc alios vete-res. Nam Chriftus paflfuscyclo x v Luna:, xi 111 Solis,tertia Aprilis, anno quarto ablbluto a baptifmo, quando Sol extra ordinem cali-gauit, cuius cafus etiam meminerit Phlegpn, feria fexta, quando poft verumagnum immolatum,immolatus eftSC typicus,qui turn pri-mum perpcram immolariceptus,vfque ad 70 annum ChriftiDiony-fianum,quando inclufis in vrbem die primo Azymorum contigic Pafchavltimum immolate. Atque hadenus quidem de priore parte, fexti libri. Venio ad alteram, cuius fubiedum quo nobilius,co plures tradatores habuit: vt nullus non ex plebe fcriptorum ex hoc muftaceo lauream fibi quxfiucrir. Ac quanquam fine fiimma dodrina externa: hiftorix, SC peritia bonarum literarum ad ifta arcana penctrari norL, potcftjtamenquo quifque imparatior ab omni copia humaniorum. dodrinarum, eo audacius ad hanc tradationem 1c contulit. Quin, etiam tantumabeft,vtprafidia,finequibus hie labor irrituseft, ifti adhibuerint, vt cos infanire putent,qui per ilia viam fibi ad hare inda -ganda muniucrunC. Minima quxque periequieflet korasperdero. Tria pracipua attingcrc fatis pro tempore erit, nempe de {eptuaginttu anniscaptiuitatis,deRcgibus Perfidis & Babylonia, de epilogifmo
§ 2. '	Hebdo-
Prolegomena.
HcbdomadumDaniclis. Septuaginta annonim caput a capto lecho-nia fumendum efle,audor leremias fcribcns ad eos,quos cum lecho-nia Babyloncm Rex Nabuchodonofor dcportauerar, cap. x x i x,poft alia: Quia Domtnwita dicit: QuandofeptuagintaanniBabylonicom-plettfuertnt^ ego vifitabovos, & verbum mewn bonum fuper vos fufci-rnbo, vtvoshuereducam. Quidclariushoccommate? Vos,quos cum lechoniacaptiuos Babylonem traduxit Rex, ego hue reducam, poft-quam feptuaginta anni completi fuerint Babyloni, qu# vos captiuos detinet. At contra hos 70 annos acuti homines ineunt acapto Sede-kia. Ergo feptuaginta anni funt odaginta. Minim vero leremiam ne-feifle feptuagintaeflefeptuagintx,. Quemadmodum igiturnegando parafeeuen Pafcha efle parafeeuen Pafcha,res noua Sc inaudita coclu-ditur, Spiritual fandum in Apoftolos defeendifle Sabbato^nondio Dominico: ita etiam negando feptuaginta annos efle feptuaginta annos,hand dubie aliquid Gfyfdtpv,	(sfyx&uvhwfapSpM parturitur.
Audiamus cauflam tarn inopinat# interpretationis. Scriptum eft, inquiunt, vrbem Hierofolyma per feptuaginta annos fua fabbata re-quieturam. Locus,quern defignant, eft in fine poftcrioris C hronico-rum: oAdcomplendum verbum Dei in ore leremia, donee terra acquie-feat fabbatis fuu. omnes dies deflations fabbattfauit,vfque ad complendum feptuaginta annos. Clare loquitur,omni ambage remora,terrain, quamdiu defolata fuit, fabbatizafle, id eft, incultam ceflafte, donee complerentur anni feptuaginta ab leremia determinati. Quod pro-culdubio verum eft. Nam finis defblationis eft feptuagefimus annus: initium vero intra illos,non ab illis.Nam tametfi terra feptem tantum annos, aut vnum annum c^flaflet,tamen fequcretur,quod hie dicitur, quandiu defolatafiierit, ceflafte: Sc quidem ccflafle, vfque ad feptua-gefimum annum ab leremia determinatum. Quid verius,quidfim-plicius, quid clarius hac interpretatione ? Sane ex his non colligitur, ceflafte feptuaginta annos, fed ceflafte, quandiu dcfolatio durauit:du-rauit autem vfque ad tempus ab leremia definitum, cuius temporis initium aliud eft abinitio defblationis. Huie fimile,imo prorfus idem genus loquendi extat eodem capite, commate 10. loiachin cogno-mentolechoniasregnauit menfestres,dicsdecern. Tamen ibidicitur: Anno vertente , Rex Nabuchodonofor mifit ,	deport atus fuit Ba-
bylonem. Decimum diem menfis quarti vocat annum vertentem. Ni-minim ille annusaliud habet initium abinitio regni Icchoni#,cum. tamen Sc anni Sc Regis lechoni# idem finis fit. Sic initium (eptuagin-taannorum aliudab initio defblationis,cum finis feptuagefimi anni, & defblationis idem fit. Neque fane vllus alius lenfus hinc elici po-teft. Et ita in eodem capite duo loci fimilcs alter alteri prxlucct: qu# locorunu
Prolegomena.
locorum duorum collatio mirificc fbphifticam obiedionehi rcturidit Sed ifti boni interpretes verbum diuinum pro pila habent.Sc profedo aliquid noui, vt dixi,pariet tarn portentofum commenturm Audiro ergo £ Atywain. Annus capti Icchoni# eft xxvi Nabopollaftari, vt fupra demonftratum eft. Annus igitur excidij Hierofolymorum SC euerfionis templi, eft Nabopollaftari, qui erat 158 a Thoth Nabonaftari. Ergo feptuagefimus annus ab excidio templi crit 117 ab eodemThothNabonaftari: qui eft fecundus Darij filij Hyfta-fpis, teftibus obferuationibus Babyloniorum eclipticis apud Pto-lem#um, nonus autem a dcceftu Cyri. Quare hoc modo Cyri annus primus, quo fohita captiuitas, conuenit in annum nonum poft eius obitum,vt volunt acuti homines, prxftantiftimi interpretu, Sc facro-rum Bibliorum hierophant#, qui feptuaginta dicunt efle odaginta. Tant# molis erat oftedere feptuaginta annos effe odaginta, vt aliquis Rex nono annopoft obiturii fuumedidafaccret. Non igitur feptuaginta anni a defblatione ineundi, fed a fcruirute, Sc ex quo tempore. Iud#i tributary Chald#is fadi. Itaque rede atque his conuenienter' apud leremiam xx v, 11. Omnis terra erit defolata 9 &vafta: atquea omnes iliagentes ferwent regt Babylonia feptuaginta annos. In his non, Iud#os tantum comprchendit, fed etiam omnem Syriam. Namlu-d#i non vocantur nyu, fed omnes alij extra Iud#os. Itaque non folum habitantes Hierofolyma, fed etiam omnes finitimas nationcs defola-tum iri dicit, commate antecedente,vfque ad feptuaginta annosiquo-rum initium a tempore fubiugat# Pakeftin#, Sc capri lechoni#, vc etiamclareextat apud Berofuima cuius fragmentohinc magnalux aftulget. Sequuntur Rcges Babyloni#, Sc Perfidis. Quis narrauerit fbmnia, hallucinationes, mendacia hominum in horum Regurm Chronologia? quid dicam odium, ?fi\9TV7ric& Sc wtw'nfa eorum in nos, quod pr#ter eorum expedationem eos Regcs non in
fice Ariftophanis,fed apud cuftodes prifearum Originum Berofum. Chald#um,Mcgafthenem,Hcrodotum inuenerimus?quod eos ipfos in Daniele,Zacharia,Efdra,SC Nehemia fine vlla mutationeextare in-dicauerimus ? quod ex duobus Regibus Afluero, Sc Artaxerxe vnum Regem bicorpore non fecerimus?Berofi igitur Sc Megaftheniseximi# ill# reliqui# apud lofephum nobis veritatis fontes recluderunf. Earum beneficio habemus Reges Chald#orum a Nabuchodonoforo, ad captam a Cyro Babylonem. Ex quo capt# Babylonis rempus ini-ri poteft, cum is fucrit annus odagefimus quintus a Nabopollaflaro patreNabuchodonoforijducentefimus tricefimus fextus Iphiti, vice-fimusprimusimpcrijCyri. Inpagina5}9 huiusopcris, leptemannis minusdiximus. Qu,arccorrigarurnumerus. Sedpriusquamadreges §	Nabucho-
I
Prolegomena.
Nabuchodonofori fucceflbres aggrediamur, dilcutiamus opiniones interprctumDanielis,& ChronologoruiiL. Maxima pars horum* hominum feptuaginta annos a leremia determinates, a capto Se-dekia dcducunt, in prime anno Darij Mcdi terminant,hoc vno argu-mento moti, quod Daniel primo anno huius Darij mentioncm facie1 vaticinij leremia* defeptuaginta annis,idcoquefincm eorum anno-rum tuncaccidifle dicunt. Sedhxctarn acutafententia facile retun-ditur. Nam fi eodem mode a primo anno huius Darij incundxeflent Hebdomades,quiaeodemcapiteearum prxeipua mentio fic^ imo eft vnicum fubiedum illius capitis. Ita fanepueri folent argumentari. Verba Danielis: 6go Daniel intellexi in literis ntimerum annorurnj&z. Ego, inquit,interiegendiim,animaduerti feptuaginta annos defini-toscaptiuitatis. Non fcquitur, ilium fuiflefeptuagefimum captiuita-tis.Rurfus huncDarium volunt efle Aftyagem Regem Media:, filium Cyaxaris,quern Daniel vocauerit Afluerum. Ar quis vnquam veje-rum claflicorum audorum ftripfit Mcdos Babylone imperafle? Quis non illorum dixit Aftyagem a Cyro vidu,& impcrio exutum ? Nam Xenophontem tamconftat hiftoriam noluiflcfcribere,fcd exemplum bene edudi principis pioponere,quam certueft,nihil in tota Cyri px • dia verum eife prater fola nomina, & nudam mentionc duorum, aut triuum cafum,vt Babylonis captse,Croefi vidi. fed tempora, ferics ge-ftarum rcrum.anni imperij Cyri feptem,vt ab illo fcriptore ponuntur, omnia,inquam,ilia vera hint fi vera funt JEthiopica Mcliodori. Ncq. tarn ftultus fuit Xenophon,vtcredcrct fe Grxcis hxc perfuaderc pofle. Pntftoenim illi fcriptis fuispudofem impofuiflent Caftor Rhcginus, qui f?b Cambyfc (cripfit Herodotus,qui tempore Xcrxis,& Artaxer-xis Longimani floruit, Ctcfias, qui in aula Artaxcrxis Mcmoris con-fenuir. Sed fecit,quod Gtywu azqualcs fuorum tempornm facicbant. Deligcbant perfonas ex medio prifea: hiftorix’,quas his coloribus pin-gebant, quibus pucabant fe animos ledorumad virtutem cxcirarc. Quare ftultc faciunt, nc dicam imperite, qui ex Xcnophonte hi-ftorix Perficte veritatem petunr. Qui ita faciunt, co nomine (blum. indignifunt,quiaudiantur. AtquiniftiRcgcm Media: huncDarium faciunt, quern Greci Aftyagem vocarcnt,proprio autem nomine Darius diceretur. Obfecro vos,dodi interprets,vndc didiciftis3Dariurrb hunc regem fuifle? Qiiis illius meminit prxter Daniclcm. ? Confu-lendus igitur Daniel. Initio vi capiris ita legimus: Darius Media accepit revnum. & initio x 1: Primoautem anno Darij Medt. Dicito nobis,viridodiflimi.itane Medus eft Rex Mcdix'Quod hoc noutim & infolcnsgenus loquendi,vt Medus fit Rex Media: ? Si Medus om-niseft Rex Media:, igitur quot Mcdi, totcrunt Reges Media:. Quart.
11 oil
Prolegomena.
non dicitur lofias ludxus} pro rege luda ? loiakim ludxus? Redito advos. Videte,quiddcfignatis. Nonpudet argument!? Oftendito locum in toto Daniele, in quo autNabuchodonolbr & Balfafar Ba-bylonius,aut Cyrus Perfa pro Rege Babylonis,& Rege Perfarum didi fint fine mentioueregni:vt vi,i8. Ibienim dicitur regnum Cyri Perfx. Quareearn piguit dicere.? Darina T{ex Mediaaccepit Regnwn. Atqui maxime intererat tantam rem no raceri .1 udxis fiquidem ftribit,quorum nemo ignorabat loiakim Rcgcm fuifle luda. Quareigiturinitio primi capitisrem notiffimam ludxisproponit,loiakim Regem luda, externum autem regena regis nomine appellate non dignaturfQuid? Dicite aliquid. Si aliudargumentumnon habetis, quo nobis perfua-deatis, iam tempuseft aut mutate fententiam; aut tacere. Nam profedo ifte Darius homo priuatus ad regnum Babylonis acccflit. Scri-ptum enim initio Capitis 1 x. Primo anno Darijflij Mflueri, defemi-ne Media. Latine ita concipiendum erat: Primo anno Dari/ filij Oxya-ri^ oriundi ex Media. Non diceris vndeoriundi fumus, ibi nos natos efle, fed alibi,quam vndegcnusdeducimus. Exemplum dandum non erat rei,dequa non dubitatur. Sed dabimus tamen. Stilicho crat Wan-dalus, natus in media Wandalia: filius eius Eucherius natus Romx erat ex femine Wandalia:, vt verbis Danielis vtar,non autem Wandalus natione,quanquamitavocaripotuit, fi <3^5 ita didusfuif-feteiuspater:quemadmodumaccidithuicnoftro Dario,qui Medus vocabatur, non quia in Media natus,fed quia pater eius & Medus erat, & ita vocabatur, vtabaliis ciuibus Babyloniishomoinquilinus diftingueretur. Nam & ipfe Afluerus, fine Oxyares quifquis is fuic, pater huius Darij, vnus, vt appayx, ex Megiftanibus & proceribus Media: Babylone immigrauit, hire	id eft, feditione alio-
rumprocerum agitatus,fiueproditionisfufpedus apud RcgemMediae. quxcunquc fuerit ilia cauflapatriam dclerendi, certe homo priuatus, non rex (quod non tacuiflet Daniel) Babylone habitauit. Huius filius Darius cognomento Medes, aut Medus cum ah is proceribus Babylonis coniuratione in Balfafarcm nepotem Nabuchodonofori Regem Babylonisinita, fignifer, nifi fallor,coniuratorunL, Rege interfedo,ipfe ineius locum populi fuftragiisvocatus eft. Ita-enim Daniel: Primo anno cDarj filij Oxyavii ex Media oriundi, cjui rexfupra ChaldAosconPitntuseP. At volunt hunc Darium efle Aftyagem,qui cum Cyro obfedcrit Babylonem,& regem Balfafarcm inter-fecerit: cuius rei ne minima quidem fufpitio extat in Daniele,fed ma-nifefto ibi dicitur nodu in conuiuio Balfafarcm opprefliim fuiflo. Qui cum mille proceribus tarn otiofc cpularetur,proculdubio ne-cefl'c eft eumin fecura vrbe, non autem obiefla fuifle: quanquarrL d 4	fimile.
Prolego Mena.
fimile ncfcio quid narrat Herodotus. Quid certius colligitur ex verbis Danielis, quam ex condi&o, in fumma focuritate, procul abomnimetuhoftium, interfedum fuifle,? Rex igitur ifte Medes creatus eft, vtapertedeclarat Daniel verbo^on, quo fignificatur regem creatum efle. Itaque initio capitis v i, ftatim poft cxdem Balfa-fari ^diicitnr.T) arius autem Medes accepit Regnum. Verbum,quohic vtitur Daniel ‘rap, fignificat non fimplicitcr fumere,fed alio tradento accipere. Neque Vnquam alitervfurpatur. Vnde do&rina, quarru nonexfcripto,fcdfolatraditione percipimus, dicitur nbap. Si hoc confideralfent, qui Darium,SCcius pattern Reges Media: faciu nt, & verba Hebraica Danielis perpendiflent, nunquam qux a nobis libro v i huius operis tarn accurate de hac re demonftrata funt, reprehen-dendoimperitiamfuam Sc xoonfaow aperuiflenF. Vides igitur Da-rium origine Medum, domo Babylone, filium Oxyaris Mcdi homi-nis priuati, fuftragiis populi regem creatum,tefte ipfo Daniele. Apud Berofum igitur, Nabuchodonoforo poft annum regni fui quadrage-fimum tertium mortuo, Alius eius Hewilmerodach,anno tertio regni aNerigliflororofororis fux viro interficitur. Nerigliflbrorus cunt, quatuor annos regnafleq filio fuo Laborofoarchodo, Nabuchodono-fori ex Alia nepoti regnum reliquif.quo interfedo poft menfes nouem, regnum Nabonido cuidamvni ex interfe&oribus ipfius, communi confonfu populi traditum eft. Hxc Berofus. Qua: omnia facras fori-ptura: conueniunt, fi modo adiuuentur interpretatione. Nam profe-<fto nihil diforepant. InterfecftoenimHewilmerodacho, non eft du-bium Nerigliflbrorum populo perfuafifle, fo filio fuo Nabuchodo-nofori ex filia nepoti regnum conleruare, donee adole(ceret:vt fi quod I defidcrium populo eflet Hewilmerodachi propter Nabuchodono-fori memoriam, id omne leniretur,cum viderent ex ftirpe Nabucho- ! donoforiadhucfuperefle,qui in eius folio fodcrent. Neque dubium, eft, quanuis re ipfa rex eflet, nomine tamen filij regnum adminiftraf-fo,. Sane leremias cap. xxv 11,7, dixit omnes genres fubie&as fore impcrioNabuchodonofori, filio eius, Sc filio filij. Quanuis ex filia, eflet nepos,tamen filiorum nomine etiam filiac comprehenduntuF. Nam vtLatini liberorum nomine, fic Hcbrxi nomine p vtrumque, fexumcomprehendunF. Laborofoarchodus igitur eft Balfafar. cui fucceditNabonidus,quicumannos xvn regnaflet, deditione faCta 1 exutus regno Carmania rclegatus eft a Cyro,vt ait Berofus.Megafthe-nes autem eximius foriptor ita fcribit de Nabuchodonoforo: 0 & ©
Ttcut;	i&wfAgm. top 3 0 Xtox? Nn^A/orot-
pK A«7rov 7ra^a. Aata.csoctfictTy.ov. 9	(3icua>/otopu),Na-
@ovtdo%ov	@otcri?da, (Gr&swovTctg) a’J'gr. to 3 gA&y Boc-
fvASrct, i
Prolegomena.
fiuhMct Ka^/LLt^w nye/izovinv . in quo vtrique foriptori conuenit. Sed paulo antea idem Megafthenes quendam Medem nomine, ciues Cyro dedidiftc dicit, id eft, Babylonem diripiendam Cyro pro-pinafle,fibi autem fuga falutem peperifle,cum in munitiflimam Bor-fippenorum arcem fe recepiflec. Berofus hoc atrribuit Nabonnido. Nabonnidus igitur vocatus erat Medes, vltimus Rex Babylonis, fuf-fragiis populi rex creatus. Apud Danielem vltimus rex vocatur Medes,creatus eft fuftragiis populi. Darius igitur Medes eft Nabonnidus. HuncCyrusanno xvn ipfius Darij,pradiovi<ftum inarcemBorfip-penam compuliF. Interea ipfo Cyrus Babylone potitus anno impe-rij fui xix, aliquod tempus rebus componendis dedit, & omnia, vrbismunimenta, qua: longa obfidione, Sc fummo la bore experat, difturbauit,vt fcribit Berofus. His ita gcftis,ad Borfippum expugnan-damanimumconuertit. SedNabonnidus arcis deditione fa<fta,&: vita SC prouincia Carmania donatus eft. Interea reliquias belli per-fequens Cyrus ad fines vfque India: profeftus eft,vbi Capiflam vrbem ad Indum fluuium fitam diruit, vt fcribit Solinus. Itaque pacatis Orientis partibus Babylonem redicns, Sufianam omnem iugum de-tre<ftantcm,imperio iam olim Babylonia: attributam non fine magno moliminedebellauitjVt exStrabonc patet: quanquam errat Strabo, dum ait Sufianam a Cyro Medis ademptam. Nam potius Medisad-empta Chaldxis adiunifta eft: Danielis v 111,2.. ^Efohylus enim in. Perils arccmSufaa Cyaxare vaftatam ab Aftyage inftauratam fcribit. Aftyagcs autem a Cyro debellatus fuit. Quare fub Aftyage Sufi an a, imperio Chaldxorum adiefta vrique poft Nabonaflarum, vt puto, Sc,fi locus conicClurx eft, ab illo Afluero Medo prodita,, cum eius fortafle Satrapes eflet. Reliqua,quae retulimus, non a nobis, vt folent facere interpretes Danielis,Sc Chronologi, fed a Daniele, Berofoi Me-gafthenc accepimus. Reuerfus igitur Babylonem vieftor Cyrus,omnibus imperio fuo fubaftis, tunc iurepotuitdicere: f)ominut Deusc&li dedit mibi omnia regna terr a : quod quidem accidit anno impcrij eius vndetricefimo, a Babylone capta nono, a capto lechonia feptuagefi-mo: vtolim prsedidum erat ab lercmia-, qui fcripfit foptuagefimum annum captiuitatis ludaicx finem imperio Chaldxorum impofitu-rum.cap.xxVjii. xxvi 1,7.xxix, 10. Hoc nonpotuitconnngcro, nifi omni Aflyria, Sc Babylonia fubada :quod tempus, vtdiximus, confurgit exanno vndetricefimo Cyri, qui eft primus annus imperij Babylonici, TiParalip.xxv 1,n. Efdra: 1,1. v 1,3. SC tertij annimentio eft Danielis x, 1: qui ci fuit vltimus Si vitx Sc imperij. Obiit enim, anno vno Sc triccfimo imperij fui. Annus primus Cyri expit Olym-piadis 55 primo, quxconcurrit cum anno Nabonaflari 188. Annus primus
Prolegomena.
