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CONTENTS FOR  AUGUST  
FRONTISPIECE —" Wet. " and "Dry" Map of tbe United States, Jan. 1, 1914.  
GENERAL ARTICLES Page  
Alcohol and the Mind, Alfred B. Olsen, M. D.. D. P. H 342  
Alcohol and Racial Degeneracy, L. Mervin Maus. Colonel, Medical Corps, U. S. A 346  
Truth About the Demon Rum, Edwin F. Bowers, M. D 352  
Does the Use of Beer atid Wine Make lor Temperance? D. H. Kress, M. D 357 
Back With the Saloon as a " Safety First " Measure, Thomas D. West 361  
Nation-Wide Prohibition, S. B. Horton 36 5  
Clippings 369  
The Testimony of the Psychological Laboratory  
Alcoholism 
The Handwriting- on  the Wall  
A Confession, Not a Charge  
Fifty Doctors Against Alcohol  
American Court Decisions and the Liquor Traffic  
EDITORIAL 373  
The Sinister Character of Alcoholic Indulgence.  
AS WE SEE IT 3 76  
Abolishes Liquor to Better Service — Uncle Sam's Navy Dry — Transportation Disasters —  
Alcohol and Accidents — The Evil That Lives After — Alcohol and Longevity — Alcohol 
and Mental Disorder — Still It Has Defenders — Sentiment Regarding National Prohibition.  
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'WET AND "DRY" MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY 1, 1914


VOL. XXIX  
No. 8  c_> c_>  
THE  NATIONAL  HEALTH  MAGAZINE  

AUGUST  
1914  
AIM: To assist in the physical, mental, and moral uplift of humanity through the individual and the home.  
George Henry Heald, M.  D., Editor  
MAKE IT ALL DRY  
The drought is increasing. West Virginia went dry July I.  
Very recently a large section of northern Minnesota went dry  
through a supreme court decision.  
It is drying up in other States. This looks well on the map;  
but practically it does not count for much as long as there are so  
many wet centers scattered throughout the dry territory.  
Consider carefully what alcohol does for the individual and for  
the State; and then ask your Congressman to help to make our  
beloved country all dry.  
Won't you do it? Your personal letter may not count for much,  
it is true, but it will count• Congressmen are very attentivejto  
know what their constituents ivant. You may be sure the saloon  
interests in your district are trying to make your Congressman be-
lieve that the members of his constituency are against prohibition.  
They cannot succeed if every person in favor of a clean coun- .  
try will express himself emphatically. Obey that impulse now.  

" ARTICLE  
" Section 1.  The sale, manufacture for sale, transportation for sale,  
importation for sale, of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes in the  
United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, and ex- 
portation for sale thereof, are forever prohibited.  
" Sec.  2. The Congress, or the States within their respective jurisdic- 
tion, shall have power to enforce this article by all needful legislation."


OHOL AMD THE MIMD  
••'ALF^DBOLsmMDM  
HE brain, which is  
., the organ of the  
mind'may rou^hiy  
£ ^ f'; fi. be described as a  
thinking machine. But in a broader and  
more complete sense the mind embraces  
the feelings, the intellect, and the will,  
for by the mind we feel, we think and  
reason, and we will.  
The brain is the most highly developed  
and complicated organ of the human  
body. It is composed of nerve cells and  
nerve fibers, with an ample supply of  
blood and lymph vessels, and a very  
slight amount of strong, fibrous tissue, 
which serves as a supporting framework  
for the organ.  
Each nerve cell, of which there are  
countless millions in the brain and else- 
where in the body, may be likened to a  
telegraph station, and the long, slender, 
thread-like branch — the nerve fiber-— 
to the telegraph wire. Roughly speaking,  
nerve impulses or sensations originate in  
the nerve cell, and may be transmitted  
from the brain to an organ or a muscle,  
as in the case of a motor impulse, which  
causes the muscle to shorten or contract,  
and thus do work.  
The Human Brain  
From an anatomical standpoint, aside  
from the majestic form and erect posture  
of man, his distinguishing feature, com-
pared with the lower animals, is the form,  
size, and complex structure of his brain.  
There is little or no difference in the  
structure of the heart, lungs, or the mus- 
cles of the higher animals and those of  
man, but with the brain it is altogether  
different. In the lower animals the brain  