primus Cambyfis,ii9 Nabonaflari. Diftcrctia initij Cyri, SC Camby. fis,anni folidi p.a Thoth 189 Nabonaflari. O biic igitur anno xxxi la-bente imperij fui Pcrfici,tertio autem imperij Babylonia’, lecundo Sc feptuagefimo a lechonix rranfportatione. At ifti fomniant ncccfl'ario Darium Medum fuifle regem Perfarum 6c Medorii, propterea quod cap. v,18 dicitur: Regnum tuum diuifum eft& datum Ade dis & Per [is, Iraq, ex ilia diuifione coniiciunrduos Rcgcs defignari, alteru Mcdix, altcrum Perfarum,& proinde neccfl'ario Aftyagcm,& Cyril fuiflc.Scd Aftyages vltimus Medorum Rex ante multos an nos iuterfedus fuerat anno quarto Cyri. Solus Cyrus Media Sc Per fide rue potiebat ur. Prx-terca diuerfistemporibus regnarunt, non coniundim, Darius Mcdus, Sc Cyrus, v 1,2.8. Itaque. neque duo tunc Rcgcs cranr,neque ex verbis Danieliscolligitur vlla ditiifro. enim verbum, quo vtitur Daniel, nihil aliud eft, quam xAao'oq, vt rede lofephus interpretatur • id eft, frangcre: quo tantum fignificatur mutatio regni. Quandiu enim. regnum a patribus ad liberos hire fucccfTorio transfertur, tunc integrum vocari poteft: cum ad exteros transfertur, tunc frangitur. Sic accipiendum 1. Reg.x 1,51. Eccee^o[cindoregnum de manHSolomonis, Nosnegamus vllam	cofignificari. Tranllatum igitur im-
perium a Balfalaro,ad homincm MedifanguinisNabonidum:aNa-bonido Mcdo,ad Cyrum Pcrfam.Itaque rede dicitur:Fradum eft imperium tu urn, 6C datum Mcdix, Sc Pcrfidi. ca&a&n» fictateia. %
tm Mnha rri IRpA Hcbraifmus, vel Chaldaifmus troi’ip, Medix, Sc Pcrfidi, id eft, hominibus Mcdix Sc Perfidis. Satis enim, eftfignificari, imperium adcxrcros transferri. Itaque his conuenicn-tcr dixit Mcgafthencs,	'bmktradci (ZcitfiTdct (EfytrnMiiToi &
^iv. Nabonnidum ,aut Nabonnidochum crcant regem,qui nullo iuredriginisautfanguinisattingebatBalfafarum,vtpotc qui oriun- 3 dus eflet ex Mcdis. SC ^wfreixidiri fiav&da.. d^^dd. quo verbo vtitur 1 Daniel “]*?on	creatus eft Rex. Non dixit *f?on N
rixAiw. Huie obiedioni non pofluntobludari. Sed nondum finis ' vclitationum. Qui fuffragiispopuli ad regnum adlcituseft,populum S fuis legibus viucrciinir, neque nouum ius lancire poteft. Eccc veto B Darius legibus PerfarumSc Medorum edidumfacit. cap. vi,8. Ergo K Darius erat Rex Perfarum,Sc Medorum. Perpendamus mentem Da- g nielis. Omnes procercs imperij Darij conucncrunt in vnum,vtlegem E fancirent,ne intra trigintadics vlli Deo,aut homini,prxterquam Regi E Dario fupplicaretur. Eft plane Senatulconfultum, cui nifi audor fiat, Rex, eft tantum audoritas perlcripta. Aditur igitur Rex,vt id confirmer lege Perfica Sc Medica. Com mate 8. Nos negamus hinc colligi Darium regem Perfarum, Sc Medorum fuifle. Hoc enim ibi adum, i eft,vbi f
Prolegomena.
eft, vbi Daniel erat., nempe in prxfeduraipfius Sufiana,cuiuscratSd-ci apes.cap.vi 11 ,i.Qu i enim vnus ex tribus Megiftanibus regni eflet, vt eft vi, 1, non habitaflet Sufis fine impcrio. In Suliana igitur hoc con-tigit,qux profedo nullislegibusBabylonicis tenebatur, fed fuis tan-cum,id eft,Pcrficis. Perfis enim Sufianam ademit Aftyages,vtdiximus exStrabone. Eaautcvideturlponte,autaliquoaliocafu potius,quam belli fortuna Babyloniorum imperio accefllfle. Darius igitur, Sc fu-periorcs Rcges Babylonix,in Sufide nihil potcrat fancire nifi iure Per-fico: quod SChodie in omnibus regnisvfupari videmus. Cum enim vni regi multa parent regna • non eft concludendum, ilia omnia tem-perari cifdem legibus. Imo multa eiufeemodi regna fub vno Principe contrariis legibus videmus regi. Noftros vero dilputatorcs fugit res pulcherrima,hxc contigifle Sulls,non Babylone: Babylonem autem Chaldaico iure,Sulianam Perfico leu Medico, quod idem eft, vfam, fuifle, vbi proceres Sudani nonBabilonij iudicabant. Neque locus vllus altercationi. Nam adum prorfus eft de illorumDario Aftyage, cum Aftyages diuanteacxfiisfuerit: neque melioreconditione in fo-cietatem regni cum Dario diuifi Cyrum vocant,cum Sc Aftyages cx-fus fit a Cyro,Sc Dariuf Mcdus ante Cyrum aliquot annis impcraric, vtex vi,18 non colligitur tantum, fed Sc conuincitur. ‘Danielifle profyere e^it inre^no Darij, in re^no Cyri ^erpt. Omnino vero tota Sulianaa Danieleregebatur. Sed Sc arcem munitifllmam, quarm
Grxci vocant, EcbatanisMedix miro opere a Daniele conftru-dam fuifle teftatur lofephus, eamque tempore ipfius lolephi adco in-tegram manfifle, vt reccns videretur,cui Temper ludxum prxfici ex genere facerdotum,morem fuifle Icribit.Scd Ecbatana nunquam Ba-byloniis paruerunt ante tempus Cyri, hoc eft, antequam Cyrus Babylone potitus eft. Nam ipfe erat Rex Mcdix SC Perfidis. Daniel vero fubCyroadhuc prxfedus erat Sufidis. x, 4. Fluuius enim Tigris, cuius ibi mentio fit,eft terminus Sufidis ab Occidente. Fabulanu vero lofephi ludaicam reiicimus de ilia arce Ecbatanorum. Nam Daniel odagefimo anno captiuitatis fux fcripfit caput, x,SC nondum ea arxconditacrat. Hxc igitur nos ex antiquifllmis, SCaccu-ratifllmis fcriptoribus Berofo, Sc Megafthene eruimus, quorum, fragmenta, qux extant apudlofephum, omnia oblcurain Daniele, de Rcgibus illuftrant. Quisenim fatis ealaudarepofllt ? Tria verba, ex ipfis cot commentariorum moles, totfomnia interpretationum, eludunt. Si cui facrx hiftorix ftudiofo SC veritatis amanrivacateas re--liquiasapud lofcphum, SC Eufebium fparfascolligere,earumquemi-rum cum facris librisconlenfum indicate, habebit fatis, vnde SC egre-giumopus inftruat, SCpofteris aliam viam muniat Chronologiam, facram.
Prolegomena.
facram inueftigandi,quam hadenus ab vllo veterum lilt recentiorum fadumfit. In Mcgaftheniseximiofragmctonon folum vltimum Rc-gem,quiciues -nJ »(ui(W,id eft CyroprodidcriqMedem vocatum fuiflc animaduertet,quern Babylonij mutato nomine ou-nj Ncbonit, Herodotus Lcbonit,ant Labynitum vocauerit,fed etiam aliquid, quafi per caliginem de Nabuchodonofbro indicari,cum intellcdu alienato indeferta fefe abdidifle, vt patctcap.ini. Apud Berofum autem,prater regum Babylonia: fucceflionem, inueniet etiam Babylonem moe-nibus miro operc.nona Semiramide,vt nugantur Grxci,fcd aNabu-chodonoforocircumdatam fuiflc,vtteftatur Daniel 1111.17.& mul-ta prxtcrea, in quibus illuftrandis labor iucundus eft, frudus autem, vberrimus.Sed &C non minor vtilitas colligitur ex fragmero Menandri Ephefij apud eundem lofephum,qui ab Hiram fine Iromo Rege,qui lignaccdrina Solomonifuppeditauit, ad Pygmalionem fratrem Di-donis, omnes Reges Sidoniorum ScTyriorum recenfeb. Primus eft filius	Secundusfilius Iromi
‘iiy-Syaregnauit annos feptem. Huius filiusan-nosnouem.quoafiliis nutricis interfedo,maxiraus natu filiorum, nutricis regnauit biennium. Poft hunca$-o?& 0
«-apra,	annos duodecim. Huiefuccedens frater a<repu-
/u&, onyn annos nouem. quo inrerfedo a fratre Phelcte, ipfe (psAw, rta, monies odo. Hoc interfedo Syp-w Saccrdos Aftartes trigintaduos. Huius fucceflbr“wna annos fex. Huius filius (Ltct'QHF©' * annos nouem. Succcflit <pvy[taAi&r	qui re-
gnauit annos quadraginta feptem. In his videmus Iromum, qui, vt, diximus,cedros Solomoni fubminiftrauit,item Ithobaalum,cuius filiam lezabelam vxorcm duxit Omri Rex Samarix. 1. Reg. x v1,31. Ab Iromi obitu, quern duodecimo anno, quo templum xdificatum, eft,decciliflefcribit lofephus, ad (optimum annum Pygmalionis,quo Dido Carthaginem condidit, annos fluxifle lofephus fcribit 155,menfes odo. Sed fugit cum ratio. Cotnprchendit enim duodecim annos Hiromi,qui cxcludunturper hypothefin, & praterea totos 47 Py-gmalionis, cum quadragintaSc vnus excipiendi fint,. Itaabobitu Iromi, ad Carthaginis conditum fucrint anni tantum 105. Scddo his omnibus Rcgibtis, & comm annis, & quis frudus ex huius fragment! ledione colligi poHit', alibi plcnius dicemus in libcllo F ragmentor uitl. Apud Tertullianum Apologctico,cap.x 1 x. Hie-ronyrnw Phoenix RexTyri. Lege Hiromus Phoenix. Scd tamen in-terea aliquid de Carthamne diccndtim,. Carthago delcta eft an-no ab vibe condita 606, pcriodi lulianx 4567, annis 7 3 7, poft-quam a Didone condita, audorc Solino. Dcdudis 7 37 de 4567,
relin-
Prolegomena, relinquitur annus feptimus Ithobaalis 5850 in periodo Iulians. Omri Rex Samarise gener Ithobaalis expit regnare anno 578 ab Exodo,id eft 3795 pcriodi lulianx. Ab initio Ithobaalis, ad annum Pygmalionis (optimum,anniflintabfbluti53.quibusdcdudis de 3830, remanec annus 3777, in periodo luliana,, primus regni Ithobaalis. Iniuit igitur-regnum x v 111 annis antequam gener eius Omri in Samaria regnarec. Quaiiquam igitur hxc non fufficiunc, ad ftabiliendam regum Samarix epocham,quia in fcriptura mentio non fit quoto anno regni fui Ithobaal filiam fuam RegiOmride-fponfauerit, neque quoto anno regni fui illam Omri duxerit vxorem: tamen certiflimutn tempus Omri hinc colledum eludit temerita-tem eorum, qui tempora regum Samarix longius fummouent imj mani interuallo. Ptxterea hinc colligitur interuallum ab Ilij exci-dio, ad conditum Carthaginis, nimirum anni 199. Tot annis iLneas Didonem antcceflic. Qui reges Tyriorum & Sidoniorum poftea re-gnarint, lofephus recenfet ex Annalibus Phoenicum: quorum primus Hya-nx cu defciuifletaBabyloniis,expugnataTyro aNabu-chodonoforo, interfedus eft. Reliqui reges,qui poftea Tyriis,& Sido-niis imperariit,tributary Chaldxis fadi:quod ncctacuitlcremiasxxv, 11. Primustributariorum/3aaA by? regnauit annos decern. Pofthunc Index Mcw^aA^/Bao-Aa^u. nW-Swptop W3menfes duos.a/3-Jaia ’pN P 3<7n menfes decem.2^^isp^ jnon menfes tres. (jlvt-it,	S'xgRcu D’Dsnw nay oa nah0-^n *
annos (ex. Sed inter illos duos frarres regnauit	atoip—^3
annum vnum.jttf£&xA@P arceflitus Babylone Sya-ap annos quatuor. Frater huius cn’n annos viginti. Huius annoxiin incipit regnare Cyrus, referentc eodem lofepho ex iifde annalibus Phoenicum, fiCfeptimo anno regni IthobaalNabuchodonofbrexpitoppugnaro Tyrum.audor idem lofephus ex iifdem annalibus. Summa annorum ab initio oppugnationis Tyri, ad x 1111 Iromi,anni 35, menfes tres. Annus primus Cyri eft iSyNabonaflari. Dedudis 35 abfolutis,rema-net annus captx Tyri 151 Nabonaflari, qui erat tertiufdecimus Nabu-chodonofbri, vltimus Nabopollaflari. Tot igitur annos impendit* oppugnandx munitiflimx vrbi. qux omnia conucniunt cum illis, qux Berofus dd Syria domita circa captum Icchoniam,&jo annum, Nabopollaflari fcribit. Quam bene hxc confirmant de Nabopollaf-faro patre Nabuchodonofori, & de 30 annis Nabopollaflari apud Ezekielcm? Hxc Tyri expugnatioab leremiaprxdida fuerat cap. xlvii,4. Scd itcriimTyrusrcbellauit,&: capta ab eodem Nabuchodo-noforopoft excidium Tcmpli.Ezekielxxvi.cuius annum ignoramus. Apud lofephum mendofe colliguntur ab initio Baal,ad x 1111 Iromi, € anni
Prolegomena.'
anni 54,vtcxdinumerationeconftat. Eft error librariorum. Nint ab expugnata Tyro,ad initium Cy ri,ex hac dinumcrationc anni tan-tum 55, menfes3 colliguntur. Bearunc nos 8C hoc Annalium Phoeni-tum,8creliqua fragmentavccerumfcripcorum apud loftphum, qux valde {tenant Chronologorum licentiam.. Appofuimus Hcbraica^ nomind,vt videantftudiofi, Sidoniorum,8C Tyriocum linguam He-braicam fuifle. Nam Sc Dido Kri eft vwae#iXM',quo nutrices infan-tibusblandiuntur,cuius mafculinum eftDauid in. Elifam vero nuJ’Stt fatis conftat Hebrxum efle. Prxtcrea lofephus refert ex Theophrafto
Tyriis ScSidoniisnunquam licuifle iurare nifi ircwyw %• xotc, inter quos ponit Kop&», id eft, inquit lofephus, St*. Medio-criter periri Hebraifmifciunt pij? efle donum facru hl. Hoc plane. demonftrat,Tyriorum Sc Sidoniorum dialcdumHebraicamfuiftb. Et fane mirum eft illis fandiflimum fuifle iufiurandum Korban, vb ludxis n’jK ’0 vel	Chaiala,vel Chaiadonai. Sed tempore Mar-
tialis peonunciabantChiala. iura euerpe,per .Antbu/wn. Quia ludxos audiebat Chiala iurare : proptcrea putauit efle Anchialurm, quod vox Anchialus fit notior, quam Chiala.. Tempore autem. Plauti,mulrumCarthaginienfcs a puroTyriorum (ermone defeiue* rant, vt patet ex Poenolo: cuius verba Punica maiori ex parte redo reddere poflumus. qux propius abfunt ab Hebraifmo,quam a Syria-fmo. Tamen fi Solinum audimus, Karthago dida eft ab ipfis Poenis Carthada, nip. quodSyriaceeflct Hrnn.Nnip. Ita opera in iftis fragmentis bene collocatur. qux ii prius confideraflent qui nos repre-hendunt,ij taminiufte nos reprehendi, quam fe turpitcr hallucinari fenfiflent. Alios omitto, quos nc nominates quidem velim. Vnum. Bcncd. Pereriumconuenio, qui in fuo in Danielem commentario,8C alios Sc me in primis reprehendit, quod abfurditates omnes, quas fu-praconfutauimus, quafque nemo fanx mentis probaucrit, non fe-quor. I pfe vero poftquam omnium addudis fentenriis,peflimas quafque 8i maxime ridiculasfcquatur, quibus verbis caftigandus eft / Is eft, qui feptuaginta annos a capto Scdckia deducit, 8c in primo anno imperij PerficiCyri, id eft,in primo anno Olympiadis lv terminat*. Qupdquantumabfurdiim(it,ex illis,qux fupraa nobis difputata. hint, fatis docuimus. Dcniquc nihil tarn abfurdum ab aliis in hac re excogitatum eft, quod ipfe mclioribus non prxtulerib. Quare im ChronologiaDaniclis plane puereft. Prius difccre, quam alios repre-hendcre debebat. Quantusliber inftitui pollctin cius erronbus con-futandis / Si mihi excidiflent ca,qux ille fcribit,non inultum tulifl'em, qux eft Ariftarchorum meorum infania,8c procacitas. Equidcm ho-rum reprehenforum, qui me dodiorcm non reddunb, indicia nom
Prolegomena.
plans facio, quam ipfi veritatem,quam eisaperuimus: earn autem illi aiit propter impcritiam non agnofcunt, aut propter maliciam diffi-naulant. Sed ad alia propero. Ethxc quidem de Regibus Babylonis. De Perfarum Regibus,quomodo illi ex Daniele,8C Efdra erui poflinr, fatis libro vi docemus. Qupd Xerxes Afluerus fit apud Efdram nn,6, fatis exconrextufermoniscolligitur.Omni tempore Cyri,8c Darij Regis Pcrfarumopustempli interpellatum eft.uii, 5. Poft Darium initio regni A flueri inftitueruntaccufationem in ludxos. Comate 6. Poftea imperante Artaxcrxe,Mithridates,8calij hoftes ludxorum Artaxcrxi fcribunt in Iudxos.Com1nate7.adco vt ab Arraxerxc i llo,ad tempora Darij alius,xdificatio impedita fucrit. Coinmate 14 Anno illius Darij Haggxus Prophera Sc Zacharias exhorranturludxosadopus conti-nuandum.v,!. Poft hunc Darium fequitur Artaxerxes,qui Efdram fe-ptimo anno imperii fui in Palxftinam miferir. Iam Darius nnlkis eft poft Cy rum,prxter Darium filium Hyftafpis. Hoc ne ipfi quidem ne-gant. Eccc opusdifturbatum a primo anno Cyri,ad finem Darij.Ergo fub quatuor Rc/ibus difturbatifCyro^merdi.CambyfejDario.Intcr Darium Hyftafpis,8C Artaxerxem quisefle poteft,prxter Xerxcm? Af-fuerus eft medius inter Darium 8c Artaxerxem. Emo Afluerus,fine,vt pronunciari debet,Oxyarcs,eft Xerxes,ditiflimus regum Perfidis.Daniel xi,i.8c eiusopibus ac potential hiftorix Grxcorum fidemfaciunt. At maritus Eftcr vdcatur Afluerus, &c prxtcrca ditiflimus, & latillime impcrans,vt eft in libro Eftcr. Ergo Afluerus Efdrx & maritus Eftcr vnus idcmq.eft, Rurfiis Afluerus EfdrxcftXerxes.Ergo maritusEftcr eft Xerxes. Quid quod Xcrxis vxor vocatur Amiftris, Pcrficc Am-Efter.Quid niulta alia?Et tamen en xaxo^a*,en facet! ioliginis.Qiyd obiiciunt? Audirc,atq. togam iubco coponcrc. Si, inquiunt, Afluerus eft Xerxes: Mardochxus,qua gratia valcbat apud Regem,non fiuiflet opus tcmpli impediri. (^uot modis hxc confutaripofliint,fi tanti cC-fent! Aduerfus tot argumenta quern locum habet tarn ludicra o biedio? Quid fi orauit regem Mardochxus,8c pcrSatrapas ftctit,quo minus edifto Regis parcrctur, vt fub Cyro contigit ? Nam ft Cyro vi-uente ciusedidum flocci feccrunt hoftes ludxoru, quanto magis gra-tiam Mardochxi? Quid fi nc Iudxiquidem curarunt ea de re Mardo-chxum compcllarc, vt non Mardochxi, fed ipforum ludxorum culpa fucrit? Eccetrigintafeptcm annis poftemiflum a Dario Notho edi-dum dcrcficicndis muris Hierofblymorum, Nchemias accipit nun-cium,non folum non refedos murosefle, fed ncminem de reficicndis quidem curare. Hxc negligcntia nonne potuit inccffcrc ludxis fub Xerxc, quo imperante accufatio inludxos inftitutaeft, cum fub Ar-taxerxe Mcmorc,qui ludxis fauebat,tanta focordia in illis fuerit?