[Dr. Olsen has lectured in va- 
rious parts of England on health 
and temperance. This article is  
one of a series he has written on  
the action of alcohol.]  
is very largely an automatic machine 
which controls the animal functions, such  
as respiration, circulation, and digestion, 
and records the feelings and perceptions  
of the animal.  
The fully developed human brain, on  
the other hand, possesses an intellect and  
will as well as the power of distinguish- 
ing between right and wrong. These  
highest centers of the mind are not only  
the most finely organized and delicately  
balanced, but also appear latest in the  
process of growth, and they undergo fur- 
ther development even after maturity has  
been reached. In the child they are prac- 
tically absent, for the child is a rough  
specimen of primitive man, a sort of 
semisavage, using the term in its best  
sense. In other words, the child must be 
looked upon as more of a natural animal  
than a responsible human being, and it 
is only in the later period of adult life 
that these higher controlling centers be- 
come completely developed, and a real  
sense of responsibility is acquired.  
The Sense of Responsibility  
As the intellect, together with the  
higher moderating and controlling cen- 
ters, develops last in the process of  
growth, so we find also that these centers  
are more easily injured and upset by un- 
favorable conditions and disturbing agen- 
cies than the mere animal operations.  
When the functions of the brain are only  
slightly damaged, it is the higher nerve  
centers which suffer most. Take the case 
of the insane patient: the intellect is par- 
tially or perhaps even completely de-
stroyed, and control of the will is also  
lost; but the lower animal functions.  
.342


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,343  
those of nutrition and elimination, for  
example, go on pretty much undisturbed,  
and such a person may, from the animal 
standpoint, exist in a fairly comfortable 
condition for many years.  
Influence of Alcohol  
It is a matter of common knowledge  
that alcohol, even in its smallest doses,  
has both a direct and a specific action on 
the human brain. The grosser feelings 
and impulses of the animal nature are 
stimulated and excited, and, at the same  
time, the higher controlling centers of  
the intellect are benumbed, so that there 
is great danger of the animal impulses  
acquiring temporary control of the or- 
gan, leading to excesses of one kind or  
another, which indicate clearly the dor- 
mant condition of the sense of responsi-
bility. The moment a man or a woman 
comes under the influence  of alcohol a  
condition of partial insanity is set up, 
even though the form may be a very  
mild one, and the symptoms slight. The 
earlier effect, as in the case of many per-
sons going insane, takes the form of ex- 
hilaration and excitement, or what is  
called in more technical language mania.  
This excitement is visible in the noisy,  
garrulous speech, and oftentimes in the  
use of language in which the same per-
son in a sane condition would not in-
dulge. But he is more or less intoxi- 
cated, which means that the brain, and  
with it the mind, is paralyzed by the  
poison, and the condition is  really one  
of partial and temporary mania, or, in  
simple language, insanity. Later there  
comes the feeling of depression,  more  or  
less marked in proportion to the suscep- 
tibility of the individual, and the amount 
of alcohol which has been taken. This 
is the stage of melancholia, simply an-
other variety of insanity; and the poor  
victim experiences feelings and sensa-
tions which render him more or less mis-
erable. The melancholia, or depression  
stage, gradually wears off, and the victim 
recovers from his alcohol debauch, and  
is once more a sane person.  

The Craving of Appetite  
A person who has once been under the  
influence of alcohol soon feels a desire 
for more drink, although that desire may  
be very slight, and in some cases scarcely  
perceptible. The passing sensation of 
unnatural stimulation and exhilaration of  
the nerves leaves with it a demand for  
further excitement of the same  kind, and  
this demand becomes more pronounced  
and more assertive in proportion to the 
extent to which an individual gives way  
to the temptation. Finally the habit of  
taking alcoholic beverages, mild or  
strong, becomes a fixed one, and if at  
any time it is interfered with, the victim 
suffers severely from the unpleasant reac- 
tion which follows. A violent headache, 
other aches or pains, severe mental de- 
pression, are demands of the nerves for  
more of the drug. Finally the victim  
experiences such a strong temptation to 
resort again to drink that the higher cen- 
ters are often unable to prevent his giving  
way to the tempter. Thus men or  
women may, in spite of the best inten- 
tions and contrary to their own sense of  
right and wrong and to a strong deter- 
mination to give up the habit, find them- 
selves bound so strongly by the demon of  
drink that they are no longer able to re- 
sist it, and hence succumb again and  
again, until drunkards' graves are filled.  
Alcohol Paralyzes the Nerves  
The average layman and, unfortu- 
nately, many medical men are strongly 
inclined to look upon alcohol as a stimu- 
lant, and fail to realize that its main and  
nfbre permanent effect is rather that of 
a depressant. This erroneous view is  
largely due to the traditional claims made 
on behalf of alcohol by those who have 
been deceived by its use. Let it be  
clearly understood that alcohol is, strictly  
speaking, not a stimulant, but far more 
truly a narcotic drug, like opium, and  
what are  considered to be stimulating  
effects are only transitory, and are due  
to a passing irritation of the nerves,  
which is promptly followed by paralysis.


344  LIFE AND HEALTH  
\  
more or less complete and more or less  
prolonged, according to  the size of the  
dose.  
Dr. J. Wigglesworth of the Rainhill  
Asylum makes this clear in the following 
statement: " If people would only recog- 
nize that the essential effect of alcohol  
upon the nervous system is a paralyzing  
one, and that its so-called stimulating 
properties constitute a  delusion and a  
snare, they would be less ready than they 
are to contract a habit which, even in 
what is often called moderation, lowers 
the efficiency of the nervous system, and  
thereby impairs alike the happiness and  
the usefulness of life."  
Alcohol and Intellect  
Although there seems to be a common  
idea abroad that alcohol in some myste- 
rious and unexplainable way stimulates  
the intellectual and strengthens the men-
tal faculties of the mind, the truth about  
the matter is  quite the reverse. Many  
careful experiments have been made  
with a view to demonstrating the real  
influence of alcohol upon the intellect,  
and the results have always proved to be  
unfavorable.  
Professor Sikovsky, of St. Petersburg,  
tells us that " alcohol diminishes the ra-
pidity of thought."  
Professor Youmans makes the follow- 
ing pertinent statements with regard to 
the influence of alcohol upon the mental  
faculties : " The very first effect of drink- 
ing alcoholic liquor is a perverted action  
of the mental faculties. Its inroading ef- 
fects upon mind are not restricted to the  
employment of excessive quantities; they  
follow from its common use."  
The testimony of Dr. Lediard, which  
we quote as follows, is still more em-
phatic : " I state upon authority that it 
has been proved that small quantities of  
alcohol, diluted with water, lower the  
quality of intellectual work, and that this  
deterioration is due to a slight poisoning 
of the nervous system."  
Count von Haeseler, of Germany, writ- 
ing of the abstaining soldier, states that  

" mentally and physically he is better."  
He adds: " Brandy is the worst poison of  
all. Next to it comes beer. Each lim- 
its the capacity, and lowers the mind,  
body, and soul."  
Alcohol and Brain Work  
The capacity of the brain to do any  
kind of useful work is always hampered 
by indulgence in alcoholic beverages, and 
in proportion to the quantity taken. It is  
a mistake to think that only large doses 
of alcohol diminish the work of the  
brain. There is no doubt that small doses 
of alcohol have an equally retarding in-
fluence upon brain activity just in pro-
portion to the quantity taken. The man  
who expects to get the best service  from  
his thinking machine will not touch alco- 
hol or any similar drug.  
Sir Henry Thompson, F. R. C. S.,  be- 
lieves that brain workers suffer most  
from the blighting effects of alcohol. He  
wrote: " Of all the people I know who 
cannot stand alcohol, it is the brain work- 
ers ; and you know it is the brain workers 
that are increasing in number, and that 
the people who do not use their  brains  
are going down, and that is a noteworthy  
incident in relation to the future."  
Sir B. W. Richardson makes the1 fol- 
lowing statement: " The evidence is all-
perfect that alcohol gives no potential  
power to brain or muscle."  
Alcohol and Will Power  
But the  havoc which alcohol plays upon  
the controlling power of the will is per-
haps the most striking as well as the 
saddest. Alcohol, in common with such  
habit drugs as opium and cocaine, upsets 
the normal balance of the mind: first, by  
exciting the grosser feelings, appetites,  
and passions; and, second, by paralyzing  
the controlling brain centers which have 
been bestowed upon man for the purpose 
of keeping the lower animal lusts in sub- 
jection. While the operation of these 
controlling moral centers is in abeyance, 
the reasoning facilities are also to a large  
extent interfered with, the judgment be-
comes perverted and prejudiced,  and the


GENERAL ARTICLES  345  
end result is more or less complete de- 
struction of the will power.  
The first of nine reasons for  total ab- 
stinence, according to Dr. J. J. Ridge, is, 
" Because alcohol is a narcotic drug  
which prevents the proper performance  
of the functions of the nervous system, 
weakens the will, warps the judgment,  
reduces the power of self-control over  
thoughts, words, and actions, and thus 
promotes moral evil."  
Alcohol and Memory  
There are few if any people who com- 
plain of possessing too good a memory,  
for most persons usually find that faculty  
inferior to their requirements, and there- 
fore wish to strengthen it. Such people,  
if they only understood the deleterious 
influence of alcohol upon the memorizing  
faculty, would never touch the beverage  

in any form. There is not the slightest 
doubt that alcohol, whether in weak or  
strong doses, exerts a retarding and de-
structive influence upon the memory. 
Kraepelin, among others, has made nu- 
merous experiments, both upon persons  
free from the influence of alcohol and  
upon those who have taken a dose. He  
found that when a person was under the  
influence of alcohol, he was able to mem- 
orize sixty figures after repeating them  
sixty times, but without alcohol the re- 
sults were one hundred figures and only  
forty repetitions. When one remembers  
the stupefying narcotic influence which  
the drug alcohol exerts upon nerve tis- 
sues, it must be perfectly obvious that  
alcohol can have no other permanent ef- 
fect than that of weakening and destroy- 
ing the memory as well as other faculties  
of the mind.  
THE LIQUOR BUSINESS AS SEEN BY THE CARTOONIST  
365