Prolegomena.
Quarc, vt quidam loquitur,hoc tclum ftringit,non perforat. Qtiibus tot argumenta fatis non funt ad vcrum perfuadendum, furor eft cum, illis rem habere. A Cyri anno prime,ad vltimum Darij,opus tcmpli difturbatum. Efdra: 1111,5.Aprincipio Afliieri,quieft Xcrxcs,toto tempore ipfius Aflucri,& Artaxerxis,vfquead fecundum annum Darij , non iam moras obiiciendo, fed calumniis apud reges Xcrxem, Sc Artaxerxen ludaros inceflendo,inimici eorum non lolum opus impe-diuerunt,fed ludxos indiferimen maximum adduxerunt. Efdra mi, 6,7,11, ii, fcquentibus. Qua de re anno fecundo Darij apud Zachariam conqueritur Angelus: Domine Deusexercituum, quoufque non mtferaberu H.iero[olyma vrbes luda, qutbus iratus es, iam hie agiturfeptuagefimusannM ? En difturbatio feptuaginta annorum. cui loco hoftes veritatis contradiccre non pofliint. An dicent ilium Darium efle filium Hyftafpis ? Annus fecundus Darij in periodo luliana 4194. Dedudis feptuaginta relinquitur annus 4114, id eft,tertius Olympiadis 47, quo captus Sedekias Quod eft abfurdum. Ergo Darius, fub quo prophetabat Zacharias,eft alius a filio Hyftafpis. Eft igitur Darius Nothus. Habemus a Xerxe, ad fecundum annum Darij. 1111,14. Et poft ilium Darium habemus Artaxerxen alium. v 11,1. Quis eft ille Artaxerxes poft Xerxen, prater Artaxerxen Longima-num? Quis Darius poft ilium Artaxerxen antealium Artaxerxen, prater Darium nothum medium inter duos Artaxerxes, Longima-num, Sc Memorem ? Prius confutanda funt verba Efdra, anrequani, mea fententia oppugnetur. Prius Efdras mendacij conuincendus eft, quam ego. Aut fi ego mendax, cum Efdra ergo mention. Negenc' hxc ita extare apud Efdram. Manus dabo. Quam inepti funt, quam maligni, qui haze negant! quantoodio veritatis hoc faciunt! Opor-tebat Pcrcrium negate apud Efdram extare, opus difturbatum fuilfc a^ primo anno Cyri,ad vltimum Darij: poft Darium toto tempore Afi-fueri, Sc Artaxcrxis, ludxos apud Reges Pcrlidis accufatos, vfque ad fecundum annum Darij, quo quidem anno Darij fecundoremplum xdificari cxptum,&C poft ilium Darium,annofeptimo alius Artaxer-xis Efdras in Palazftinam mifliis. Si hoc poteft negate, tunc audadcr SCnosveradixiflcnegato. Sedprofedo in iftis confutandis tantum, jeftuabit,quantum in fuo Belo Sc Draconc,SC in fuo Aftyagc rcge Ba-bylonis iam turn cum Daniel effet puer: Sc in aliis, quorum me pu-det: in quibus fatisoftendit, quam bene de vera Chronologia mcritus eft. Cette,quitantuminillisprobandislaborat, non mirumfi tarn, confidenter alianegat, vt tandem Cyrum nono anno poft obitunu fuum edida facicntem inducac. Miratur, quod ex Berofo fucccflio-ncm regum Babylonis, SCexHerodoto pctamus. Maluiflec, vt ex
Ifidoro
Prolegomena.
Ifidoro popular! fuo illos reges emendicaflcm. Sed fatis eumrefellunts quxfuperius,SC libro vi huiusoperis a nobis dida funt. Darius igitur ifte inter duos Artaxerxes pofitus, is eft Darius Nothus, qui edidum. fecit de Hierofolymis inftaurandis, At a relaxata captiuitate,inquiunt, ad fecundum Darij Norhi.anni funt cv: Sc adhuc viuunt lofedek, Sc Zcrubabel. Valde fenes igitureos oportet fuifle: quod non videtur. Quarcnon videtur? Quarc mirum,illosduos accelfilfe ad aerate Leui, Caath,SC Amram,imo ad earn aerate,quam quotidievidemus in mul-tis? Hoc argumentu fatis fuo loco confiitatum. Sed valde hallucinan-tur,cum Nehemiam,Efdra n,i,cundc faciunt cum illo Nehemia, qui muros Hierofolymorum inftaurauir. quod Sc ipfum alibi confutaui-mus.Nam Nchcmias Hierofolymoru inftauratorpcrucnitad tempo-ra Darij Codomannijcuiusipfemctionemfacit manifcftoCap.xii,iL, tempore ladduae,qui fub Alexandro Magno vixit,8c SannaballetisSa-| marirani,qui ad Alexandrum in oppugnationeTyri cum auxiliaribus I copiis vcnitjSc ab co,vt fibi liceret templu in monte Garizin conftrue-■ re,impctrauif. Hoc argumentum pertinaciae iugulum petit: in quo idu declinando valde laborant. Poftrcmo co impudentia: vcncrunt,vt f dixerint caputxu Nehemia: infititium efle. Quid? cxpedo,vt dicant,
Efdram, Sc Nehemiam aut mentitos efle, aut fua tempora ignoraflo. Sedquid exfpedandum eft ? An aliud volunt, cum impudcntifllmc, omnia,qua: ab Efdra,Sc Nehemia dida funt,negant? Cum igitur Ne-1 hernias dinumcrat a lofuc, ad fuum feculum,gcncrationcs quinque;
ipfcNchcmias non poteftefleis,qui cum lofuc venit Hicrofblyma^. I Eccefex fummi Pontificcs a fblura captiuitate, ad tempora Nehemia?, lofue filius lofedcck, loiakim filiuseius,Eliafib nepos, loiadapro-
, nepos, Jonathan abnepos, ladua adnepos fub Alexandro, adhuc viuente Nehemia Iftius ladux patruus duxcratvxoremfiliamSan-naballctisSamarira. Nchcm. xi 11.18. Ille vocabaturManaflcs,ilia Nicafo. Iofcph.xi,7. Ccrtc aduerfushxc nihil poteft Sophifticc. Su-perfunc feptuaginta Hcbdomadcs, quarum, vt omnium fereprophe-tiarum fuarum, interpresipfc eft Daniel. Nam&principium,8cfi-
• nem digito indicauit: principium ab edido de inftaurandis Hicrofb-lymis, finem in defolatione Hierofolymorum: quod fane rationicon-uenicntilfimum eft, vtfciliccr ex Hcbdomadcs ad initium & finem, eiufdcm fubiedi, nempe Hierofolymorum, pertineant. Septuaginta. hebdomadcs det ermmat & fwvL> faper popido tuo,	fanfta emit ate tua.
An non circumfcribit cas cxcidio vrbis ? Quidenim volunt ilia ? To-pulu Trmcipii deilrmtf cmita/em, San^iuarium ? Item: Defolatio trit 'vfqneadconfummationem. Quis ram cxcus, vt in tanta luce nihil videar?quis ram ferrea fronte,vt aduerfus ha:c hifeere audeat?En Hcb-g 2	domades
Prolegomena.
domades Danielis Paflioncm Chrifti, & Hicrofolymorum cuerfio-nem compleduntur. & ramen alij excidium Hierofblymorum ,alij ctiam Paflioncm hincexcludunt. Non igitur obfcurum cft,vndc de-ducantur hx feptimanx, quandoquidcm vbi dcfinanc , ipfemcc Daniel oftendir. Sed & initium oftendit: ix, 15. quod quidem, initium , quia controucrfum eft, propter hominum fummum in. veritatcm odium: tamen feptuaginta fcptimanis a 70 anno Chrifti Dionyfiano, in quo excidium incidit, retro putatis, perucnietur ad initia earn tn. Sed dimidia fcptimana, cuius mentio fit commate vl-timo?& noflros Si omnium oculos cftiigcrat\- Putant cnim, vt & nos ahquando putauimus, efle partem vnius ex feptuaginta. Atqui ex vfu Hebraifmi nos tandem perccpimus efle extra illas feptuaginta.: neque efle dimidium vnius ex feptuaginta, fed tantum illo tics annos cumdimidiofupra490 intelligendoseffc. Quxquidemanimaduer-fio vt notabilis,ita in ea non parua pars huius negotij vertitur. Summa igitur horum annorum 49} cum dimidio. Annus captorum Hicrofolymorum in periodo Iuliana 4783. De quibus dedudis 493 abfolu-tis,relinquitur 30111154190 in periodo luliana, initium feptuaginta. Hebdomadum: qui profedo eft annus fccundus Darij Nothi, illius, inquam,qui anno fccundo regni fui edidum cmifit de non impedien-do templi xdificio. Efdrx v 1. Vidimus cxiis, qua: fupra ex Efdra ad-duximus, toto tempore Affueri, Sc Artaxerxis, vfquc ad fecundum. annum Darij,propter literas ad Artaxcrxem a ludxorum hoftibus fcriptas,xdificationem interpellatam. Et tamen extiterunt,qui a vice-fimo anno Artaxcrxisjiebdomadum initium deducting. In quo pri-mum peccant,quod a temporibus illius regis dcducunt, cuius toto temporeceflauit xdificatio.quod planeeft dicere, Efdra m falli,aut mcntiri.dcindeoftendantquodnam edidum mifltim eft anno viccfi-mo Artaxerxis. Dicant mihi. quare Nchcmias non folum miratur, fed ctiam dolct,mocnia Hicrofolymorum adhuc diruta iaccrc, nifi quia putabatiam inftaurataeffc ? Si putabat, ergo ex aliquo edido. quodnam aliud edidum fuerigprxtcr edidum Darij? Tradorias tantum Regis impctrauit Nchcmias ad Prxfcdos tranfeuphratenfis Sa-trapix, vt liber acccffus ci permitterctur in Palxftinam, item literas ad Afaph faltuarium, id eft, filux regix cuftodcm, vt materia fibi fub-miniftraretur ex filua regia, ad portas rcficien das. Nehcmix {,7,8,9. Ex edido,quod vicefimum annum Artaxerxis anteceffit,mocnia,qux a ludxis neglcda iaccbant,cx litcris autem ad Afaph faltuarium,portas refccit. Atqui ex edido rcficicndorum Hicrofolymorum mani-feftodeducuntur hebdomadcs. Daniel 1 x, 15. Ergo non a xx anno Artaxerxis. Pcrerius poftquam Lcdorcm ingenti mole confutatio-
num.
r*-
Prolegomena.
num obruitjonga expedatione fufpendit, omnes denique qui de had re (cripferuntjpueros oftendit,tandem concludit, a viccfimo anno Artaxerxis putandas effe Septimanas. Annus Artaxerxis Longimani vi-cefimus eft 4168 in periodo luliana. Adiedis 490, componitur annus 4758 in periodo luliana. Deduda Chrifti hodierna epocha 4713,remitter annus Chrifti 45, annis folidisduodecim poft paffionem. Ira-quctcrtiusdecimus annus currcns aPaflione, quintus autem imperij Claudij, eft finis Hebdomadum. Homo cruditus inuidit nobis huius myftcrij expofitionem,qucmadmodiim multa alia de Belo, &Dra-cone, de verbis	S	S kwh, & fimilibus,
quxille profanisapcrirenoluiL. Quodnam myfterium ccnfctcfle in. quinto anno Claudij Cxfaris? Cum hoc apparatu Chronologix re-prehendit alios,qui redam temporum rationem docent. Rcicda hac anili & ridicula fententia, fupereft ilia, non vtique vera, fed tamen to-|	lerabilis,qux a feptimo anno eiufdem Artaxerxis Longimani initium.
| facit. Annusfeptimus ArtaxerxisLongimani 4155 copofituscum49o
definitin anno 474$: quieft annus 31 Chrifti, vt hodic putamus,a | quo ad paffionem, intercedit annus folidus duntaxac. Scd ponamus
definere in anno paffionis. Si Pererio difplicuit noftra & Sulpitij Seue-ri fententia,fakem omifta illaafinina,qux a xx anno Artaxerxisini-| rium inftituit, fecutus fuiftet iftam. Peccalfct quidem, fed cum ratio-I ncquadam. Pcccaflct humanitus,non autem fc traduxifieC. Nam.
vii annomiffusEfdrasinPalxftinam. Sednullumedidumab Ar-taxerxe fadum. Tantum fub co continuatum ,quod edido Darij 5 permiffiim, Efdrx vi, 14. At Darius foluspermilit Hierofolyma in-jj ftaurari. Nam anno fecundo Darij ludxiincipiunt iaccrc mocnium.
vrbis fundamenta, quod intcrpellandi literas Artaxerxi mittunt lu-dxortjm hoftes, quibus Regi indicant ciuitatem rebcllcm inftaurari, eiufqucmocnia refici. Efdrx mi, 11,13. Rex reperto vetuftiffimo f Cyriedido,permittit facerc,quod hoftes interpellate conabantur. i An hxc negabunt ? Negabunt, fcio, & feientes prudentcfque mcn-.! tientur. Nobis vero fatis eft abfurditates corum oftendiffo. De illis triumpharc, vtipfi de aliis (blent, neque noftri moris eft, neque prx-I fentis inftituti. ItaqueLcdorvi librnm noftrumampliusconfulac.
Si noftras cum horum rationibus contulcrit, fatis mirari non potcrir’, qui fadum fit, vtrem facillimam /quam ipfc Daniel interpretatur, contra mentemDanielis, &obfeuriffimamincxplicabilem fcce-rint. Si Porphyrins viueret, non aliis argumentis magis rcligionis Chriftianx initiaoppugnarc potuiffet, quam horum hominum vcli-tationibus: quos,quxerat eiuseruditio, ex rationc temporum, cuius peritiffimus crat, fatis rcfcllcrc potuiffet, Scvcram Chronologiam.
g 4	Danielis
. Prolegomena.
Danielis eos docere. Nam totam interpretationem obicuriftimi capitis x i illidebemus,vtteftis eft Hieronymus. Itaque ablque Por-phyrioforet, rota illius capitis hiftoria hadenus aka filentij obliuio-neabdita,ridiculas a multis tarn veteribus,quam huius fxculi Icri-ptoribus conie&uras exprcflifteL. Sedad Hebdomadas redeo, qua-ruminitium a (ecundo Darij Nothi, finis excidium Hierofolymo-rum. Vtriufque termini audor Daniel, quern fequimur. Inuidos, zelotypos, wco^cumfuis paradoxis valere iubemus. Daniel ita^ diftribuitfeptimanas,dimidiam,vnam,feptem,fcxagintaduas. Summa, (eptimanx feptuagintacumlemine:anni49}4‘* Qdlx quideim diftributionon plushabetmyfterij,quampartitio minx apudEze-kielem xlv,ii. Vigjnti ficli ^ 'tgintiquinque [icii, quindecim ficli to-bu ernnt Mina. Itaque fruftra laborant, quica interualla aliquas epochas continere putant, 8c propterea illis explicandis multa co-guntur aduerfus Danielis, 8C, quod peius eft, animifui fententiarru dicere. Supererant & alix epochx, quas prudentes ftudiofis rcliqui-mus. Primordia tantum imperij Francorum dilcuflimus, 8c Gregorio Turonenfi propter anachronifmos 8c hallucinationes intricarifli-mo fcriptorialiquam lucemattulimus.qux omnia hiftorix Francorum ftudiofis grata efie optamus. Optamus,inquam. Nam in tahtx. inuidia 8c odio literarum vix fperare audcmus. Libro Feptimo im Compute Romano, 8c alibi rationem reddidimus, quare dies fepti-manx ferix vocentur: fed 8C libro primo quare cognominesPlaneca-rum. Nam eaappellatio longe antiquior horis. quare non ab horis planetariis nominadiebus feptimanx impofita,fedpotius fuperftitio appcllationisdierum in boras deriuata. Quod autem vetuftiflima fit. appellatio dierum a planetis etiam apud Grxcos,dcmonftratur vetu-ftillimo oraculo apud Porphyriurm:
MgAiB. (/.wilt) J’ OTS T«(7^g Tra/pdn
9 gjd^ Atp^nZtw,
KAuow dtpdiyx&if, dips Majw o^' d.ojs& Th; sQtycLtySrfa	ov TrctVTei; }
Red	ctd SiOV
Retail; t* g^tp&fyfa, (vt id quoque explicem^eft Oftancsrex Ba-bylonis. Ba^Aw enim eft	, hoc eft, ieptem litcrarurm.
Vulgus autem credebat Planetas apparcre die fuo: nempc omni die* Martis, ipfum planetam fui videndi poteftatem facerc. Idque piano Orpheus defignauit w Epy>/?
ei 7T$teT(t) QVl YlfZO.71 (ftowty
Mwij s; 7 Apbn c^lg/Ag^j^go J’ gpyw.
Nam>
Prolegomena.
^am diferte intclligitf fi neomcnia xj incident in diem. Martis, id eft, feriam tertiam, abftinendum ab opere. In rcliquorum Computorumdodtrina multa acceficrunt prxter fiiperiorem editio-nem, multa caftigata funt, prxfertimin Computo ludaico. Naim caufias ludaicianni Solaris hodicrnidocemus, a nobis antea prxter-mifias.quia cum omnibus easignorabamus. Prxterea damnauimus fententiam noftram de Tekupharum fede, quas in prifea mundi epo-chacollocabamus ,vndefiebat, vt aliquando annum embolimuim pro comuni acciperemus, qui tamen non vno loco profefli fumus nos neicire, qux forma anni hodierni efiet, 8c quis fitus embolifmorum. imo finedoftrina mea ille fciolus,qui epiftolam Chronologicam Fcri-pfit, nunquam (ciflct, quid eftet annus ludaicus hodiernus. Et tamen quxritfatuos,quibusperfiiadeat, nosingens flagitium admififle,qui ita de embolifmisludaicis pronunciauimus. Ego huius non memi-nilfcm,nifi feirem hominibus magis placere,qux veritatem deftruunt, quam qux illamdocent. Etrarifunt, quos non magis dele&etmale-dicagarrulitas,quam veritas elinguis. Longum efiet, narrate, can-didc Ledor, quot Marrucinos non folum infeitix portentolx, fed 8C I morum improbilTimorum editio prior commouerit: vt quis futurus
fit furor eorum ex ifta, bine facile coniicere liceaf. Ecce adhuc prius opus crat fub prxlo. Extitit quidam, non homo, nam ita vocare eftcr hominibus iniuriam ficere, fedcoenum,8c barathrum, qui librurm = Icripfit in me Gallice, condudhis frufto panis a poftremo bipedum., ; damans fe folum peritum Chronologix, me autem omnia, qux im
opere mco fcripferim>a fe furatum. Ifte nunquam viderat librium | meum,8C tamen fures nos clamauit. Nouo generc 8c longe ab aliis
diuerfonosaggrediebatur. Namalij nosoderunt,quia in noftrisli-I bris nihil vident,quod nouum non fit:8c hxc vna caufta eft odij,quod J prxterexfpedationcm vident, quxin (epotius,quam in nobis ama-
rent. Quod fi fures eflemus alienorum Icriptorum, nullus diet locus | inuidix. Quid? Nonne anno fuperiore prodiit Chronologiarg^Tfii-f £^,in quaaudor prxter infinitaerrorum monftra in ratione tempo-I rum,(cntentias noftras, ipfa verba quoque cauillatur, tacito nomine.
noftrOjVtciuiliterfaccre videatur? Ifte bonus Chronologus,feptua-J ginta annisfeniorem facitTara, cum Abraham genuit, quam Mo-j fesicribit,annos autem mundi 74 maiorcs, quam patiuntur vera ra-I tiociniiL. Nunquam illi verum excidit, nifi forte in iis, qux a nobis
habetjVtincpochaprimxOlympiadisin xxn 1 Iulij,quodquidcrm I primi omnium docuimus, 8c afolo Pindaro, quern ifte nunquamvi-|dit,didicimus: SC in eclipfi ante mortem Herodis, quam primi indi-
cauimus. Nam fimiusnoftcr eft, 8c tamen obtredator. Opustatm esregiuim
Prolegomena.