ALCOHOL AND RACIAL  
DEGENERACY  
Z Afcm/y Mavs, Coiom, N£D/cal Com, l/J.A  
L^pi HE widespread custom of using  
o alcoholic beverages is a perplex-
Jk. ing and difficult problem to at- 
tack, on account of the prestige  
it holds with a large number of men  
and women of social prominence who 
still retain very liberal views regard- 
ing their use. Many people believe 
drinking essential to  sociability and good  
fellowship, while others drink because  
they have inherited a weak and unstable  
nervous system from drunken parentage, 
and are unable to resist its craving.  
From time immemorial man has used  
some potent narcotic to increase the joys 
of life or deaden the edge of sorrow. 
The ancient monuments of Egypt show  
the use and" abuse of alcohol, and the  
oldest Chinese manuscripts contain rec- _ 
ords of drunkenness. In the Vedas we  
find prayers to the Deity beseeching him  
to descend to earth and enter into a  
drunken orgy with his followers so that 
he might grant their prayers.  
The hereditary effects of alcohol have  
been recognized from the earliest times.  
Plato forbade newly wedded couples to  
drink, knowing that drunkenness be- 
gets drunkards. Aristotle taught that  
drunken mothers brought into the world  
children like themselves. Both Buddha  
and Mohammed understood the degener- 
ating influences of alcohol, and inter- 
dicted its use through religious dogmas. 
Diogenes declared that stupidity in chil- 
dren resulted from intoxicated parents,  
and we are informed by mythology that 
Vulcan's lameness was the result of  
Jupiter's intemperate habits.  
Dr. Norman Kerr says: " Men and  
women of the highest culture, the purest 
life, the most exalted aims, have become  
reckless drunkards. The clearest minds,  
the keenest intellects, the most subtle  
reasoners, have been enslaved by alcohol.  
34^  

The warmest hearts, the kindest souls,  
the most unselfish spirits, have been 
transformed under the siren influence of 
this ' bewitching spirit' into the coldest,  
most cruel and selfish votaries at the  
shrine of Bacchus."  
There are multitudes of people of  
both sexes, and in all positions of society,  
who enter the world with the hall mark  
of alcohol stamped upon them, and  
spend their lives in fighting to lead a  
sober life; and there is no more pathetic  
sight on earth than to see these poor  
blighted souls endeavoring to elude the  
fearful temptations which beset them on  
every side. Thousands of those who  
were born under alcoholic influences 
finally drift into  the habit and pass away  
at an early age.  
Occasionally we find brilliant but  
warped minds among the degenerates of 
alcoholic families, many of whom live  
on the borderland between sanity and in- 
sanity. Some of them may be wonderful 
geniuses, brilliant orators and writers,  
but they are a strange, erratic people,  
who rapidly pass across the horizon of  
life after leaving a dazzling but evanes- 
cent trail. They are the last members of 
a once-gifted family, and, like the flicker 
of a candle, burst into a full blaze before  
extinction.  
Following the general use of whisky as  
a beverage fifty years ago, we find that  
many of the prominent families of the  
country have become extinct. The prog- 
eny of such families became drunkards 
and died childless or left children cursed  
with some form of degeneracy which  
rendered fertility impossible. It is only  
necessary to search the records of the  
noted families of both North and South 
to find that alcohol has been the under- 
lying cause in the majority of those 
which have passed out of existence. . . .


GENERAL  
Many who have used alcohol for years  
notice an absence of vigor and freshness,  
which returns only after months of ab-
stinence. One of the earliest indications  
of alcoholic poisoning and permanent in- 
jury is severe fatigue and breathlessness 
on slight exertion, or a disinclination 
to normal effort. It is not a pleasant 
thought to feel that we are dying daily  
through the influence of wine, beer, 
whisky, and brandy, but that is exactly  
what is taking place in every man and 
woman who indulges regularly in intox-
icants, even in small quantities.  
The custom of taking a drink to stim- 
ulate intellect and facilitate speech is log-
ically unsound. No mind is capable of  
making its best effort when under the 
influence of even a small amount of alco- 
hol. Helmholtz, the cultivated physicist,  
declared that even in small quantities al- 
cohol served to banish from his mind all  
possibility of creative effort or the solu- 
tion of any abstract problem. For such  
reasons thousands of the most progres- 
sive intellects of the country have en-
tirely abandoned the use of alcoholic  
beverages.  
Premature senile decay and loss of  
memory are the marked results of alco- 
hof among its regular habitues. The loss  
of memory is progressive, and appears in  
the form of verbal amnesia. Regular  
and constant drinking, although in mod-
eration, also causes the loss of judgment  
and lessens clear and , consecutive rea-
soning.  
Alcohol interferes with the process of  
metabolism, inasmuch as it possesses an  
affinity for oxygen, and hence robs the 
tissues of this important element, which  
is so deeply concerned in ridding the sys- 
tem of the poisonous wastes which clog 
the body and invite chronic organic dis- 
eases.  
The hindrance and delay in  tissue .  
changes from this cause lead to increased  
weight, arteriosclerosis, and general men-
tal and organic degeneracy, with marked  
waning of the intellectual faculties. A  
definite alcoholic egotism is noted among  

ARTICLES ,347  
many regular drinkers, whose weakened 
constitutions and intellects are apparent  
to every one but themselves. This con- 
dition is not infrequently found among  
confirmed drinkers occupying important 
positions in business, governmental, and 
public life.  
The great scientist Metchnikoff has  
taught us that the white corpuscles of the 
blood are the natural guardians of health. 
They have the normal function of resist-
ing and destroying malignant germs  
which gain entrance into the circulation 
and tissues of the body. When influ- 
enced by alcohol, they lose this power of  
defense and become powerless against  
the invading enemy.  
Two Belgian observers, Massert and  
Bordet, found that alcohol strongly re- 
pelled the white corpuscles, and that 
small quantities circulating in the blood  
prevented their migratory character when 
called upon to functionize. Abbott found  
this peculiarly the case in erysipelas and  
cellulitis. The blood plasma has also a  
defensive quality of guarding the body  
against malignant germs, which is de- 
stroyed by alcohol.  
This occurs especially among many  
drinking men between the ages of forty  
and fifty years, who are handicapped 
when attacked with pneumonia, influ-
enza, typhoid fever, or any disease of  
microbic origin in which depressing tox-
ins are generated. A man from forty 
to sixty years of age should enjoy the  
most useful part of his life, if properly 
born and if he has taken care of himself,  
especially with reference to alcohol and  
other poisons, such as morphine  and  
cocaine, or syphilis.  
In view of what medicine has taught  
us regarding the effects of alcohol on ra-
cial degeneracy, it seems inconceivable 
that so many of her disciples should con-
tinue its use. Physicians certainly know  
that they enjoy no advantage in immu- 
nity over the hundreds of thousands of 
men who die annually from its effects.  
Besides, they must be aware of the fact  
that the constant use of alcoholics re-


348  LIFE AND HEALTH  
suits in intellectual stagnation, if not  
regression, a cessation or diminution in  
mental growth, as the addict approaches  
middle life. Many drinking men who 
started out in life with brilliant minds, 
are far outstripped in the battle of life 
by the constant, plodding mediocre.  
There remains no longer any doubt re- 
garding the ruinous effects of alcohol on  
the human race, and it becomes not only  
the duty of the state, but the duty of  
every intelligent man and woman to join  
in the crusade against the common en-
emy. Society must prevent its own ruin  
and degradation at any cost, and defend  
the innocent members of the community  
against the ravages of the great de- 
stroyer alcohol. The country would be 
electrified if called upon to appropriate  
$2,000,000,000 annually to suppress some  
dreadful epidemic, and yet the Amer-
ican people are spending that sum every  
year in the interests of crime, disease, 
and death.  
During the past year there were about  
2,000,000,000 gallons of wine, beer,  
whisky, brandy, gin, and other alcoholic  
drinks consumed in the United States, 
which cost the people as many dollars. 
The expenditure of this vast sum of  
money is not only materially responsible  
for the misery, poverty, robberies, mur- 
ders, and crimes of our people, but for  
hundreds of thousands of deaths, and  
the large army of " intellectually dead,"  
who are to be found in our insane asy- 
lums and in our feeble-minded and epi- 
leptic institutions.  
Recent studies of the vital statistics of  
the country have revealed an alarming  
increase in the diseases of degeneracy,  
and it has become necessary to take an 
inventory of the moral and physical stock  
of the people. This condition is prin- 
cipally due to intemperance, immorality, 
and vice diseases; and unless there is a 
general reformation in the moral con- 
science and habits of the people, our  
great republic, like ancient Babylon, Nin- 
eveh, Greece, and Rome, will in turn  
wither and die.  