Prolegomena. egregiumclauditpulcherrimacoronide, nempe forma anni cxlcftis. Nahi id quoque nosfeceramus. Sed
'Torquati/j niiidat warto de marmore 'Thermal Exfruxit. cucumam fecit Otactliw.
Tibet igitur poft annos 160 vnumbi(extumtollere,vtin odingcntis nnnis bifexta ipfe quinque tantum perimat, Alfonfini fex. Itaque propter tarn fubtile cpichirema x^y,^	Sed
deillius ftulcitia,SC aliorumfuriis libro fingulari dicemus. Nam non iftum folum,quern nunquam lxfimus,non vlla priuata iniuria, fed fe-ritasquxdam animi admaledicendum impulif. Sunt alij fanatici, quos idem morbus Sc rabies exagitat. Itaque ii cui a rebus feriis vacat, adeat earn Chronologiam. Habebit Sc quod indignctur, Sc quod ri-dear. Quid dicemus de illo fcuero Cen fore, qui priorem editionem, noftram nunquam vidit:Sc tamen de ea edicit bafilica edida ? Noil vidit, SC fi vidiflet,non intellexificL. Ex aliorum opinione ndftra iu-dicat. Hxc prxcifaconfidentia non folum in me,fed in alios quoque diftringitur. Habcteclogarios,qui illi centones farciunt; Locosex audoribus cxcerptos illi fubminiftrant appofito nomine Sc cognomi-ne audoris, fed nomine fingulari litcra defignate. Hine fit, vt Marti-num vocet,quicft Mattxus, Petrum, qui eft Philippus. Me quoque lohannem vocaffet, nifi notior illi eflemde nomine, quamdo fcriptis, qua: ex alicno indicioiudicaL. Nam ne ipfe quidem Ecloga-rius noftra intellcxit fatis bene , juerefiM-ew ku wyeuTda-Wf, ■qux funt dodrinxnoftra. Ipfe profert ranquam Vulgaria: quemad-modumillcChronologus, dequo iam verba fecirtnis,putauit rem, 'vulgatamelfe, prima m Olympiadem celebratam xxm lulij: qux res totius anni Graci arcana compleditur. De ifto igitur feuero Cen-fbre, SC aliis erit alius diccndi locus:quos nolim in hoc operc nominates. Nimium emm abutor xquanimitate tuaSc patientia, benigne Ledor,qui te ingrato otiodetineam,cum has horas melius collocate pofles,non tantum horum hominum cauffa,quos melius erat prxtcr-ire, quam vt tibi totiusinftituti noftri rationemaperircm. Nos hoc opus non vllaambitione motifufeepimus,fed vt Chronologiamx, fciolorum deliriisSctyrannide fbphiftarum vindicaremus-Sc nobi-liora ingenia ad maiora excitaremus. Nam magnx huius meftis Sc magna fpicilegia funt, Idcoque plurcs libri adhuc confici potcrant*. Nos,qui a vcteribusdidicimus fziya. {2>£?dov pTa, xaxoy,odo prio-res libros in feptem contraximus, odaui libri ccnfu toto in fuperiorcs crogato. Vtinam breuioribusnobisefic pcrdifticultatcmreilicuiflct’ Nam feptem hos alij in viginti, alij in plurcs procudifient. Ex noftris igitur difputationibus videmus, quomodo Chronicon abfblutifli-
munu
ab omni inhumana iriuidia liber, qui rem fibi gloriofam, ac pofteri-tati fruduofam aggredietur? Qui laborem adeo laudabilem noth grauabicur, primum anno luliano tanquam ftabili fundamento opus futimfuperftruat: periodum lulianam verum temporurh clenchurm adhibeac. Nam, vt initio diximus, contextus temporum fine anno
luliano, annus fine periodo Iuliana,eft vt nauis fine velis,remis,Sc ar-marnentis. Itaque. poteft ad annos periodi lulianse Faftos fuos dige-rere, fi prius in limine operis omnes epoch as pramiferit adipfius periodi annos defignatas, vt in libro quinto fecimus. I ta vna period us Juliana vicem omriium fuerit. Nam in Faftis computus multarunt,
epocharum animos ledorumdiftrahit, Mundi,Olympiadum, Pali-liumvrbis, Nabonafiari, Chrifti, quae omnia fere Temper onerant, marginesFaftonirmcumvna periodus luliana omniacompledatur. Non tamen veto omnes epocharum computes adiicere,fi cui ita vide-tur. Prius tamen admonere debet,vtra Palilia fequitur, Varronis, an Catonis. qua in parte Chronologorum prudentiam defidero. Peri-culofum eft: enimad epocham cOntrouerfam annos fuos exigere: vt ad Palilia Vrbis,ad annos imperij Augufti,ad quos cum hadenus omnes Hiftoriarum Sc Annalium feriptorestempus natalis Chrifti dirigunt, incertiores amittuntledorcs,quam antea. His itaconftitutis,nullain diem faltem fine notatione annorum cxleftium vtriufque fideris, no
ftri Solaris, Sc ludxorum Lunaris apponat. atque adeo, vbi res poftu-labit, ne grauetur etiam diem Nabonafiari TEgyptiacauL, Hegirx Muhammedanam,, lezdegird Perficamadhibere,SC prxfcrtim Atti-cam cum menfibus tam popularibus, quam Prytanias: ita tamen,vF Harpaleismefibusante Metonem, Metonicis anteCalippum,Calip-picisvfque ad editionem anniluliani vtatur. Quare quemadmodum nobilioresepochs:,ita etiam omnes Tabular neomcniarum Atticarum, SC Prytanias, ludaicarum, Sc Muhammedanarum, Sc harmonic annorum in limine operis eriint prxponendx: ne imparatus Le-dorad Faftorum aut Annalium contextual accedar. Vbi deerunL
charadercs,tunc appofitione annorum ,Sc interuallis vtendum erit', quod eft vltimum fubfidium. Verbi gratia: cum regum ludx Sc Samaria: nullo charaderc appofito annorum ferics tantum contcxitur, contenti efie debemus adiedione fola annorum, quia aliter fieri non. poteft. Sed adinteruallaccrta annidirigcndi. Vt ab Exodo,cuius charader certiffimus eftferia quinta,adcafum Sedckix,cuiuschara-dereft annus Sabbaticus,annifunt abfoluti 907.3 conditu templi, cuius index certus a fcriptura determinates in anno Exodi 480, ad ca-fum Scdekix, videndum, ne adiedio annorum fraudi fit, propteran
nos
■ ' “

Prolegomena.
Itos abfolutos.fi pro labentibusaccipiantur,aut contra. Ad interualla igitur Temper operatic eritexigenda. Exemplum anni abfoluti pro la-bente habes initioDanielis, annum tertium Ioiakim,qui erat quartus jabens.Ieremix xxv, i. Apud Gregorium Turonentem eiufmodi exempla multa extant, SCapud Iotephum,& Plucarchum,& Xeno-phontem. Hoc enim fit,quandoexcludituralteruterterminus. Phi-tarchus aliquando vtrumq. terminuniexcludit. Exemplum: Sabba-turn pofteriuseftoftauusdicsa priore fabbato. Interualhim teptem. dies. AtPlutarchusdixiftettex dies. Nimirum exclufo vtroqueTab-bato. Hie non cfterroraudorum,tedidiotiTmus vfiirpantium mo-dum vulgiconfuctum. Sic Marthxi xvn,i. Marci ix,^. fex dies dicuntur exclufo vtroque termino, quiLucanx, 18 funtodo.vtroque terminoinclufo. Nullam diem in hiftoriis fuo charadere notatam. omittac, etiam fi rem certam tcncac. Exemplum: Ex ConTulum, Terie,teimus annum Chrifti 364efteprimum Valentiniani. At quia. Marcellinusanrio bitextili creatum, & poftridie bifexti imperium in-iifte fcribit,ille charader omittendus non eft. Ita fier,vt hoc initio cer-to ad finem certain alius interualli,vbi deftituent figna, hac ranquam Helice in illo mari tuto nauigare poflis. Idem dico de eclipfibus, in-ditHon ibus,annis Sabbaticis, sera Hilpanica,celebrationibusPafcha-tis,paflim apud hiftoricos Chriftianos: atque ilia omnia ad cycles fuos reuocet, quorum doeftrinavt magnis erroribus occurrit,ita magnos &multos patefacit. Sed netemereteriptoribusdedefedibusfiderum aflentiatur.finc Tabularum aftronomicarum examine. Fallunt enim au&ores non raro,cum defedus luminum, quinunquam fuerunt,re-ferunt: vtDio,& SeruiusincedeCxTaris, Aurelius Vidor vulgaris in obituNeruXjZofimusin memorabilipugna Theodofij ,& Eugenij tyranni:Tarrutiusceleberrimus Mathematicusin conceptu Romuli, & Palilibus Vrbis. Aliquando etiam caliginem Solis defedum putant: qualis cazlovt plurimum tereno, toto anno cxdis Cadaris fuit, & triduo integro, me puero, fod pallida: at horrenda, Si atra in articulo Paftionis dominica? per aliquot horas: in anno autem Chrifti per xviii dies ita atra, vtnaues in mariaberrarent: anno autem 393,aut, 394, circa dies Pentecoftes adeo obfouratus eft Sol, vt mundi interims imminerecrederetur. Hieronymus ad Pammachium: Nosfcindtmus Ecclefiam, qui antepaucos menfes^ circa dies ‘Pent ecottes, cum, obfeurato Sole ,omnu mundw iam tamque venturum fudteem formidaret, &c> Pentecofteludaica eft Temper foxta Siwan, hoc eft,texta a nouilunio. Itaque Sol nunquam poteft dcficere in Pentccoftc ludaica: multo minus deficerepoteft in Chriftiana, qux temper ludaica pofterior eft, nifiquando ncomeniaNiTaneftSabbatum. Tunc enim Pentecofto ludaica.
Prolegomena.
ludaica inciditin diem Dominicam,&contequenter in Pentccoften Chriftianam, vt anno Paftionis Dominica? contigit, contra votuin. Sophiftarum, qui co anno Pateha in Paratecuen conferunC. Igitur . horribilis ilia Solis caligo apud Hieronymum non potuit accidero texta Siwan,aut poft fextam Siwan.fecundum naturalem cauftam. defedionum Solarium, id eft xj $7ti<a&wi $ cum ralo non poftit accidere, nifi kJ Sedneque potuitSol deficere nouilunio Siwan annis 390,391,391,393,394,395, anomalia. Lunaris latitudinis aducrTantc. Fuit igitur caligo extra ordinemu. Quare memorabilis eft ille locus Hieronymi, ita tamen, vt ad chara-dcrem adfinni non poftit. Similis qdoque’caligo apud Tertullianuni adScapulam: dNfam & Sol tile in conuentu Vttcen/i, extinfto pene lu-mine, adeo portentum fait, vt non pot twit ex ordtnario dehquio hoc pati, pofau in fao hyp[dmate,& domicilio. Hare Tertullianus, quanquam, . quod dicit dchypfomatc Solis Sc domicilio,ego non intelligo. Scimus quidem quid Tint hypfomata Planetarum Sidomicilia, ted Solis hy-pfoma impedire,quo minus deficiat,ingenue fateor me ignorare.Rur-TusconfideretChronologus,initia ImperatorumRomanorum, poft tempora Antoninorum, vTquead Confulatum Aufonij ,confufionis, Si tenebrarum plena cite: eaqucex methodo noftra,quantum potcrit, caftiganda efte. Nam ex diTputationibus noftris, initium Diocletiani male ad initium a?ra? Martyrum referri, Sc ex illo errore infinitos in. Faftis propagates efte,Tatis conftat ,pra?tertim in hiftoria pcrtecutio-nis. SiquaEclipfiumdiagrammara,autdifputationcm longam ali-cuiuscpochxcontrouertezproponcre velit,caueaccam in contextual. Faftormn recipere. Hoc enim plane eft non folum return teriem in-tcrrumpercjted etiam animum Ledloris in diuerTa diftrahere. Olym-piadem quanque fignet Tua die, nempc quintadecima menfis Hy-perberctxi Olympici, cumipladie luliana, item die menfis Attici, qui nunquam cum mente Olympico congruit: Scquemadmodunu in omnibus menfis Cxleftis apponendus eft, ita nunquam menfis Cxleftis vfiirpandus, nifi prius prxmiftb charaftero Zygonos, Si dieluliana,cui neomenia Zygonos competic. Haze enim omnia, naturalia fiint,priteoriim ciuilium temporum,nonautemfifta,ne-que arbitrij noftri. Nunquam menfern popularem Athenienfiunh. fine mente prytanias Metonico, aurCalippico producar. Cumfc-riam ab audoribus notatam rcferct, diligcntcr examiner, an error fit in notationc fine ab atuftore, fine a librario. Quemadmodum.. enim falfo defedhis luminum annotanc , vt fupra diximus, ita. etiam peraXs^tr^, falfiim chara&ercm dici aliquando apponunr-, quod contingit in lapidc Romx Chriftiano,in quo vu Kalcnd.
P	Nou cm-
Prolegomena.
Nouembris dicitur efle feria ftxta Confulatu ftcundo Stilichonis. ex quo fequeretur, Confulatum ftcundum Stilichonis fuifio anno Dominico 406, non 405, contra feriem Confulum, Sc Chroni-con Confulare Marccllini Comitis. Confulatu Stilichonis primo, xxvi Oftobrisfuit dies Veneris, non Confulatu fccundo. Cum illj faxofidemhaberem, annum primi Toletani Concilij dixi fuiflepoft Confulatum primum Stilichonis. quod falfum eft: & locus corrigen-dus in capite de JEra Hifpanica. Eiufmodi falfas annotationes feria, rum confutauimus in fragment© perfecutionis Diocletianea:, quod Euftbio alfutum eft,cum tamen Eufebij non fit. Reliqua per ft con-ditor Annalium, aut Faftorum animaduertere poteft. Neque enim, iudiciis eruditioribus diffidimus. Tabula: noftrx, Sc methodi om-nem laborem minuenC. Parumne eft tarn parabili labore tantum. gratia: a poftcritatc inire ? Huiufinodi opus quid aliud erit, quam, vt Pliniusloquitur, aliquod veluti remplum auguftum totiusantiquita-tis Faftos Sc memoriam complexum ? Quod fi mallet ab alio, quam, a nobis hacc didicifie, cum bona noftra gratia nomen noftrum difli-mulare illi licet, neque vereatur,ne plagij, aut furti a nobis poftuletur. Vnum fibi propo'nat tantum,depofteritatc fine labore fuo bene merc-ri. Quare reform idat? quare pigct tam prxclariinceptifPlusne apud cum potcrit fasTwria, malitia,quam amor veri ? Adcone hoc fecu-lum abomni humanitate Sc morum Sc litcrarum exaruit ? Quilquis igitur hoc onus non dctredabis, ftito,cx illo pofteritati maximum. emolumcntum,tibi autcm a poftcritatc maximam gloriam propofi-tamefio. Vale candidcLecftor. Lugduni BatauoruirL.
V
Addenda
ADDENDA
PROLEGOMENA.
Folio 64. tin. id eft J?. Adde. id eft an. Nam alixcrant faspoq, proinde vt SC oun. Sic Tertullianus magnos dies dixit, quos Hebra’i Q’tfi velonyio. Eius verba hint ex v in Marcionem: Dies ob-jeruatu cZ men/eSy & tempo? Ay	annosy	Sabbatay vt opinor,	Ce-
nas puraSy & ieiunta^ & dies ma^uos. Sed quid Tcrtullianum aduoco? Ecce Biblia Grxca ita vertunt ex primo cap. Ifaix: rodludouvffi, 70 Qd££a&y 6	m	Quod Hebraicc eft
lino, vertunt iMydhnv nudyw, quod idem eft quod an & quidem ma-nifcftoSabbatadiftinguuntur a magnis diebus. Quare perperarru quidam	interpretanturSabbatum apud lohannem,
Sv o	Qa.^d.Tis indvov. de quo infix. QuinSc Tertullianus ipft	quas ccnas purasvocat,a diebus magnis,SC
a ieiuniiSjSC a Sabbatis diftinguit. De Cena pura,prxtcr id quod dixi-mus ad Fcftum,ita reperi in veteri & peroptimo Gloflario Latinoara-bico: eparafeeue, cenapurajd est,pnparatio, qua ft pro/abbato. Con-ditor Annalium Ecclefiafticorum turbat de ccna pura, Sc negat cfft> parafeeuen,quiacena puraapudFcftum habcat oftam fuillam,. Scd ipft, (pace dotfti viri dixerim) non aduertit P uram dici, non quia carcat carnibusjcdquia religionis & dicis caufiafit. Nam Sc parafteu# Judaica: habcntcarncs, SCnihilominus dicunturccnxpura’, quod dicis caufia coquebantur, coquunturque hodic profabbato,quia in, Sabbato coqui non liceat. Non negabis, Sec.
InProle^omtnupAgimdtwdecimAtcrnionii y lineAlgit\H>f>ro trd^oiSv prxpoftcrum,corrigc
£ 1 Con-
OVID
nec toto perstare die sua iura putaris :
50 qui iam fastus erit, mane nefastus erat;
nam simul exta deo data sunt, licet omnia fari, verbaque honoratus libera praetor habet.
est quoque, quo populum ius est includere saeptis : est quoque, qui nono semper ab orbe redit.
55 vindicat Ausonias lunonis cura Kalendas, Idibus alba lovi grandior agna cadit;
Nonarum tutela deo caret, omnibus istis
(ne fallare cave !) proximus ater erit.
omen ab eventu est, illis nam Roma diebus
60 damna sub averso tristia Marte tulit.
haec-mihi dicta semel, totis haerentia fastis, ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt.
1. A • K • IAN • F
Ecce tibi faustum, Germanice, nuntiat annum inque meo primus carmine lanus adest.
65 lane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo, solus de superis qui tua terga vides, dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura labore otia terra ferax, otia pontus habet :
dexter ades patribusque tuis populoque Quirini, 70 et resera nutu candida templa tuo.
prospera lux oritur : linguis animisque favete ! nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die.
° Called comitiales, marked C in the calendar.
6 The nundinae, or market-days. The week was of eight days, and the eighth was the nundinae, counting from the last nundinae inclusively. The whole week was called inter-nundinum. Similarly, the Nones were eight (not nine) days before the Ides. The eight days of the Roman week were marked in the calendar with the letters A to H ; but Jan. 1 was always marked A, and the other days followed in order, whenever nundinae might fall.
6
FASTI, I. 49-72
you must not suppose that every day keeps its rules throughout its whole length : a lawful day may have been unlawful in the morning; for as soon as the inwards have been offered to the god, all words may lawfully be spoken, and the honoured praetor enjoys free speech. There are days, too, on which the people may lawfully be penned in the polling-booths a; there are also days that come round ever in a cycle of nine? The worship of Juno claims Ausonia’s Calends : on the Ides a bigger white ewe-lamb falls to Jupiter: the Nones lack a guardian god. The day next after all these days— make no mistake—is black? The omen is drawn from the event; for on those days Rome suffered grievous losses under the frown of Mars. These remarks apply to the whole calendar ; I have made them once for all, that I may not be forced to break the thread of my discourse.
KAL. IAN. 1st
63 See Janus comes, Germanicus, the herald of a lucky year to thee? and in my song takes precedence. Two-headed Janus, opener of the softly gliding year, thou who alone of the celestials dost behold thy back, O come propitious to the chiefs whose toil ensures peace to the fruitful earth, peace to the sea. And come propitious to thy senators and to the people of Quirinus, and by thy nod unbar the temples white. A happy morning dawns. Fair speech, fair thoughts I crave ! Now must good words be spoken on a
e Ill-omened; a day on which no action should be taken ; much stronger than nefastus.
d Probably a.d. 15, 16, or 17, when he was campaigning in Germany.
7
QVID
impia per silvas ultor ad antra venit.
ille aditum fracti praestruxerat obice montis ; vix iuga movissent quinque bis illud opus.
565 nititur hie humeris (caelum quoque sederat illis) et vastum motu conlabefactat onus.
quod simul eversum est, fragor aethera terruit ipsum, ictaque subsedit pondere molis humus.
prima movet Cacus collata proelia dextra
570 remque ferox saxis stipitibusque gerit.
quis ubi nil agitur, patrias male fortis ad artes confugit et flammas ore sonante vomit;
quas quotiens proflat, spirare Typhoea credas et rapidum Aetnaeo fulgur ab igne iaci.
575 occupat Alcides, adductaque clava trinodis ter quater adverso sedit in ore viri.
ille cadit mixtosque vomit cum sanguine fumos et lato moriens pectore plangit humum.
immolat ex illis taurum tibi, luppiter, unum
580 victor et Evandrum ruricolasque vocat, constituitque sibi, quae Maxima dicitur, aram, hie ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet.
nee tacet Evandri mater prope tempus adesse, Hercule quo tellus sit satis usa suo.
585 at felix vates, ut dis gratissima vixit, possidet hunc lani sic dea mense diem.
13. E EID - I1? 14. F EN dies • vmos • ex • s • c
Idibus in magni castus lovis aede sacerdos semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis ;
° See iv. 491.
6 The Flamen Dialis, who was subject to many ceremonial rules.
42
FASTI, I. 562-588
through the woods to the unholy cave. But the robber had blocked the entrance with a barricade of crag; scarcely could twice five yoke of oxen have stirred that mass. Hercules shoved it with his shoulders—the shoulders on which the sky itself had once rested— and by the shock he loosened the vast bulk. Its overthrow was followed by a crash that startled even the upper air, and the battered ground sank under the ponderous weight. At first Cacus fought hand to hand, and waged battle fierce with rocks and logs. But when these naught availed him, worsted he had recourse to his sire’s tricks, and belched flames from his roaring mouth ; at every blast you might deem that Typhoeus blew, and that a sudden blaze shot out from Etna’s fires.a But Alcides was too quick for him; up he heaved the triple-knotted club, and brought it thrice, yea four times down full on the foeman’s face. He fell, vomiting smoke mixed with blood, and dying beat the ground with his broad breast. Of the bulls the victor sacrificed one to thee, Jupiter, and invited Evander and the swains to the feast; and for himself he set up the altar which is called the Greatest at the spot where a part of the city takes its name from an ox. Nor did Evander’s mother hide the truth that the time was at hand when earth would have done with its hero Hercules. But the happy prophetess, even as she lived in highest favour with the gods, so now herself a goddess hath she this day in Janus’ month all to herself.
I dus. 13th
587 On the Ides the chaste priestb offers in the flames the bowels of a gelded ram in the temple of
43
OVID
nunc bene prospicies Latiam, Concordia, turbam, 640 nunc te sacratae constituere manus.
Furius antiquam populi superator Etrusci voverat et voti solverat ille fidem.
causa, quod a patribus sumptis secesserat armis volgus, et ipsa suas Roma timebat opes.
645 causa recens melior : passos Germania crines porrigit auspiciis, dux venerande, tuis ;
inde triumphatae libasti munera gentis templaque fecisti, quam colis ipse, deae.
hanc tua constituit genetrix et rebus et ara, 650 sola toro magni digna reperta lovis.
17. AC 18. BC 19. CC 20 DC
21. EC 22. FC 23. GC
Haec ubi transierint, Capricorno, Phoebe, relicto per iuvenis curres signa gerentis aquam.
Septimus hinc oriens cum se demiserit undis, fulgebit toto iam Lyra nulla polo.
655 Sidere ab hoc ignis venienti nocte, Leonis qui micat in medio pectore, mersus erit.
24. HC 25. AC 26. BC
Ter quater evolvi signantes tempora fastos, nec Sementiva est ulla reperta dies :
° The new temple of Juno Moneta was on the Capitol, and a flight of steps led up from the Forum, near which was the old temple of Concord.
6 M. Furius Camillus, 367 b.c. The temple was rebuilt by Tiberius out of the spoils of Germany, a.d. 10.
0 Livia. See vi. 637 below.
d The apparent setting then was on January 28, the true setting on February 9.
48
FASTI, I. 639-658
sublime :a now, Concord, shalt thou well o’erlook the Latin throng, now consecrated hands have stablished thee. Furius, the vanquisher of the Etruscan folk, had vowed the ancient temple, and he kept his vow? The cause was that the common folk had taken up arms and seceded from the nobles, and Rome dreaded her own puissance. The recent cause was better : Germany presented her dishevelled locks at thy command, leader revered ; hence didst thou offer the spoil of the vanquished people, and didst build a temple to that goddess whom thou thyself dost worship. That goddess thy motherc did stablish both by her life and by an altar, she who alone was found worthy to share the bed of mighty Jupiter.
XVI. Kal. 17th
651 When that is over, thou wilt quit Capricorn, O Phoebus, and wilt take thy course through the sign of the youth who carries water (Aquarius).
X. Kal. 23rd
653 When the seventh sun, reckoned from that day, shall have set in the sea, the Lyre will shine no longer anywhere in the sky?
IX. Kal. 24th
655 After the setting of that constellation (the Lyre), the fire that glitters in the middle of the Lion’s breast will be sunk below the horizon at nightfall.®
057 Three or four times I searched the record of the calendar, but nowhere did I find the Day of Sowing.
e This is the date of the true morning setting.
e	49
OVID
cum mihi (sensit enim) “ lux haec indicitur,” inquit 660 Musa, “ quid a fastis non stata sacra petis ? utque dies incerta sacro, sic tempora certa : seminibus iactis est ubi fetus ager.” state coronati plenum ad praesaepe iuvenci : cum tepido vestrum vere redibit opus.
665 rusticus emeritum palo suspendat aratrum : omne reformidat frigida volnus humus, vilice, da requiem terrae semente peracta ;
da requiem, terram qui coluere, viris.
pagus agat festum : pagum lustrate, coloni,
670 et date paganis annua liba focis.
placentur frugum matres, Tellusque Ceresque, farre suo gravidae visceribusque suis.
officium commune Ceres et Terra tuentur : haec praebet causam frugibus, ilia locum.
675 “ consortes operis, per quas correcta vetustas quernaque glans victa est utiliore cibo, frugibus immensis avidos satiate colonos, ut capiant cultus praemia digna sui.
vos date perpetuos teneris sementibus auctus,
680 nec nova per gelidas herba sit usta nives. cum serimus, caelum ventis aperite serenis ; cum latet, aetheria spargite semen aqua.
neve graves cultis Cerialia rura, cavete, agmine laesuro depopulentur aves.
685 vos quoque, formicae, subiectis parcite granis : post messem praedae copia maior erit.
interea crescat scabrae robiginis expers, nec vitio caeli palleat aegra seges, et neque deficiat macie neque pinguior aequo
50
FASTI, I. 659-689
Seeing me puzzled, the Muse observed, “ That day is appointed by the priests. Why look for movable feasts in the calendar ? And while the day of the feast may shift, the season is fixed : it is when the seed has been sown and the field fertilized.” Ye steers, take your stand with garlands on your heads at the full crib : with the warm spring your toil will return. Let the swain hang up on the post the plough that has earned its rest : the cold ground shrinks from every wound inflicted by the share. Thou bailiff, when the sowing is done, let the land rest, and let the men who tilled the land rest also. Let the parish keep festival; purify the parish, ye husbandmen, and offer the yearly cakes on the parish hearths. Propitiate Earth and Ceres, the mothers of the corn, with their own spelt and flesh of teeming sow. Ceres and Earth discharge a common function: the one lends to the corn its vital force, the other lends it room. “ Partners in labour, ye who reformed the days of old and replaced the acorns of the oak by food more profitable, O satisfy the eager husbandmen with boundless crops, that they may reap the due reward of their tillage. O grant unto the tender seeds unbroken increase let not the sprouting shoot be nipped by chilly snows. When we sow, let the sky be cloudless and winds blow fair ; but when the seed is buried, then sprinkle it with water from the sky. Forbid the birds—pests of the tilled land—to devastate the fields of corn with their destructive flocks. You too, ye ants, O spare the sown grain ; so shall ye have a more abundant booty after the harvest. Meantime may no scurfy mildew blight the growing crop nor foul weather blanch it to a sickly hue ; may it neither shrivel up nor swell 51
OVID
quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina versis torrida cum mica farra, vocantur idem
25 nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura casta sacerdotum tempora fronde tegit.
ipse ego flaminicam poscentem februa vidi; februa poscenti pinea virga data est.
denique quodcumque est, quo corpora nostra piantur, 30 hoc apud intonsos nomen habebat avos.
mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle Luperci omne solum lustrant idque piamen habent, aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris, tunc cum ferales praeteriere dies.
35 omne nefas omnemque mali purgamina causam credebant nostri tollere posse senes.
Graecia principium moris dedit: ilia nocentis impia lustratos ponere facta putat.
Actoriden Peleus, ipsum quoque Pelea Phoci
40 caede per Haemonias solvit Acastus aquas : vectam frenatis per inane draconibus Aegeus credulus inmerita Phasida fovit ope : Amphiareiades Naupactoo Acheloo
“ solve nefas ” dixit, solvit et ille nefas.
45 a ! nimium faciles, qui tristia crimina caedis fluminea tolli posse putatis aqua !
sed tamen (antiqui ne nescius ordinis erres) primus, ut est, lani mensis et ante fuit;
° Uncertain : perhaps the pine (28).
6 See below, 1. 267.
• See below, 1. 533.
d Patroclus, grandson of Actor.
* Medea, named from Phasis, a river of Colchis. She went to Athens from Corinth in a flying chariot drawn by dragons.
1 Alcmaeon, who had slain his mother Eriphyle, for 58
FASTI, ii. 23-48
name of februa. When houses are "Swept out, the toasted spelt and salt which the officer gets as means of cleansing are called by the same name. The same name is given to the bough, which, cut from a pure tree,® wreaths with its leaves the holy brows of priests. I myself have seen the Flamen’s wife (Flaminicd) begging for februa ; at her request for februa a twig of pine was given her. In short, anything used to cleanse our bodies went by that name in the time of our unshorn forefathers. The month is called after these things, because the Luperci 6 purify the whole ground with strips of hide, which are their instruments of cleansing, or because the season is pure after that peace-offerings have been made at the graves and the days devoted to the dead are past.c Our sires believed that every sin and every cause of ill could be wiped out by rites of purgation. Greece set the example: she deems that the guilty can rid themselves of their crimes by being purified. Peleus cleansed Actorides,d and Acastus cleansed Peleus himself from the blood of Phocus by the Haemonian waters. Wafted through the void by bridled dragons, the Phasian witch® received a welcome, which she little deserved, at the hands of trusting Aegeus. The son of Amphiaraus f said to Naupactian9 Achelous, “ O rid me of my sin,” and the other did rid him of his sin. Fond fools alack ! to fancy murder’s gruesome stain by river water could be washed away ! But yet, lest you should err through ignorance of the ancient order, know that the month of Janus was of old the first, even as accepting the bribe of a necklace to persuade him to attack Thebes. He was purified by water from the Achelous.
8 A mistake: Naupactus was far from the Achelous.
59
OVID
qui sequitur lanum, veteris fuit ultimus anni :
50 tu quoque sacrorum, Termine, finis eras.
primus enim lani mensis, quia ianua prima est: qui sacer est imis manibus, imus erat.
postmodo creduntur spatio distantia longo tempora bis quini continuasse viri.
1. H • K • FEB • N
55 Principio mensis Phrygiae contermina Matri Sospita delubris dicitur aucta novis.
nunc ubi sint illis, quaeris, sacrata Kalendis templa deae ? longa procubuere die.
cetera ne simili caderent labefacta ruina,
60 cavit sacrati provida cura ducis, sub quo delubris sentitur nulla senectus ;
nec satis est homines, obligat ille deos. templorum positor, templorum sancte repostor, sit superis, opto, mutua cura tui!
65 dent tibi caelestes, quos tu caelestibus, annos, proque tua maneant in statione domo !
tunc quoque vicini lucus celebratur Helerni,1 qua petit aequoreas advena Thybris aquas.
ad penetrale Numae Capitolinumque Tonantem
70 inque lovis summa caeditur arce bi dens.
saepe graves pluvias adopertus nubibus auster concitat, aut posita sub nive terra latet.
1	Helerni Heinsiusi averni AJPMm1: asyli UDmh. asili X1.
0 Ovid seems to have supposed that in the old Roman year January was the first month and February the last, so that they were separated by the “ long interval ” of ten months ; but the Decemvirs brought them together by making February to follow January immediately within the same year instead of immediately preceding it in the last year.
b Near the mouth of the Tiber.
c The temple of Vesta.
60
FASTI, II. 49-72
now it is; the month that follows January was the last of the old year.re Thy worship too, O Terminus, formed the close of all the sacred rites. For the month of Janus came first because the door (janud) comes first; that month was nethermost which to the nether shades was consecrated. Afterwards the Decemvirs are believed to have joined together times which had been parted by a long interval.
Kal. Feb. 1st
55	At the beginning of the month Saviour (Sospita) Juno, the neighbour of the Phrygian Mother Goddess, is said to have been honoured with new shrines. If you ask, where are now the temples which on those Calends were dedicated to the goddess ? tumbled down they are with the long lapse of time. All the rest had in like sort gone to wrack and ruin, had it not been for the far-seeing care of our sacred chief, under whom the shrines feel not the touch of eld ; and not content with doing favours to mankind he does them to the gods. O saintly soul, who dost build and rebuild the temples, I pray the powers above may take such care of thee as thou of them ! May the celestials grant thee the length of years which thou bestowest on them, and may they stand on guard before thy house !
67	Then, too, the grove of Helernus b is thronged with worshippers, fast by the spot where Tiber, coming from afar, makes for the ocean waves. At Numa’s sanctuary,® at the Thunderer’s fane upon the Capitol, and on the summit of Jove’s citadel a sheep is slain. Often, muffled in clouds, the South Wind brings up heavy rains, or under fallen snow the earth is hid.
61
OVID
ne fallare tamen, restant tibi frigora, restant, magnaque discedens signa reliquit hiems.
11.	BN 12. CN
Tertia nox veniat: Custodem protinus Ursae aspicies geminos exeruisse pedes.
155 inter Hamadryadas iaculatricemque Dianam Callisto sacri pars fuit una chori.
ilia deae tangens arcus “ quos tangimus arcus, este meae testes virginitatis ” ait.
Cynthia laudavit, “ promissa ” que “ foedera serva, 160 et comitum princeps tu mihi ” dixit “ eris.” foedera servasset, si non formosa fuisset: cavit mortales, de love crimen habet.
mille feras Phoebe silvis venata redibat aut plus aut medium sole tenente diem. 165 ut tetigit lucum (densa niger ilice lucus, in medio gelidae fons erat altus aquae),
“ hie ” ait “ in silva, virgo Tegeaea, lavemur ! ” erubuit falso Virginis ilia sono.
dixerat et nymphis : nymphae velamina ponunt, 170 hanc pudet et tardae dat mala signa morae.
exuerat tunicas ; uteri manifesta tumore proditur indicio ponderis ipsa suo.
cui dea “ virgineos, periura Lycaoni, coetus desere nec castas pollue ” dixit “ aquas.”
a Arctophylax, also called Bootes.
6 Called also here Cynthia and Phoebe, in Ovid’s allusive way.
e See Met am. ii. 409-507.
68
FASTI, II. 151-174
not deceived, cold days are still in store for thee, indeed they are : departing winter leaves behind great tokens of himself.
III.	Id. 11th
163 Come the third night, thou shalt straightway remark that the Bear-Ward® has thrust forth both his feet. Among the Hamadryads in the train of the archeress Dianab one of the sacred band was Callisto.0 Laying her hand on the bow of the goddess, “ Thou bow,” quoth she, “ which thus I touch, bear witness to my virginity.” Cynthia approved the vow, and said, “ Keep but thy plighted troth and thou shalt be the foremost of my company.” Her troth she would have kept if she had not been fair. With mortals she was on her guard ; it was with Jove she sinned. Of wild beasts in the forest Phoebe had chased full many a score, and home she was returning at noon or after noon. No sooner had she reached the grove—the grove where the thick holm-oaks cast a gloom and in the midst a deep fountain of cool water rose—than the goddess spake: “ Here in the wood,” quoth she, “ let’s bathe, thou maid of Arcady.” At the false name of maid the other blushed. The goddess spoke to the nymphs as well, and they put off their robes. Callisto was ashamed and bashfully delayed. But when she doffed her tunic, too plainly, self-convicted, her big belly betrayed the weight she bore. To whom the goddess spake : “ Daughter of Lycaon forsworn, forsake the company of maids and defile not the pure waters.” Ten times the horned
69
OVID
175 luna novum decies implerat cornibus orbem : quae fuerat virgo credita, mater erat.
laesa furit luno, formam mutatque puellae. quid facis ? invito est pectore passa lovem.
utque ferae vidit turpes in paelice voltus, 180	“ huius in amplexus luppiter ” inquit “ eat I ”
ursa per incultos errabat squalida montes, quae fuerat summo nuper amata lovi.
iam tria lustra puer furto conceptus agebat, cum mater nato est obvia facto suo.
185 ilia quidem, tamquam cognosceret, adstitit amens et gemuit: gemitus verba parentis erant.
hanc puer ignarus iaculo fixisset acuto, ni foret in superas raptus uterque domos.
signa propinqua micant: prior est, quam dicimus Arcton,
190 Arctophylax formam terga sequentis habet. saevit adhuc canamque rogat Saturnia Tethyn, Maenaliam tactis ne lavet Arcton aquis.
13.	D EID •
Idibus agrestis fumant altaria Fauni hie, ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas. 195 haec fuit ilia dies, in qua Veientibus armis ter centum Fabii ter cecidere duo.
una domus vires et onus susceperat urbis: sumunt gentiles arma professa manus.
egreditur castris miles generosus ab isdem, 200 e quis dux fieri quilibet aptus erat.
a In northern latitudes the Bear never sets.
1	The island of the Tiber.
e The family of the Fabii offered to carry on the war against Veii alone. Three hundred and six went forth through the 70
FASTI, II. 175-200
moon had filled her’orb afresh, when she who had been thought a maid was proved a mother. The injured Juno raged and changed the damsel’s shape. Why so ? Against her will Jove ravished her. And when in the leman she beheld the ugly features of the brute, quoth Juno, “ Let Jupiter now court her embraces.” But she, who of late had been beloved by highest Jove, now roamed, a shaggy she-bear, the mountains wild. The child she had conceived in sin was now in his third lustre when his mother met him. She indeed, as if she knew him, stood distraught and growled; a growl was all thd mother’s speech. Her the stripling with his sharp javelin would have pierced, but that they both were caught up into the mansions on high. As constellations they sparkle beside each other. First comes what we call the Bear ; the Bear-Ward seems to follow at her back. Still Saturn’s daughter frets and begs grey Tethys never to touch and wash with her waters the Bear of Maenalus.0
Idus. 18th
193 On the Ides the altars of rustic Faunus smoke, there where the island6 breaks the parted waters. This was the day on which thrice a hundred and thrice two Fabii fell by Veientine arms.6 A single house had undertaken the defence and burden of the city : the right hands of a single clan proffered and drew their swords. From the same camp a noble soldiery marched forth, of whom any one was fit to be a
Carmental gate, and built a fort by the Cremera, which they held for two years. But in 477 b.c. they were all destroyed by an ambush. See Livy ii. 48-50.
71
OVID
510 convocat hie populos iussaque verba refert.
templa deo hunt, collis quoque dictus ab illo est, et referunt certi sacra paterna dies.
lux quoque cur eadem Stultorum festa vocetur, accipe. parva quidem causa, sed apta subest.
515 non habuit doctos tellus antiqua colonos : lassabant agiles aspera bella viros.
plus erat in gladio quam curvo laudis aratro : neglectus domino pauca ferebat ager.
farra tamen veteres iaciebant, farra metebant, 520 primitias Cereri farra resecta dabant.
usibus admoniti flammis torrenda dederunt multaque peccato damna tulere suo.
nam modo verrebant nigras pro farre favillas, nunc ipsas ignes corripuere casas ;
525 facta dea est Fornax : laeti Fornace coloni orant, ut fruges temperet ilia suas.
curio legitimis nunc Fornacalia verbis maximus indicit nec stata sacra facit, inque foro, multa circum pendente tabella, 530 signatur certa curia quaeque nota ;
stultaque pars populi, quae sit sua curia, nescit, sed facit extrema sacra relata die.
18. AC 19. BC 20.CC 21. D FERAL-F
Est honor et tumulis. Animas placate paternas parvaque in extinctas munera ferte pyras.
° See i. 693.
6 Each tribe was subdivided into ten curiae, each with its curio or warden. These priests formed a college presided over by one of their number, the Curio Maximus.
9*
FASTI, n. 510-534
called the peoples together and reported the words as he had been bid. Temples were built to the god, and the hill also was named after him, and the rites observed by our fathers come round on fixed days.
612 Learn also why the same day is called the Feast of Fools. The reason for the name is trifling but apt. The earth of old was tilled by men unlearned : war’s hardships wearied their active frames. More glory was to be won by the sword than by the curved plough ; the neglected farm yielded its master but a small return. Yet spelt® the ancients sowed, and spelt they reaped; of the cut spelt they offered the first-fruits to Ceres. Taught by experience they toasted the spelt on the fire, and many losses they incurred through their own fault. For at one time they would sweep up black ashes instead of spelt, and at another time the fire caught the huts themselves. So they made the oven into a goddess of that name (Fornax) ; delighted with her, the farmers prayed that she would temper the heat to the corn committed to her charge. At the present day the Prime Warden (Curio Maximus) 6 proclaims in a set form of words the time for holding the Feast of Ovens (Fornacalia), and he celebrates the rites at no fixed date ; and round about the Forum hang many tablets, on which every ward has its own particular mark. The foolish part of the people know not which is their own ward, but hold the feast on the last day to which it can be postponed.