From a careful study of the statistics  
of the country, it is believed that Amer- 
ica is inflicted with nearly a million  
degenerates and criminals, at a cost of  
at least $250,000,000 annually. Among  
these unfortunates we find : —  
Insane 200,000  
Feeble-minded and epileptics 250,000  
Deaf and dumb 100,000 
Blind 100,000 
Juvenile delinquents in institutions . .. 50,000  
Paupers 100,000  
Prisoners and criminals 150,000  
Which gives a grand total of 95°»000  
" 111 fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, 
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.  
Kings and lords may flourish or may fade —  
A breath can make them, as*a breath has made;  
But a good yeomanry, the country's pride,  
When once destroyed, can never be supplied."  
For this widespread national degen- 
eracy we must look principally to the 
" racial poison," alcohol, which directly  
or indirectly is largely responsible for the 
majority of the mental and physical  
wrecks brought into the world. A gener- 
ation ago the progeny of our people was  
fairly sound, because the high-minded  
mothers of the land rarely indulged in  
alcoholic beverages. But today the grow- 
ing tendency of the youth of both sexes  
to the use of cocktails and other intoxi-
cants is becoming the greatest menace 
of the age, and threatens the integrity of 
the race.  
Not only does alcohol destroy the un- 
fortunate habitue, mentally and physi- 
cally, but it ruins the happiness and pros-
perity of the family. Those who drink  
do not seem to realize that the alcoholic 
habit not only spells suicide by slow de-
grees, but entails a curse on the children,  
which descends to the third and fourth  
generations. When the general public  
learns that the  diseases and evil traits  
we possess were transmitted by those  
who are moldering in the grave, thou- 
sands of defective sons and daughters  
will curse the memory of their dead par- 
ents', who fastened upon them the seeds 
of degeneracy.  
Dr. L. D. Mason, of Brooklyn, from a  
study of 7,000 inebriates, found that 60


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,349  
per cent had alcoholic ancestry, either  
parents or grandparents. Legrain, of  
France, after an exhaustive study on this 
subject, came to the same conclusion. A  
great many of the greatest authorities  
who have spent their lives in the study  
and care of alcoholics,  among whom may  
be mentioned Crothers, Horstley, Sulli- 
van, Kerr, and a host of brilliant Amer-
ican and European physicians, agree 
that from 40 to 70 per cent of these  
unfortunates owe their condition to  
heredity.  
One of the Lord Chief Justices of Eng- 
land once said, " If sifted, nine tenths of 
the crime of England and Wales could be 
traced to drink." There is little doubt  
but that this is true of every country and  
land where intoxicants are in common 
use. The famous investigation of the 
Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statis- 
tics revealed the startling fact that 84 per  
cent of all the criminals under conviction  
in the State owed the condition which in-
duced the crime, to intemperate habits.  
Dr. Hatch, superintendent of the State  
Hospital, California, points out alcohol  
and alcoholic heredity as the principal 
predisposing causes of insanity. We  
have the testimony of Berkeley, Spitzka,  
White, Sullivan, and a host of other  
brilliant and reliable alienists. Madam  
Tarnowsky found parental alcoholism in 
the parents of 82 per cent of the women  
of the town, and Workmiiller in 42 per  
cent of juvenile criminals of weak intel- 
lect.  
The child born of an intoxicated par- 
ent never equals the child born of sober  
parentage, and rarely rises above medi-
ocrity. While there is more or less im- 
munity to the alcoholic addict, there is  
never immunity to the parental germ  
plasm or the maternal ovum, which is  
invariably injured by the slightest dilu-
tion, of alcohol in the blood.  
Bezzola found that 35 out of 70 idiots  
were conceived during the wine harvest 
of fourteen weeks in which the Swiss 
carouse, while the remaining 35 idiots 
were conceived during the rest of the  

year. Leppich claims that he has ob- 
served 97 children who were conceived 
at the time one or both parents were 
intoxicated, only 14 of whom were born  
without noticeable defects. Dr. W. C.  
Sullivan reports seven authentic cases of 
this character, one of whom was still- 
born, while the remaining six died only  
a few weeks after birth.  
The disorders of development among  
children from parental intoxication vary  
greatly in character. They range from  
moderate enfeeblement in mental and  
physical growth to the lowest grade of  
idiocy and monstrosity. According to  
Dr. W. C. Sullivan, 55 per cent of the  
children of alcoholic mothers are still- 
born, or die before attaining their second  
year, while many of those who survive  
are epileptics, feeble-minded, or idiots.  
A large number of the remainder suffer  
from a peculiar degeneracy of brain and  
nerve supply, which places them in that 
large and sad army of " erratics."  
Tuberculosis is also a common result  
of intemperance, and is far more com- 
mon in drinking communities than in  
prohibition territory. We frequently find  
the children of the intemperate afflicted  
with hip joint disease, spinal affections, 
swollen joints, glandular enlargements,  
scrofula, and consumption of the lungs.  
The International Congress on Tubercu-
losis, which met in Paris in 1905, passed  
the following resolution: " That in view 
of the close connection between alcohol- 
ism and tuberculosis, this congress  
strongly emphasizes the importance of  
combining the light against tuberculosis 
with the struggle against alcoholism."  
Alcoholism is a very common cause of  
suicide. Professor Hillier, of Kiel, re- 
ports 135 suicides among 230 alcoholics,  
whose deaths came under his observa- 
tion. Dr. Sullivan reports that in 220  
suicides or attempts, 172, or 78 per cent,  
were due to alcohol. While it is impos-
sible to secure correct statistics, it is  
more than probable that hundreds of 
" floaters," annually found in the har-
bors of our large cities, committed sui-