XII.-IX. Kal. 18th-21st
533 Honour is paid, also, to the tombs. Appease the souls of your fathers and bring small gifts to the
95
OVID
535 parva petunt manes, pietas pro divite grata est munere : non avidos Styx habet ima deos.
tegula porrectis satis est velata coronis et sparsae fruges parcaque mica salis inque mero mollita Ceres violaeque solutae : 540 haec habeat media testa relicta via.
nec maiora veto, sed et his placabilis umbra est: adde preces positis et sua verba focis.
hunc morem Aeneas, pietatis idoneus auctor, attulit in terras, iuste Latine, tuas ;
545 ille patris Genio sollemnia dona ferebat: hinc populi ritus edidicere pios.
at quondam, dum longa gerunt pugnacibus armis bella, Parentales deseruere dies.
non impune fuit; nam dicitur omine ab isto
550 Roma suburbanis incaluisse rogis.
vix equidem credo : bustis exisse feruntur et tacitae questi tempore noctis avi, perque vias urbis latosque ululasse per agros deformes animas, volgus inane, ferunt.
555 post ea praeteriti tumulis redduntur honores, prodigiisque venit funeribusque modus.
dum tamen haec hunt, viduae cessate puellae : expectet puros pinea taeda dies,
nec tibi, quae cupidae matura videbere matri, 560 comat virgineas hasta recurva comas.
conde tuas, Hymenaee, faces et ab ignibus atris aufer ! habent alias maesta sepulchra faces.
o At the Feralia, or feasts in memory of the dead, offerings were made to them. The chief day was Feb. 21. Parentalia is also a name of the festival.
96
FASTI, II. 535-562
extinguished pyres.0 The ghosts ask but little: they value piety more than a costly gift : no greedy gods are they who in the world below do haunt the banks of Styx. A tile wreathed with votive garlands, a sprinkling of corn, a few grains of salt, bread soaked in wine, and some loose violets, these are offerings enough : set these on a potsherd and leave it in the middle of the road. Not that I forbid larger offerings, but even these suffice to appease the shades : add prayers and the appropriate words at the hearths set up for the purpose. This custom was introduced into thy lands, righteous Latinus, by Aeneas, fit patron of piety. He to his father’s spirit solemn offerings brought; from him the peoples learned the pious rites. But once upon a time, waging long wars with martial arms, they did neglect the All Souls’ Days. The negligence was not unpunished; for ’tis said that from that ominous day Rome grew hot with the funeral fires that burned without the city. They say, though I can hardly think it, that the ancestral souls did issue from the tombs and make their moan in the hours of stilly night; and hideous ghosts, a shadowy throng, they say, did howl about the city streets and the wide fields. Afterwards the honours which had been omitted were again paid to the tombs, and so a limit was put to prodigies and funerals. But while these rites are being performed, ye ladies change not your widowed state ; let the nuptial torch of pine wait till the days are pure. And O, thou damsel, who to thine eager mother shalt appear all ripe for marriage, let not the bent-back spear comb down thy maiden hair! O God of Marriage, hide thy torches, and from these sombre fires bear them away! Far other are the torches h	97
OVID
80 hoc dederat studiis bellica turba suis. Pallada Cecropidae, Minoia Creta Dianam, Volcanum tellus Hypsipylea colit, lunonem Sparte Pelopeiadesque Mycenae, pinigerum Fauni Maenalis ora caput:
85 Mars Latio venerandus erat, quia praesidet armis : arma ferae genti remque decusque dabant.
quod si forte vacas, peregrinos inspice fastos : mensis in his etiam nomine Martis erit.
tertius Albanis, quintus fuit ille Faliscis, 90 sextus apud populos, Hernica terra, tuos.
inter Aricinos Albanaque tempora constat factaque Telegoni moenia celsa manu.
quintum Laurentes, bis quintum Aequiculus acer, a tribus hunc primum turba Curensis habet;
95 et tibi cum proavis, miles Peligne, Sabinis convenit : huic genti quartus utrique deus.
Romulus hos omnes ut vinceret ordine saltern, sanguinis auctori tempora prima dedit.
nec totidem veteres, quot nunc, habuere Kalendas : 100 ille minor geminis mensibus annus erat.
nondum tradiderat victas victoribus artes Graecia, facundum sed male forte genus.
qui bene pugnabat, Romanam noverat artem : mittere qui poterat pila, disertus erat.
105 quis tunc aut Hyadas aut Pleiadas Atlanteas senserat, aut geminos esse sub axe polos ?
° Lemnos, after its queen Hypsipyle.
b Arcadia.	e Tusculum.
d These are local Italian calendars.
126
FASTI, hi. 80-106
a warlike folk followed their bent. Pallas is worshipped by the sons of Cecrops, Diana by Minoan Crete, Vulcan by the Hypsipylean land,® Juno by Sparta and Pelopid Mycenae, while the Maenalian country6 worships Faunus, whose head is crowned with pine. Mars was the god to be revered by Latium, for that he is the patron of the sword ; ’twas the sword that won for a fierce race empire and glory.
87 If you are at leisure, look into the foreign calendars, and you shall find in them also a month named after Mars. It was the third month in the Alban calendar, the fifth in the Faliscan, the sixth among thy peoples, land of the Hernicans. The Arician calendar is in agreement with the Alban and with that of the city c whose lofty walls were built by the hand of Telegonus. It is the fifth month in the calendar of the Laurentes, the tenth in the calendar of the hardy Aequians, the fourth in the calendar of the folk of Cures, and the soldierly Pelignians agree with their Sabine forefathers ; both peoples reckon Mars the god of the fourth month.** In order that he might take precedence of all these, Romulus assigned the beginning of the year to the author of his being.
99 Nor had the ancients as many Calends as we have now : their year was short by two months. Conquered Greece had not yet transmitted her arts to the victors ; her people were eloquent but hardly brave. The doughty warrior understood the art of Rome, and he who could throw javelins was eloquent. Who then had noticed the Hyades or the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, or that there were two poles in the firmament ? and 127
OVID
esse duas Arctos, quarum Cynosura petatur Sidoniis, llelicen Graia carina notet ?
signaque quae longo frater percenseat anno, 110 ire per haee uno mense sororis equos ?
libera currebant et inobservata per annum sidera ; constabat sed tamen esse deos.
non illi caelo labentia signa tenebant, sed sua, quae magnum perdere crimen erat.
115 ilia quidem foeno ; sed erat reverentia foeno, quantam nunc aquilas eernis habere tuas.
pertiea suspenses portabat longa maniplos, unde maniplaris nomina miles habet.
ergo animi indoeiles et adhuc ratione carentes
120 mensibus egerunt lustra minora decern.
annus erat, decimum cum lima receperat orbcm : hie numerus magno tunc in honore fuit ;
sen quia tot digiti, per quos numerare solemus, sen quia bis quinto femina mense parit,
125 sen quod adusque decern numero creseente venitur, prineipium spatiis sumitur inde novis.
inde patres centum denos secrevit in orbes Romulus, hastatos instituitque decern ;
et totidem princeps, totidem pilanus habebat
130 corpora, legitimo quique merebat equo.
quin etiam partes totidem Titiensibus ille, quosque vocant Ramnes, Luceribusque dedit.
adsuetos igitur numeros servavit in anno, hoc luget spatio femina maesta virum.
a Little Bear, kitos ot’nd. the dog's tail.
Great Bear. eXooj. the twister.
c Apollo and Diana, the sun and moon, and the signs of the Zodiac.
FASTI, UI. 107-134
that there are two Bears, of which the Sidonians steer by Cynosura,'1 while the Grecian mariner keeps his eye on Helice b ? and that the signs which the brother travels through in a long year the horses of the sister traverse in a single month c ? The stars ran their courses free and unmarked throughout the year ; yet everybody agreed that they were gods. Heaven’s gliding ensigns were beyond their reach, not so their own, to lose which was a great crime. Their ensigns were of bay, but as deep reverence was paid to hay as now you see paid to the eagles. A long pole carried the hanging bundles (maniplos) ; from them the private (maniplaris) soldier takes his name. Hence through ignorance and lack of science they reckoned lustres, each of which was too short by ten months. A year was counted when the moon had returned to the full for the tenth time : that number was then in great honour, whether because that is the number of the fingers by which we are wont to count, or because a woman brings forth in twice five months, or because the numerals increase up to ten, and from that we start a fresh round. Hence Romulus divided the hundred senators into ten groups, and instituted ten companies of spearmen (hastati) ; and just so many companies there were of first-line men (jprincipes'), and also of javelin-men (pilant) ; and so too with the men who served on horses furnished by the state. Nay, Romulus assigned just the same number of divisions to the tribes, the Titienses, the Ramncs, as they are called, and the Luceros. Therefore in his arrangement of the year he kept the familiar number. That is the period for which a sad wife mourns for her husband.
K ■	129
OVID
135 neu dubites, primae fuerint quin ante Kalendae Martis, ad haec animum signa referre potes. laurea, flaminibus quae toto perstitit anno, tollitur, et frondes sunt in honore novae.
ianua tunc regis posita viret arbore Phoebi:
140 ante tuas fit idem, curia prisca, fores.
Vesta quoque ut folio niteat velata frecenti, cedit ab Iliacis laurea cana focis.
adde, quod arcana fieri novus ignis in aede dicitur, et vires flamma refecta capit.
145 nec mihi parva tides, annos hinc isse priores, Anna quod hoc coepta est mense Perenna coli. hinc etiam veteres initi memorantur honores ad spatium belli, perfide Poene, tui.
denique quintus ab hoc fuerat Quintilis, et inde 150 incipit, a numero nomina quisquis habet.
primus oliviferis Romain deductus ab arvis Pompilius menses sensit abesse duos, sive hoc a Samio doctus, qui posse renasci nos putat, Egeria sive monente sua.
155 sed tamen errabant etiam nunc tempora, donee Caesaris in multis haec quoque cura fuit. non haec ille deus tantaeque propaginis auctor credidit officiis esse minora suis, promissumque sibi voluit praenoscere caelum
° See ii. 527 note.	6 Vestal.
e See below, 1. 523.
d If Hannibal is meant here, Ovid refers to the Second Punic War, which began in 218 b.c., but the practice really varied until it was finally fixed in 153 b.c. for January 1.
* Pythagoras.	f In 46 b.c.
130
FASTI, III. 135-159
135 If you would convince yourself that the Calends of March were really the beginning of the year, you may refer to the following proofs : the laurel branch of the flamens, after remaining in its place the whole year, is removed (on that day), and fresh leaves are put in the place of honour; then the king’s door is green with the tree of Phoebus, which is set at it ; and at thy portal, Old Chapel of the Wards, the same thing is done ;a the withered laurel is withdrawn from the Ilian6 hearth, that Vesta also may make a brave show, dressed in fresh leaves. Besides ’tis said that a new fire is lighted in her secret shrine, and the rekindled flame gains strength. And to my thinking no small proof that the years of old began with March is furnished by the observation that Anna Perennac begins to be worshipped in this month. With March, too, the magistrates are recorded to have entered on office, down to the time when, faithless Carthaginian, thou didst wage thy war.d Lastly, the month of Quintilis is the fifth (quintus) month, reckoned from March, and with it begin the months which take their names from numbers. (Numa) Pompilius, who was escorted to Rome from the lands where olives grow, was the first to perceive that two months were lacking to the year, whether he learned that from the Samian sage e who thought that we could be born again, or whether it was his Egeria who taught him. Nevertheless the calendar was still erratic down to the time when Caesar took it, like so much else, in charge/ That god, the founder of a mighty line, did not deem the matter beneath his attention. Fain was he to foreknow that heaven which was his promised home ; he would not
131
OVID
F N* HOC • DIE CAESAR • ALEXAND • RECEPIT
28. GC 29. HC 30. AC (N?)
Inde quater pastor saturos ubi clauserit haedos, 880 canuerint herbae rore recente quater, lanus adorandus cumque hoc Concordia mitis et Romana Sahis araque Pacis erit.
31. CC
Luna regit mensis : huius quoque tempora mensis finit Aventino Luna colenda iugo.
186
FASTI, III. 879-884
III. Kal. 30th
879 When four times from that day the shepherd shall have folded the cloyed kids, and four times the grass shall have whitened under the fresh dew, it will be time to adore Janus, and gentle Concord with him, and Roman Safety, and the altar of Peace.
Pa. Kal. 31st
883 The moon rules the months : the period of this month also ends with the worship of the Moon on the Aventine Hill.
187
OVID
imposuitque suae spicea serta comae ; largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis, et vix congestas area cepit opes.
alba decent Cererem : vestis Cerialibus albas
620 sumite ; nunc pulli velleris usus abest.
13.	G EID • N? lvdi
Occupat Aprilis Idus cognomine Victor luppiter : hac illi sunt data templa die. hac quoque, ni fallor, populo dignissima nostro atria Libertas coepit habere sua.
14.	UN LVDI
625 Luce secutura tutos pete, navita, portus : ventus ab occasu grandine mixtus erit.
sit licet ut fuerit, tamen hac Mutinensia Caesar grandine militia perculit arma sua.
15.	A FORD-N* lvdi 16. BN lvdi
Tcrtia post Veneris cum lux surrexerit Idus, 630 pontifices, forda sacra Iitate bove.
forda ferens bos est fecundaque, dicta ferendo : bine etiam fetus nomen habere putant.
nunc gravidum pecus est, gravidae quoque semine terrae :
Telluri plenae victima plena datur.
635 pars cadit arce lovis, ter denas curia vaccas accipit et largo sparsa cruore madet.
“ Vowed by Q. Fabius Maximus, 295 b.c.
6 Atrium Libertatis, not far from the Forum.
' He relieved the siege of Mutina in 43 b.c., against Antony.	d See ii. 530 note, iii. 140.
234
FASTI, IV. 616-636
looks and her spirits, and set wreaths of corn ears on her hair ; and the laggard fields yielded a plenteous harvest, and the threshing-floor could hardly hold the high-piled sheaves. White is Ceres’ proper colour; put on white robes at Ceres’ festival; now no one wears dun-coloured wool.
Id. 13th
621 The Ides of April belong to Jupiter under the title of Victor : a temple was dedicated to him on that day.® On that day, too, if I mistake not, Liberty began to own a hall well worthy of our people.6
XVIII. Kal. Mai. 14th
625 On the next day steer for safe harbours, thou mariner : the wind from the west will be mixed with hail. Yet be that as it may, on that day, a day of hail, Caesar in battle-array smote hip and thigh his foes at Modena.®
XVII. Kal. 15th
629 When the third day shall have dawned after the Ides of Venus, ye pontiffs, offer in sacrifice a pregnant (fordd) cow. Forda is a cow with calf and fruitful, so called from ferendo (“ bearing ”) : they think that fetus is derived from the same root. Now are the cattle big with young ; the ground, too, is big with seed : to teeming Earth is given a teeming victim. Some are slain in the citadel of Jupiter; the wards (Curiae)d get thrice ten cows, and are splashed and drenched with blood in plenty.
235
72
Julianischer Kalender
Januarbeginn
Jahre vor Chr. (historisch) 2201 4- T
Julian. Periode
SIU 4-t
Weltaera
Frank: f» »} -4- t
Usher: Dos+t
Petav.:
Scalig.:	4-1
Jahre der Stadt a. u. c.
2453 t (sieho Einleitung) Spanische Aera
1 7 3 8 + t
Anni juliani
1745 +t
Herbstbeginn
Byzantinische Aera Sept.— Dec.
7 2 O 9	. A
3209 I 1
Jan. — Aug.
7 2 0 8 __!_+■
3208 I L
Seleucidenaera
Oct. — Dec.
(siehe Einleitung)
TINIS L t I t j t , Kal. 4- 8 14-1 0:4. 1 4- 3 ' 1 3 I ‘ 1 9~ 5	• 5
I-
Fst.
—37—47!	14-®
3 2	3 8	“
— 37	— 7X
Reduction auf (riickgerechneten) gregorianischen Kalender
Jan. und Feb. des
Jahres 4300 — 10 4~ 20 alle iibrig. Jahre und Monate — 11 — 19
Jul. Epakte —
i ;oo 4-1
- (2200 + r)
t	Januar			Marz	April	Mai	Jimi	Juli	Aug.	Sept.		Nov.	Dec.	Kal. ;	T
00	8 8 0	982	0’3	042	073	103	*34	164	’95	226	256	287	3’7	60	IOO
or	2 3 12 8 8 1	348	379	407	438	468	499	529	560	59’	621	652	682	30	99
02		7’3	744	772	803	833	864	894	925	956	986	017	047	’5	98
03	2 3 4 3 8 8 2	078	109	'37	168	198	229	259	290	321	35'	382	4’2	7	97
04		443	J74	_5?3	534	5<>4	_595j	625	656 687I		7'7	748	778	76	96
05		809	840	868	899	929	960	990	021	052	082	’’3	’43	‘ 18	95
00	2 3 4 4 8 8 3	174	205	233	264	294	325	355	386	4’7	447	478	508	3	94
07		539	57o	598	629	659	690	720	75’	782	812	843	873	23	93
08		904	935	964	995	025	056	68 6	”7	148	178	I 209	239	64	92
£?	~ 8 8 4	270	3Q»	329	360	39°	421	45'	482	5’3	543	574	604	34	
10		635	666	694	725	755	786	816	847	878!	908	939	969	’9	90
11	2 3 4 6 885	000	03’	°59	O<)O	120	’5’	181	212	243	639	304	334	11	89
12		365	396	425	456	486	5’7	547	578 609			670	700	80	88
13		73’	762	790	821	85’	882	912	943	974	004	035	665	’5	87
14	2 3 4 7 8 8 6	096	l?7	'55	186	216	247	277	308	339	369	400	43°	7	86
15		461	492	520	Ts*	581	612	I642 673		704	734	76?	795	27	85
16		826	857	886	9'7	t 947	978	008	1 039	070	100	‘3’	161	61	84
17	2 3 4 8 8 8 7	192	22 J	25'	282	1 3’2	343	373	404	435	465	496	526	3’	83
18		557	588	616	647	; b77	708	738	769	800	830	861	891	23	82
2“		922	953	?8’	012	JJ42	073	’03	’34	165	’95	226	1 256	8	81
20	2 3 4 9 8 8 8	2S7	3’8	347	378	408	439	469	500	53’	56i	592	622	77	So
21		653	684	712	743	773	804	834 865		896	926	957	987	’9	79
2 2	2 3 5 0 8 8 9	018	049	077	108	’38	169	’99	230	261	291	322	352	4	78
23		383	4’4	442	473	503	534	564	595	626	656	687	7’7	24	77
£4		748	779	808	839	869	9°°	23?	961	992	022	053	083	65	76
25	2 3 5 1 8 9 0	114	’45	’73	204	234	265	295	326	357	387	418	448	7	75
26		479	5’o	538	569	599	630	660	691	722	752	783	8’3	20	74
27	2 3 5 2 8 9 1	844	875	903	934	964	995	025	056 087		”7	148	*78	12	73
28		209	240	269	300	330	36’	39’	422	453	483	5’4	544	81	72
29		575	606	634	665	695	726	756	787	818	848	879	909	16	2L
30		940	97’	999	030	060	091	T21	152	183	213	244	1 274	8	70
3i	2 3 5 3 8 9 2	305	336	364	395	425	456	486	5’7	548	578	609	639	28	69
32		670	701	730	761	79’	822	S52	883	9’4	944	975	005	69	68
33	2 3 5 4 8 9 3	036	067	095	126	156	’87	217	248	279	309	340	370	4	67
54		401	432	460	49’	52£	552	582	613	644	674	705	735	_24	66
35		766	797	825	856	886	9’7	947	978	009	039	070	Too	16	6?
36	2 3 5 5 8 9 4	’3’	162	’9’	222	252	283	3’3	344	375	405	436	466	85	64
37		497	528	556	587	617	648	678	709	740	770	801	831	20	63
38		862	893	921	952	982	013	643	074	105	13 5	166	196	12	62
39	2 3 5 6 8 9 5	227	258	286	3’7	347	378	408	439	47o	500	_53J	561	32	61
40		592	623	652	683	7’3	744	Tu	805	“836	866	897	927	66	60
4i		958	989	0’7	048	; 078	109	’39	170	201	23’	262	292	8	59
42	*896	323	354	382	4’3	443	474	504	535	566	596	627	657	28	58
43		688	7’9	747	778	808	839	869	900	93’	961	992	022	’3	57
44	2 3 5 8 8 9 7	053	084	”3	’44	174	205	235	266	297	327	358	388	54	5f
45		4’9	450	478	509	539	570	600	63’	662	692	723	753	24	55
46		784	81 Si 843		874	904	935	965	996	627	057	688	T18	9	54
47	2 3 5 9 8 9 8	149	180	208	239	269	300	330	361	392	422	453	483	29	53
48		5’4	545	574	605	635	666	696	727,	758	788'	819	849	70	52
40		880	9”	939	97°	000	031	061	092	123	’53	184	2’4	5	5’
	ynaios	un II	tios sbat	©	thikos di	0 2	0 §	72 © 72 ,		.0	orberet. chri I	chri 11	laios un I		
	3	3	St	"to c3		© . | -d 2	jS d				A	CO 7? 1	0 5		
			U!		— <					1			— H	<		
Gregorianischer Kalender
Jahr	Januar			S"	• —4		Juli	bi)	Sept.			Dec.	