350  LIFE AND HEALTH  
cide as a direct or indirect result of 
alcohol.  
Many who denounce ardent spirits,  
claim beer a wholesome and sustaining  
food. Beer drinkers are especially liable  
to fatty and enlarged heart, diseases of  
the liver and kidneys, complicated with 
dropsy, arteriosclerosis, gout, and rheu-
matism. As sequelae of beer drinking 
we find an infected and loaded circula- 
tion, embarrassed respiration, functional  
perversion, hepatic and renal congestion,  
with a stupor tending toward paralysis,  
and a diminished vitality which invites  
disease and death.  
The mortality of brewers between the  
ages of fifty and sixty is about three  
times as great as that of individuals who  
follow the ordinary occupations of life.  
In fact, the mortality of liquor dealers  
and brewery men, with few exceptions, 
is greater than that of any other occu- 
pation.  
Drs. Bauer and Bollinger, of Munich,  
report that in that city beer drinkers'  
heart causes one death to every sixteen  
deaths from other causes. Instead of  
being a healthful drink, malt beverages  
are not only unwholesome  luxuries with  
no food value, but are factors in blood 
vitiation and a fertile cause of organic  
degeneracy and death.  
The critics say that something is the  
matter with prohibition, as it does not 
prohibit. In reply, the prohibitionist  
would like to know what is the matter  
with Kansas. During the recent drought  
in the West, when asked whether they 
wanted assistance, the governor replied 
that Kansas, with a tidy bank account  
of $200,000,000,  could weather without  
hardship worse storms than the drought 
of last summer. In 97 of 105 coun- 
ties there were no insane; in 54 of these  
counties, no feeble-minded; 96 counties 
with no inebriates; 38 county poorhouses  
were empty; less than 600 paupers in the  
State; the jails in 53 counties empty, and  
65 counties had no prisoners serving time  
in penitentiaries. Some counties have  
called no juries to try criminal cases for  

ten years. Instead of mortgages, as was 
the case twenty years ago, the people of  
the State hold $67,000,000 mortgages.  
Illiteracy is only two per cent, next to the  
lowest in the land. Decidedly something  
is the matter with Kansas, and that is  
constitutional prohibition.  
The last census of the United States,  
1910, showed 187,454 institutional cases  
of insanity, and probably enough cases  
under private care to raise the number to 
200,000 at the least. The cost of build- 
ings to house these unfortunate intellec-
tually dead aggregates $250,000,000,  
while the annual outlay for their main-
tenance amounts to $50,000,000.  
In India, with a population of 300,- 
000,000, notwithstanding her scourges of  
famine, plague, and pestilence, insanity is  
almost infinitesimal compared with that  
of Great Britain. China, with a popula- 
tion of 400,000,000,  has an exceedingly  
low rate of mental alienation; in fact, in  
no part of the world is there less mental 
trouble. Mulhall, in 1903, stated that in  
India there was 1 case of insanity to  
4,340 population, while in the United  
States there was 1 to 490 persons.  
New York State, with a population of  
9,113,000, has 31,265 cases of insanity, 1  
to 290, as compared with fourteen South- 
ern States, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala- 
bama, Mississippi, Texas, Oklahoma,  
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Flor- 
ida, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia,  
and West Virginia, with a population of  
27,886,000 and only 31,734 cases of in-
sanity, or 1 to 880.  
While other causes no doubt influence  
the large ratio of insane in the State of  
New York, 1 to 290 of the population, as  
compared with the fourteen States of the  
South and Southwest, 1 to 880, it is be- 
lieved that the great preponderance of 
liquor dealers in the former, 35,275, over 
those in the fourteen States, 12,000, is the 
principal cause of the difference.  
The relative proportion of insanity in  
the following States is in keeping with 
its legislative policy regarding sales of 
intoxicants : -—


GENERAL ARTICLES  
Kansas I to 873  
Indiana x to 609  
Maine 1 to 590  
New Hampshire 1 to 473 
Ohio 1 to 449  
Illinois  1 to 437  
Rhode Island 1 to 43b  
Michigan  ri to 419  
Wisconsin  1 to 37b  
Virginia 1 to 375 
Connecticut 1 to 311  
New York 1 to 290  
In order to remove this great racial  
curse, it becomes necessary to educate 
the masses and secure prohibition. 
Teach total abstinence in every school,  
college, and university throughout the 
breadth and  depth of the land. Teach  
the young men to avoid clubs in which  
alcoholic drinks are sold. Drinking clubs 
are responsible for the ruin and downfall  
of thousands of our most promising  
young men and women, and should be  
abolished.  
No woman should marry an intem- 
perate man with the idea of reforming  
him. It is a dangerous risk, and nine 
times in ten will end in misery and sor- 
row. Alcoholics, as a rule, are heredi- 