1700	2341 972	003 i	031	662 1	092	‘23	153	184	215	245	276	306	21
1701	2342 337	368	396	427	457	4S8	518	549	580	610	641	671	6
1702	702	733	761	792!	822 I	853	883	9’4	945	975	606	036	26
1703	2343 067	098 j	126	i57 :	187	2 18	248	279	3’0	34o	37’	401	18
1704		43 2	463 '	492	r523j	5 53	584	614	945	676	706 1	737	767	52
1705	798	829	857	888	918	949	979	010	641	671	102	‘32	22
1706	2344 163	194	222	253	283	314	344	375	406	436	467	497	>4
1'07	528	559	587	618	648	679	709	740	77’	801	832	862	34
1708	893	924	953	984	014	045	075	106	‘37	167	198	228	68
’709	2345 259	J 90	j‘8	.349	379	410	440	47 ‘	5O2_	532	5'-3	_593_	10
1710	624	655	683	7U 1	744 [	775	805	836	867	897	928	958	30
1711	989	020	048	079	109	1'40	170	201	232	262	293	323	’5
1712	2346 354	385	414	445	475 !	506	536	567	598	628	959	689	56
1713	720	75i	779	810	840 |	871	901	932	963	993	024	054	26
1714	2347 085	116	144	J75j	205 1	236	266	297	i 328	_358_i	389'	4’9	11
1715	450	481	509	540	570	601	631	662	993	723	754	784	3’
1716	815	846	875	906	936	967	997	028	059	089	120	‘5°	72
1717	2348 181	212	240	271	301	332	362	393	424	454 ’	485	5’5	7
1718	546	577	905	636	666	697	727 .	758	789	819	850	880	27
1Z1.2.		911	94 2	970	OOI	031	062	092	’23	J 54	184	215	245.	IQ
1720	2349 276	307	336	367	397	428	458	489	520	55°	581	611	60
1721	642	673	701	732	762	793	823	1 854	885	9’5	946	976	23
1722	235° 007	038	066	097	127	158	188	219	j 250	280	3”	34’	’5
1723	372	403	431	462	492	523	553	584	6’5	945	676	706	7
1724		737_	768	l_797_	828	858	889	919	950	981	011	642	072	76’
1725	2351 103	134	162	>93	223	254	284.	315	349	376	407	437	11
1726	468	499	527	558	588	619	649	680	7”	74’	772	802	3*
1727	833	864	892	923	953	984	014	045	076	106	‘37	167	23
1728	2352 198	229	' 258	289	3i9	35°	380	4”	442	472	503	533	57
!729	564	_595_	623	654	684	715	745	776	807	J37	868	898	27
1730	929	960	988	019	049	080	IIO	141	1 172	202	233	263	’9
1731	2353 294	325	353	384	4i4	445	475	506	537	567	598	628	4
1732	659	690	719	750	780	811	841	872	9°3	933	! 964	994	73
1733	2354 025	056	084	•’5	’45	176	206	237	268	298	329	359	’5
1734		39°	421	449	480	1 5<o	54i	571	602	933	663	694	724	3 5
1735	755	786	814	845	1 875	906	936	967	998	628	659	689	20
1736	2355 120	151	180	211	241	272	302	333	364	394	425	455	61
1737	486	5i7	545	576	606	637	667	1 698	729	759	79°	820	3’
173$	851	882	910	94i	971	002	032	66;	094	124	‘55	‘85	16
> 739		2356 216	247	275	306	33£	367	_397,	42‘S	459	489	520	550	8
1740	581	612	641	672	702	733	763	794	825	855	I 886	916	77
I74i	947	978	606	o37	067	098	128	’59	190	220	25’	’ 281	12
1742	2357 312	343	371	402	432	463	493	524	555	585	j 616	646	4
1743	677	708	736	767	797	828	858	889	1 920	950	981	611	24
1744	2358 042	073	102	‘33	163	’94	224	_2 55	286	3’6	347	377	6 5 2
1745	408	439	467	498	I 528	559	589	620	651	681	712	742	28
1746	773	804	832	863	893	924	954	985	616	646	677	107	20
1747	2359 138	169	197	228	258	289	3’9	350	381	4”	442	472	12
1748	503	534	563	594	624	$55	685	716	747	777	808	838	74
1749	869	900	928	959	989 1	020	050	081 |	112	142	‘73	203	16
I, N mid S sind gleich den julianischen I, N mid S naeli Tafel auf voriger Seite.
L — Kal. + 3 — 7x; L = Fst. + 3 — 7x.
Epakte = 19-f-N 10 (N :j)r —30X — 19 —jul. Epakte —30 x.
‘) Bei den dentschen Protestanten 69.	2) Bei den deutschen Protestanten 58.
74
I 700 4 t
Julianischer Kalender
— (2200 4- t)
Januarbeginn
t
Januar
b£
Jahre vor Chr.
(historisch)
Julian. Periode
Weltaera Frank: Usher:
t
5o
Scalig,:
Jahre der Stadt a. u. c.
t
(siehe Einleitung)
Spanische Aera
Anni juliani
Herbstbeginn
Byzantinische Aera
Sept. — Dec.
7 2 0 9 I 1
3209 I 1
Jan. — Aug.
Seleucidenaera
Oct. — Dec.
Jan. — Sept.
(siehe Einleitung)
N
S L
t Kal.
4 7	38)	2 3 i 5
__5 2 I_6 6 i__5 5 — 7 X
I—7X
Reduction
auf
(riickgerechneten) gregorianischen Kalender
-r 19
Jul. Epakte =
52
53
54
55
56
57 5*1
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
7i
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85'
86
87
88
89
90
9’
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2 3 6 1
9 0 0
245 610
975
34i
706
1 071
436
802
276 641 606
372 737
1021 4^7; 8?;
167 । 198
53£ 897 263 628
993 358
724
454
819
0 0 s
304 669 035 400 7£_5 130 496 861
226
335
700 066
796
161
527
365 396
503: 591 928, 957 294' 322 659 687 624)652 389 4>8
7551 783
257
622
73o 096 461 826
191 557
922 287 652
761
127
492
857
426 457 791 822 157 T88 522. 553 887 918
488 853 219 584 949
120
148
485 513
850 879
185 216)244
550 9i5 280
646
58l; 609 946,974 31 I 340 677 705 042; 070
376 407
741 772
107 138
472 I 503
837 868
202
568
933 298 663
435 801
166
896
2331262
599) 627
964 992
329 357
694 7J3
029 I 060
394 425
759 79°
124 । i55
490 521
088
453 818 184 549
988 618 353' 383 7i8 748
449! 479l
588 953 318 683
049 4i4 779
144 5«o
252 283)314
618 649680 983! 614 645 348 379 4io
713 744 775
079 444 809 174
540
no 141 475 5o6 840 871 205! 236
57i 602
814 >79 544 910 275
844 875 209 240 574 605 940 971
305 336
640 670
005,035 37i 4oi 736) 766
101 131
701
666
432 797 162
466 496 527
832 862 893
197 227 258
562 592 623
927.957 988
293 323
658 688
023 653
388 418
354 719 084 449
754 7841 815
”9 484 849
580!
149]180 514I 545 879]910 245 276 610 641
905 936 270' 301 635 666 601 632
366 397
096 462 827 192
967
332
697 063
428
762 793 1271 158 493 524 858 889 223' 254
557, 588 619
9231 954 985
288 319
653 684
018) 049
384
749
619
350
715
080
415 446 780;811 145, T76
479 5io 54i
845 876 907
845
2IO! 24ll
575 606
272
637
002
940!971 002
306 337 368
855	886 914	945 975	006
2m 220	251 279	3’0 340	37’
585	616 645	6761 706	737
95’	982 010	641 671	102
2 3 7 6	. . A 9 13 J ’ P	347 375	406 436	467
740
106
681 712
046 i 077
412 I 443
777 ) 808
142 173
771|801 832
137 167 198
5O2j 532, 563
867 897 928
2321262 293
671 702
733
036! 0671 098 4oi|432j 463 767.798 829 132:163 194 4971 528: 559
862 893I924

s

.xra
836
201
rn



<3 3
228! 259
593 624
958.989
323'354
290 £55 020
385
U2
O C/J
9 2
0 S
; ’cs fl OK
5i8 883 249 614 979
344 710 075 440 805
549' 914 280 645 010 37?
74’ 106
47i
579 944 3’° 675 040
405 771 136 501
25
58
836 866
17.11 202
536 567
901 932
266 297
232 597 96^
327
“uu|*9/ .W 632 663,693
O28| 058
997 6^0
362 393 423
727
093
758 788
124 154
458I489 5’9
823 854 188 219 554 585 9i9 95o 284 315
884
249
615
980
345
649 680I 710
615 646'676
380 411 441
745 776;806
476 507
.. , - ..537 841; 872 902 267
206 237
5711 602 632
937 968I998
302 667 032 398 763
333 363
698 728
6631 693 429' 459 794. 824
128!159!189
.mJ 554
493) 524
859 890
224 255 589'620
954 320 685
050 4i5

920
285
650
985, 015
35i 381
7161 746
081 T11
446 476
■u.
</2
1
13
33
74
9
29
55
25
17
2
7i
33 iS
59 29
14
6 75 10
30 22 63 26 18
10
79 14
6 26 60
30 22
7 76 18
3 23 64 34 19I
80
*5
71
27
5o
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
3i
30
29 28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
’9 18
l6 ?5 14 13
12
IO
09 08
07
06
05
04
03
02
OI
75
Gregorianischer Kalender
Jahr	Januar	Febr. Marz		April Mai		Jimi	Juli Aug;.		Sept.	Oct. '	Nov.	Dec. '	Kal.
1750 1751 1752 1753 1754	2360 234 599 1 964 2361 330 | 695_	265 630 995 | 361 726	293 658 024 389 754	324 354 385 689 719 750 055 085 116 420 450 481 785 815 846			4i5 7S0 146 5ii 876	446 811 177 542 9° 7 J	477 842 208 573 938	507 872 238 603 968	538 903 269 634 999.	568 933 299 664 629	8 21 62 32 24
1755 1756 1757 1758 1759	2362 060 425 791 2363 156 521 !	091 119 456 485 822 850 187 215 552 580		•50 5’6 881 246 611	180 546 911 276 641	211 577 <142 307 672	241 607 972 337 702	638 603 368 733	303 669 034 399 764	333 699 064 429 794	364 730' 095 460 825J	394 760 125 49° 855	9 78 20 5 25
1760 1761 1762 1763 1764	886 2364 252 617 982 2365 347	917 283 648 013 378	946 3” 676 041 407	977 342 707 072 .438	607 372 737 102 468	038 403 768 •33 499	06S 433 798 163 529	099 464 829 194 560	•3o 495 860 225 S9J£_	160 525 890 255 621	191 556 021 286 652	221 586 95’ 3 16 682	66 • 21 13 L8?-
1765 1766 1767 1768 • 769 J	713 2366 078 443 808 _£3£7 £74_	744 109 474 839 205	772 >37 502 868 j 233	803 168 533 899 264	833 198 563 929 294	864 229 594 960 1 325	894 259 624 990 _355	, 925 290 655 : 021 3 S 6.	956 321 6S6 052 ; 4»7	986 35 • 716 082 447	017 382 747 113 478	647 412 777 •43 508	•7 9 29 63 	5_
1770 1771 1772 1773 £774	539 904 2368 269 635 2369 000	570*1 935 300 666 1 Q31	598 963 329 694 _°59_	629 994 360 725 090	659 024 390 755 120	690 i 055 421 786 igi	720 685 45i 816 181	75 • 116 482 847 212	782 •47 5*3 878 243	812 •77 543 908 2 73	843 208 574 939 304	873 238 604 969 £33+	25 10 79 21 •3
’ 1775 1776 1777 1778 £779	365 730 2370 096 461 826	396 761 127 492 857	424 790 i55 520 885	455 821 186 55i 916	485 851 216 581 946	516 882 247 612 977	546 912 277 642 007	577 943 30s, 6731 038	608’ 974 339 704 069	638 004 369 734i 099	669 035 400 765 • 3°	699 065 430 795 160	26 67 9 29 • 4
1780 1781 1782 1783 17.84	2371 191 557 922 2372 287 	652	222 588 953 318 _683j	251 616 981 346 712	282 647 012 377 743 !	3J2 677 042 407 _773J	343 708 673 438 804	373 738 103 468 83+	404 769 j 134: 499 865	435 800 165 530 896	465 830 •95 560 926	496 861 226 591 957	526” 891 256 621 987	55* 25 10 30 7i
J 785 1786 1787 1788 1789	2373 018 383 748 2374 113 	479	°49 414 779 144 5>o;	077 442 807 •73 538	108 473 838 204 569	138 503 868 234 599	169 534 899 265 630.	199 564 929 295 660	1 230 595 960 326 691	261 626 991 357 722_	291 656 021 387 _75£j	322 687 ! 052 418 1 783	; 352 717 082 448 813	6 26 18 52 22
1790 179’ i792 •793 £794	844 2375 209 574 940 2376 305	875 , 240 605 971 336;	9°3 268 634 999 364	934 299 665 630 395	i 964 329 695 060 4£5	995 360 726 091 456	025 390 756 121 486	656 421 787 1 152 5*7	087 452 818 •83 548	117 4S2 848 213 578	| 148 5f3 879 244 609	178 543 909 274 6391	•4 34 68 10 30
1795 1796 1797 1798 1799	670 2377 035 401 766 2378 131	701 066 432 797 162	729 095 460 825 190	760 126 491 856 221	79° 156 521 886	821 187 552 9’7 282	851 217 582 947 312	882 248 613 978 343	1 9’3 279 644 009 374	943 3°9 674 039 404	974 340 705 070 435	1004 370 735 too 465	•5 56 26 18 	3
I, N und S sind gleich den julianischen I, N mid S uach Tafel aut' voriger Seite.
L = Kal. + 3—7x5 L — Fst. + 3 — 7x-
Epakte = 19 + N + 10 (N: 3)r — 30X =194- jul. Epakte — 30 x.
DE DIE NATALE
(“THE NATAL DAY”)
BY
CENSORINUS 'I (A..D. 238)
LIFE OF THE EMPEROR HADRIAN BY ^ELIANUS SPARTIANUS
(CIRC. A.D. 300)
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
BY
WILLIAM MAUDE
New York
PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA CO.
62 Reade Street
1900
{All rights reserved)
22
DE DIE NATALE.
others who, with the aid of different intercalations of months, have each composed an octaeteries. Thus Harpalus Nauteles, Mnesistratus and others calculated such periods; amongst them Dositheus, whose work is called the Octaeteries of Eudoxus. It is from this cycle that in Greece many religious festivals were celebrated with great ceremony. At Delphos, the games called Pythian were anciently celebrated every eight years. The most exact Great Year is the dodicaeteries, a cycle composed of twelve natural (solar) years. It is called the Chaldean cycle.'The astrologers did not regulate it by the course of the sun or the moon, but after other observations, because they said that only this space of time could embrace the different seasons, the epochs of abundance, of sterility and of plagues.8 There are still other Great Years, as the Metonic year invented by the Athenian Meton,9 which was composed of 19 solar years, also called the euneadicacaeteries (a cycle of 19 years). Seven months are intercalated and 6940 days are counted. The year of the Pythagorean, Philolaus, is composed of 59 years and of 21 intercalated months; the year of Calippus, of Cyzicus, is composed of 76 years with the intercalation of 28 months; the year of Democrisus is formed of 82 years and 28 intercalary months; 10 while that of Hipparchus is composed of 304 years, with the intercalation of 112 months.
This difference in the length of the Great Year comes from the fact that the astrologers did not agree either on what should be added to the 365 days of the solar year, or what should be taken from the thirty days of the lunar month. On the other hand, the Egyptians, in the formation of their Great Year, had no regard to the moon. In Greece the Egyptian year is called cynical (dog-like) and in Latin canicular," because it commences with the rising of the Canicular or Dog star, to wlfich is fixed the first day of the month which the Egyptians called Thoth.19 Their civil (equable) year had but 365 days without any in-
8	Quod in eo dicunt tempestates, etc. The manuscript of Cologne says: Quod in eo dicunt tempestates frugumque proventus, ac sterilitates, item morbos salubritatesque circumire. Similar effects of the Jovian cycle are attributed by illiterate persons at the present day. See note in “ Politics of Money,” chap. m. It was calculated from the orbital period of the planet Jupiter.
9	Meton Atheniensis. Elien (Variar. tristos, x, 7), makes Meton a Lacedaemonian. His cycle was not of 19 years, but of 235 lunations.
1°	Democritus. See Diogenes Laertes, ix, in Democritus.
11	Caniculae sidus exoritur. See Pliny (l, ii, ch. 47; I, xviii, c. 28,) and Varro (De re rust, 1, i, c. 28).
12	Thoth is sometimes written Thot, Athot, Tot, Taat, etc. It was the name of an Egyptian divinity who had the Dog for his symbol and was worshipped as the Son of Cod. Cicero, de Divinat., I, 3; Lecaut, Instit., I, i, c. 6.
THE GREAT YEAR.
23
tercalation.13 Thus with the Egyptians the space of four years is shorter by one day than the space of four natural (Julian) years, and a complete synchronism is only established at the end of 1461 years. The 1461st year by some is called the Heliacal and by others the Year of God.14 There is also a year which Aristotle calls Perfect,16 rather than Great, which is formed by the revolution of the sun, of the moon and of the five planets, when they all come at the same time to the celestial point from which they started together. This year has a great winter called by the Greeks the Inundation and by the Latins The Deluge; it has also a summer which the Greeks call the Conflagration of the world. The world is supposed to have been by turns deluged or on fire at each of these epochs.10 According to the opinion of Aristarchus this year was composed of 2484 solar years; according to Arestes of Dyrrachium, it was 5552 years; according to Heraclitus and Linus it was 10.800;” according to Dion 18 it was 10,884; according to Orpheus it was 10,020 years; and according to Cassandrus it was 3,600,000 years. Others have thought it infinite; and that it would never recur.
But of all these periods, that most commonly adopted by the Greeks is the pentaeteries, or revolution of four years,'" which they called olympiads, the present yeur being the second of the 254th olympiad.
13	Solos habet dies, CCCLXV. Perhaps it should read solidos instead of Solos.
14	The Year of God means the Year of the Sun. Pollux, I, T, c. 7; Carrion,Emend., 1, ii, c. 1. In many of the ancient languages one word stood for both the Luminary and the Creator.
15	Est prmterea annus, quern Aristoteles maximum. . . adpellat. In Aristotle (Meteor, 1, 14) and Plato, in Timaeus. On the Great Year of the ancients, see Apulaeus (dogm. Platon); Plutarch (De placit. philos., n, 32); Achilles Statio (Proleg. in Arat.); Josephus (Antiq., 1, 4); Tacitus, (Dialog, de Orator.); Solinus (c. 36); Photius (Bib-lioth., p. 714); Stobmus (Eclog, phys., 1, ii); Cicero (De natura Deor., 11); Servius (ad yEneid.ni, v. interea magnum sol circumvolvitur annum); Jul. Firmicus (Mathes, in pra?fat 1); Festus xi. Macrobius calls this year “ Mundanus” (in somn. Scip. 11, ii). Cf. “ The Worship of Augustus Caesar.”
16	Nam his alternis temporibus mundus turn exignescere turn exaquescere videtur. On the Deluge and the Destruction of the world by Fire, see Plato (in Tim.); Clement Alexandrinus (Strom. 5); Arnobe (Advers. gent. 1); Minutius Felix (Octavius); Diogenes Laertus in vita Zenonis); Seneca (Quaest.Nat. in, 27, 28, 29); Jul. Firmicus (Mathes, ill, i); Macrobius (in Somn. Scipion. 11. 10); Ovid (Metam. 1); Augustin (De civit. Dei, xn, 10).
11	Heraclitus et Linus decern millium octogintorum. According to Plutarch (De placit. philos. II, 32) and to Stobmus (Eclog. phys. 1, ii), these authors made the great Precessional year to consist of 18,000 common years.
18	Dion. This Dion was probably the illustrious mathematician who is mentioned by Augustin (De civit. Dei, xxi, 8).
19	Quaternum annorum circuitus, qhas vocant olympiadas. This measure of the
32
DE DIE NATALE.
the first olympiad, is the 1014th, dating from the Middays of summer, during which were celebrated the Olympian Games; and from the Foundation of Rome * it is the year 991, dating from the Pariliana, a festival which serves a precise starting point in calculating the Year of the City. On the other hand, it is the 283rd of the years called Julian, dating from the day of the calends of January on which Julius Caesar commenced the Year which he established. If we count by the years called Augustan,7 it is the year 265, also dating from the calends of January, although it was on the 16th of the calends of February, that on the proposition of L. Munacius Plancus, the senators and other citizens gave to the imperator Caesar the title of Augustus, Son of God, then consul for the seventh'time with M. Vip-sanius Agrippa, who was consul for the third time. As to the Egyptians, who at this date had been for two years under the power and authority of the Roman people, the present year is for them the 267th of Augustus. The Egyptian history, as well as our own, contains different aeras. We distinguish the aera of Nabo-Nazaru ’ which to-day has attained the number of 986 years,® dating from the first year of the reign of that prince. The aera of Philip, which commenced at the there are good reasons to think that the first should rather have been named Pius, whilst in Censorinus we read Ul-pius. This might have been some relative of the Emperor Balbinus, because Coelus Balbinus, consul in 137, bore the surname of Pius. Onuphrius who preferred to call him Ulpius, pretends that it was Ulpius Crinitus famous under Valerian. By some writers the second consul is named Proculus, instead of Pontianus, which made Onuprius think he was called Proculus Pontianus. This consulate is fixed in A.D. 238.
6 A Roma autem condita. There is amongst authors a notable difference of opinion on the time which passed from the first four-year olympiad until the foundation of Rome. Compare Dion. Hal, Antiq. lib. 1, and Solinus, c. 2. The two authors mostly relied upon are Cato and Varro. Cato and those who have followed him, as Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Solinus, pretend that Rome was founded in the first year of the seventh four-year Olympiad. Varro and those who have taken him for guide, as Pom-ponius Atticus, Velleius Paterculus and Censorinus, place the foundation of Rome in the third year of the sixth four-year Olympiad. Ennius, Timaeus, Cicero and other ancient authors fix the foundation of Rome in the equivalent of B. C. 816, the same as that of Carthage, which latter, however, some authors fix in the equivalent of B.C. S14. See “ The Worship of Augustus Caesar," by Del Mar. As to the celebration of the first Palilies, or Parilies, see Joseph Scaliger, De emend, temp., lib. v. This anniversary has recently been revived
1 Anni Augustorum. The years of this aera are also called anni augustani, as is to be seen at the end of the following chapter.
8	Nabonazaru. See for the aera of Nabonazaru, or Nabonassar, Scaliger, De emend, temp., lib. v, and “The Worship of Augustus,” p. 118.
9	Quorum hie IjCCCCLXXXVI. From the first four-year Olympiad, B.C. 776, to the rera of Nabonazaru, B.C. 748, there are twenty-eight years.
THE MONTHS.
O.»
death of Alexander the Great and continues to our day, embraces 562 years.1” The aeras of the Egyptians always commence on the first day of the month, Thoth, a day which, this present year, corresponds to the 7th calends of July, whilst a hundred yearsago, under the second consulate of the Emperor Antoninus Pius and of Bruttius Praesena, this same day corresponded to the 12th of the calends of August, the ordinary epoch of the rising of the Canicular star in Egypt.11 Thus we see that we are to-day really in the hundredth year of this Annus Magnus, which, as I have stated above, is called the solar and canicular year and Year of God. I have indicated at what epoch these years commence, so that nobody should suppose they always dated from the calends of January, or from any other like day; because on the question of aeras, one does not find less diversity among the statements of their founders than amongst the opinions of the philosophers. Some make the natural year commence at the Birth of the Sun, that is to say, at Brumalia, 13 and others at the Summer Solstice; some make it the Vernal Equinox, and others the Autumnal Equinox; some at the rising and some at the setting of the Pleiades, while still others fix it at the rising of the Canicular star.
CHAPTER XI. (XXII.)
THE MONTHS.
THERE are two kinds of months, one natural, the other civil. The' natural months are of two kinds, one called solar, the other lunar. A solar month is the time which the sun takes to travel over a sign of the zodiac; the lunar month is the interval of time between one moon and another. The civil months are a combination of days, which each state arranges according to its own pleasure; thus among the Romans a civil month is counted from Calend to Calend. The natural month, the more ancient, is common to all nations. The civil months, of more recent institution, are peculiar to each state. The natural months, whether solar or lunar, are neither equal in length,
10	Ab excessu Alexandri Magni. Alexander died B.C. 323. “ Worship of Augustus,'» p. 152.
11	Quo tempore solet Canicula in Atgypto facere exortuni. See Scaliger, deemendat. temp., lib. iii.
12	A novo sole, id est.abruma. See Varro, Deling, lat., lib. vi, 28; Ovid Fast., lib. 1; and Servius on a similar passage in the seventh book of the /Eneid: vel cum sole novo. Bruma, Brumalia, or Brumess, was the middle day (messo) of the ten months* year, when the year began at Lammas, or August 1st; hence the day of the winter solstice. It afterwards became the New Year day and remains so yet.
34
DE DIE NATALE.
nor composed of an exact number of days. The sun remains in Aquarius about 29 days; in Pisces about 30 days; in Aries 31 days; in Gemini very nearly 31 days, and so on unequally in all the other Signs. But though it does not remain for an exact number of full days in each sign, it does not make less than its annual revolution in the twelve months: which embraces 365 days and a fraction, which fraction the astronomers have not yet precisely determined. As to the lunar months, they are each composed of about 29% days, but neither are these months of equal length, some being longer, others shorter. 1 The number of days of which the civil month is composed varies still more, but in all cases the number of days is full. Among the Albans, March had 36 days; May 22 days; Sextilis (our August) 18 days; September 16 days. At Tusculum, Quintilis (July) has 36 days, October 32. Indeed among the inhabitants of Aricia October has 39 days. This month seems to have been the most swollen by the error which has sought to regulate civil months by the course of the moon; as amongst most of the peoples of Greece, the months are alternately of 29 and 30 days. Our ancestors adopted this method when they made their year of 355 days, but the Divine Caesar seeing that the civil months did not correspond, as they should, with the course of the moon, nor the year to the course of the sun, preferred to correct the year, in such a manner that each month corresponded to a real solar month. Instead of a lunar synchronism for each of them, they were arranged so that they coincided with the round of the natural year. If we believe Fulvius 2 and Junius,3 it was to Rom-ulusThat the ten ancient months owed their names. He gave to the
1	Mensum genera. Mensum is here put for mensium. It also reads lower down, Nomina quaedam mensum immutarunt; and in chapter ix, alterum septem mensum alterum decem. Ovid has the same expression.
Nec tu dux mensum, Jane biformis, eras. (Fast., v, 424.)
Among the ancients the lunar months were of three kinds: The first is sidereal or the time which the moon takes to return to the same position with respect to the stars, from which it started. Pliny, I, 6, (8,) and Chalcidius, Comm, in Tim., assigns to this space of time, 27j^ days. Cleomedes,Meteor, I, ch. 3, says 27}^ days; Aulus Gellius(m, 10), 4nd Macrobius, Somn. Scip., I, 6, give 28 days; Vitruvius, lib. ix, 4, says 28 daysand a little more than one hour; while Martianus Capella, lib. viii, says 27% days. The second is synodical, or the time which passes between the meeting of the moon with the sun and the following conjunction; a space of time which Censorinus in this chapter calls 29}^ days; while Geminus says 29^ and 1-33 days; and Pliny, 1, 9, and Cassiodo-rus, 11, say 30 days. The lunar month called “ phasis” is that which commences the second day of the conjunction of the moon with the sun, and lasts until the former entirely disappears.	2 Fulvius Flaccus.
3	Junius Gracchanus, or Gracchus. See Varro (De ling, lat.); Macrobius (Saturn., 1, ' 12); Solin., 3; Ovid Fast., I.
THE MONTHS.
35
first two the names of the authors of his life; he called one March, from Mars, his father, and the second April, from the word Aphrodite, that is to say, Venus, from whom his ancestors were said to have descended. The next two months take their names from classes of the people; May, from Majores (the old people), and June,from (Juniores , (the young people); the others, that is to say, Quintilis to December, from the numerical rank which each month occupied in the year.
A arro, on the contrary, thought that the Romans borrowed the names of their months from the Latins. He demonstrated in quite a plausible manner that these names are older than the city of Rome. Thus, according to him,4 the month of March was thus named, not because this god was the father of Romulus, but because the Latin nation were warlike and originally worshipped the god of war. He contends that Aprilis (April) does not take its name from Aphrodite, but from the word aperire (to open), because in this month everything comes to life and nature opens its bosom to all productions. May does not come from majores, but from Maia; because it was in this month that at Rome, and formerly in Latium, sacrifices were made to Holy Maia and Mercury. June comes from Juno rather than from juniores; because it is in this month especially that Juno is worshipped. Quintilis is so called because with the Latins it was the fifth month; it was the same with Sextilis and the other months until December, which all take their names from their numerical order in the year. January and February, it is true, have been since added, but their names come from Latium; January from Janus, to whom this month is consecrated; and February from Februus. All that which serves to expiate and purify is called februum, and all expiations or purifications are called februamenta, just as februare signifies to render clear and pure. The ceremony called februm is not always the same, and the kind of purification called februation varies according to the sacrifice. During the Lupercales 5 and the purification of the city, ceremonies which took place during this month, hot salt was carried about, called februm. From this it follows that the days of the Lupercales are properly called februatus; and hence, also, this month took the name of February.
Of the twelve months, two only have since changed name; the ancient Quintilis 6 was called Julius (July) under the fifth consulate of
4Varro, De lingua Latina, VI, 33.
5 Lupercalibus. See for these fetes Dion. Hal., 1; Plutarch, in Numa and in Caesar; Ovid Fast., 11; Justin, Histor. xliii and Macrobius, Saturn., 1, 13.
6 Qui quintiles fuit, Julius cognominatus est. See Dion Cassius, xliv; Appian, n;
36
DE DIE NATALE.
Caius Caesar and under that of M. Antonius in the second Julian year; that which was called Sextilis 7 was, after a senatus-consulto, rendered under the consulate of Marcus Censorinus and C. Asinius Gallus, named Augustus (August), in honour of Augustus, in the 20th year of the Augustan aera; and these names are still retained. Some of the successors of Augustus,8 it is true, imposed their own names on several months, but the old names were restored, either by the princes themselves, or after their death.
CHAPTER XII. (XXIII.)
THE DAY.
IT remains for me to say a few words on the day, which, like the month and the year, is either natural or civil.1 The natural day is the time which elapses between the rising and setting of the sun; the night, on the contrary, is the interval from the setting to the rising of the sun. The civil day is the time which is taken for a revolution of the heavens, a revolution which comprises both the natural day and night. When we say, for example, that a child lived thirty days, it is well understood that the nights are comprised. The duration of the day has been fixed in four different ways by astronomers and by nations; the Babylonians have established it from one rising to the next rising of the sun; ’ most of the inhabitants of Umbria have established
Macrobius, 1, 12; Plutarch, in Numa; Augustine, De doctrina Christ., 11, 21; and Del Mar’s “Worship of Augustus Caesar.”
1	Qui . . . sextiles fuerat, ex S. C. . . dictus est Augustus. This senatus-consulto has been preserved by Macrobius, I, 13. See Dion Cassius, lv; Plutarch, in Numa; and Suetonius, Aug. 31.
8	Multi principes nomina quaedam mensum mutaverunt. Nero, according to Suetonius, wished that April should be called Neroneus mensis (the Neronion month). Domitian gave his name to the month of October; see Martial Epig., ix, ep. 2; Eusebius, Chron., 1; and Plutarch, in Numa. Commodus changed the names of all the months, according to Suidas, Lampridinus, Dion Cassius and Herodian. So did Charlemagne; but inveterate custom overcame them all and the names of the months to-day remain what they were two thousand years ago. Four of them bear the numerical names given to them by the Republic, while the remaining eight bear the names of pagan gods. Not one of them has a Christian name.
1	Naturalis dies est tempus. See Geminus, p. 79.
2	Babylonii quidem.a solis exortu, ad exortum ejusdem astri. “ Varro has also transmitted to us the Babylonian manner of counting days. He (they) called a day the interval of time comprised between one rising of the sun and another.” Aulus Gellius, L., iii, 2. See also Pliny. L., ii, 77; Macrobius, Saturn., L., i, 3; Isidore, Orig., L., v, 30 and Bede De temp, rat., 3.
THE DAY.
37
it from one mid-day to the following mid-day;3 the Athenians, from one setting of the sun to the next.4 As to the Romans, they have chosen the interval from mid-night to mid-night; 6 witness the public sacrifices and even the auspices of the magistrates;8 ceremonies in which is attributed to the day just finished, that which was or could have been done before mid-night; and to the following day, that which was done after mid-night and before the rising of day; witness the custom which gives the same natal day to children who are born in the course of the twenty-four hours which separates one mid-night from another.7
The division of the day and the night each into twelve hours 8 is
3	In Umbria plerique a meridie ad meridiem. “ The Umbrians,” says Varro, cited by Aulus Gellus, L., iii, 2, “generally took for a day the time which passed from one noon to the other. But,” adds he, “such an usage was absurd. After this manner of counting, if an infant was born in Umbria at the epoch of its calends, its day of birth would have been half in the calends and half in the day which followed.” Such instances were rare and the practice was no more absurd than any other division of the day.
4	Athenienses autem ab occasu solis ad occasum. See Varro, as cited by Macrobius, Saturn., lib. i, 3; and Pliny, lib. ii, 77. It was also a custom of the Jews, Gen., i, and the nomad peoples of Libya, (Stob. Serm., 165,) as well as of the Gauls; (Caesar, De Bell. Gall., vi,) and of the Germans, (Tacit., Ger.)
s	Romani a media nocte. Besides the authors cited above, see Plutarch, Quaest. rom., 84.
6	Indicio sunt sacra publica, et auspicia etiam magistratuum. See the end of the following note.
1	Idem significat (a media nocte ad mediam noctem diem esse), quod, qui a media nocte ad proximam mediam noctum . . . nascuntur, eumdem diem habent natalem. Says Aulus Gellius, lib. iii, 2: “ This question has often been argued. When an infant is born during the night, at the third, at the fourth, or at any other hour, what day should be regarded as the day of its birth ? Should it be that which preceded the night on which it was born, or that which followed? Here is what Marous Varro says in his treatise on Human Things in the book entitled Days : * All children born in the interval of 24 hours between the middle of one night and the middle of the following, are considered as having been born on the same day.’ ” In other words, Varro decided that a child born after the setting of the sun but before midnight, should have for its natal day that one which preceded this night; but if he was born during the last six hours of the night, his birthday should be placed in the following day. . . Thisdivision of the day (at midnight) is corroborated by other circumstances. Sacrifices offered after the sixth hour of the night belonged to the next day. When a public act had to be executed on the same day that the auspices were taken, the latter were taken after midnight. The Tribunes of the People could not lawfully absent themselves from Rome for a whole day, yet they sometimes left the city after midnight; taking care to return between candle-light and the next midnight. Quintius Mucius decided a divorce case on the point that the new year began at midnight of December 31st. See also Macrobius, lib. i, 3.
8	In horas duodecimdivisum esse diem. See Ccelius Rhodiginus, Antiq. lect.,lib. xii, 19; Gregoria Giraldi, De ann. et mens., and Joseph Scaliger, lib. i.
3»
DE DIE NATALE.
not ignored by anybody, but I think it was observed at Rome, only after the invention of the sun-dial. To indicate the earliest dial, is a difficult thing. Some authors say that the first sun-dial was established near to the temple of Quirinus,9 others say in the Capitoline; some say near to the temple of Diana on the Aventine. That which is pretty certain is that no sun-dial was seen in the Forum, before that which M. Valerius 10 brought from Sicily and which he placed on a column near to the rostra. But as this dial, though appropriate to the latitude of Sicily, did not accord with the hours of Rome, L. Philippus,11 then censor, erected another near to this one; then, some time after that, the censor, P. Cornelius Nasica, made a water-clock (clepsydra) 1S which is also called solarium (solar instrument) and which told the hours.13 That the name of the hours has been known in Rome during at least three hundred years 14 is probable, because although in the Twelve Tables and the laws which followed them we find the hours named but once, yet there are employed the words ante meridiem for the reason no doubt that the day was then divided into two parts, separated by that which we call meridies.19 Others made four divisions of the day and as many of the night. This is proved by the divisions utilized in military language, which speaks of the first, the second, the third and the fourth watches.18
CHAPTER XIII. (XXIV.)
DIVISIONS OF THE DAY.
THERE are several other divisions of the day and night preserved on monuments and distinguished by different names. Others again are mentioned here and there in the writings of the ancient poets. These will be named in convenient order. I will commence
9	By Paparius Cursor, A.U. 461. (Pliny, Nat. Hist., vil, 40.)
10	M. Valerius Messala, A. U. 491. This dial came from Catania, in Sicily. (Pliny, ibid.)
11	Pliny names him, with perhaps more reason, Q. Marcius Philippus.
12	The first inventor of a water-clock was Ctesibius, according to Vitruvius (ix, c. 9); also see Pliny, ii, 76; 1, vii, 60.
13	Solarium coeptum vocari. Solarium is a happy correction of the best editors of Censorinus. It formerly read horarium.
14	Horarum nomen non minus annos CCC Romoe ignoratum. The distinction of the hours between them was anciently made by the praetor. “ Praetorem accensum solitum esse jubere, ubi ei videbatur horam esse tertiam, inclamare esse tertiam, itemque meridiem, et horam nonam.” Varo, ex Cosconio.
15	Meridies is from medius dies. Varro, 1, 5. It is still medio dia in Spanish.
16	Dicitur, vigilia prima, item secunda. This division of time into watches was used
DIVISIONS OF THE DAV.
39
with the media nox (mid-night) as it is the starting point of the civil year amongst the Romans.' The time which approaches It nearest is called media nocte (past mid-night);9 then comes gallicinium (cock’s-crow) the time the cock commences to crow; 8 then the conticinium (moment of silence) the time that the cock ceases to crow; then the moment called ante lucem and diluculum (the break of day) when it is already day, without the sun having risen; then the second diluculum called mane (the morning when the sun commences to appear); then the time called ad meridiem (which precedes mid-day);4 then the meridies, or the middle of the day; then succeeds the time called de meridie (afternoon); then comes the moment called suprema,6 among the Jews. Judges, vn; Psalms, xc, 4; Matt., xiv, 25; Luke, XII, 38, as well as among the Romans. (Veget. De re milit., iii, 8.) See Juste-Lipse, De milit. rom., v.
1	Aliis subnotata. These words seem to us obscure; we have read alias. Incipiama nocte media, quod tempus principium et postremum est diei romani. Varro, De ling, lat., vi, 4-7; Servius, ad ^ineid, ii; Macrobius, Saturn., i, 3; Isidore, Orig., v, 30, 31; and Bede. De rat. temp., 5, have also spoken of these different denominations of the day and night.
2	Vocatur de media nocte. Macrobius,Saturn., i, 3, calls this moment medioe noctis inclinatio.
3	Gallicinium. Says Pliny, x, 21: “ Next after the peacock, the animal that acts as our watchman by night, and which Nature has produced for the purpose of arousing mortals to their labours, and dispelling their slumbers, is the one that shows itself most actuated by feelings of vanity. The cock knows how to distinguish the stars, and marks the different periods of the day, every three hours, by his note. These animals go to roost with the setting of the sun, and at the fourth watch of the camp recall man to his cares and toils. They do not allow the rising of the sun to creep, upon us unawares, but by their note proclaim the coming day, and they prelude their crowing by clapping their sides with their wings. They exercise a rigorous sway over the other birds of their kind, and, in every place where they are kept, hold supreme command. This, however, is only obtained after repeated battles among themselves, as they are well aware that they have weapons on their legs, produced for that very purpose, as it were, and the contest often ends in the death of both the combatants at the same moment. If, on the other hand, one of them obtains the mastery, he instantly by his note proclaims himself the conqueror, and testifies by his crowing that he has been victorious; while his conquered opponent silently slinks away, and though with very bad grace, submits to servitude. With equal pride does the bully of the poultry yard strut along, with head uplifted and crest erect. These too, are the only ones amongthe winged race that repeatedly 100k up to the heavens. The tail, which in its drooping shape resembles that of a sickle, is raised aloft: so that these birds inspire terror even in the lion, the most powerful of all animals.”
4	Post hoc ad meridiem. Macrobius is more explicit; he names this same moment a mane ad meridiem, from the morning to noon.
5	Sol. occasus. suprema. It is thus that Aulus Gellius xvii, 2, cites this expression of the Twelve Tables. But Varro, De ling, lat., vi, 5; Festus, voc. “Supremum;” and Macrobius, Saturn., i, 3, have written solis occasus.