,351  
tary degenerates, and are no more able to 
resist the call for alcohol than a man with  
ague can prevent shivering.  
Young men should likewise inquire  
well into the character of the woman be- 
fore taking a partner for life. Study  
well the character and family history of 
the parents, remembering that the daugh- 
ter is a chip from the same block and 
will develop on similar lines. Avoid the  
silly young woman who belongs to the  
moron class and cares little beyond dress 
and the frivolities of life. Such women  
make poor wives and miserable mothers,  
should they by chance have children. 
Many women of this class are charming  
and bewitching, but are hopeless blanks.  
In the history of the world there never  
was a time when men and women of  
strong character and fearless courage  
were more greatly needed — ardent 
apostles of the higher standards of life  
— to counteract the vicious tendencies of  
the age, through religious, moral, and  
temperance instruction, adopting " A  
sane and healthy nation " as the motto  
for their war cry.— Medical Record.


OST potent and  
greatest of all fac- 
tors in the deterio- 
ration of humanity."  
This is the characterization of alcohol by  
the most eminent living authority on 
nervous and mental diseases, himself a  
drinking man, predisposed in favor of  
liquor. Approaching his subject with  
the calm, unbiased mien of a true scien- 
tist, Dr. Emil Kraepelin, professor of  
mental diseases in the University of  
Munich, has  demonstrated that alcohol  
is a narcotic first, last, and always; that  
the stimulation is merely imaginary; and  
that one does less and poorer work un- 
der its influence, although, curiously  
enough, he thinks he is turning out more 
and better  work than usual.  
Kraepelin and his coworkers have  
also demonstrated that it is not the  
fourth or the fifth drink that intoxi- 
cates : it is the sum of the first, second,  
and third. On direct evidence and sup- 
porting testimony they have made out 
a very strong case indeed against al- 
cohol.  
Dr. Kraepelin has for nearly twenty- 
five years been investigating the psychic  
effects produced by drugs, with a view  
to securing a comprehensive knowledge  
of the incipient symptoms and processes  
of mental diseases. He was led to un-
dertake this investigation in order to re- 
solve insanity into its simple elements;  
to find the least common multiple, as it 
were.  
To this end he attempted artificially  
to produce upon normal individuals, in  
hi« wonderfully equipped psychological  

UM  
'IDWINFBowf/?s,M.D.  
[The facts carefully recorded in  
this article are worthy of the ear- 
nest attention of every reader.]  
laboratory, simple sets of psychic de- 
rangements, that he might study the va- 
rious phenomena in their beginning and  
development, and apply the knowledge  
so gained toward curing certain phases 
of mental aberration. He used for this 
purpose various chemical substances,—  
caffeine, opium and its derivatives, bro- 
mine, cocaine, sulphonal, and finally our 
old friend alcohol, known to its enemies  
as the Demon Rum. The phenomena  
produced by alcoholic stimulants were so  
extremely rich and striking that Kraepe- 
lin decided to devote particular atten- 
tion to the drug.  
By the use of instruments of absolute  
precision, which could not be coerced,  
wheedled, or browbeaten into giving an  
unfair decision, the professor and his  
pupils, many of whom are among the  
most eminent experimental scientists in  
the world, established the fact that al-
cohol causes degeneration. They assert 
that it  uniformly affects all the faculties,  
and the higher and more involved the  
faculty, the more definite and measur- 
able the effects. Also they declare that  
the physiological and psychological ac- 
tion of alcohol is cumulative; that if it 
is continually used, even in small doses,  
the harm is increasingly manifested.  
They emphasize that the average human  
cannot preserve his stomach and his  
brains in it for many consecutive years  
without injuring both; that his powers  
of coordination are certain to be im- 
peded, and the destruction of his tissues  
and protoplasm hastened.  
Much of interest also developed from  
their studies relating to the effects of  
.352


GENERAL  
liquor upon heredity, insanity, and that 
disease of the will which conduces to 
vice and criminality. But with this last  
aspect we are not now concerned. Our  
present interest centers in the means  
whereby it was shown that the drug de- 
creased resistance to fatigue, and re-
duced the total output in writing, adding,  
and typesetting; also how, and how  
much, it retarded memorizing, coordi- 
nate impulses, and the free association  
of ideas; and finally how the little 
" white militia of the blood" (the leu- 
cocytes) were paralyzed by it  and ren- 
dered hors de combat, and how this  
predisposed to the loss of recuperative  
power during the ravages of disease.  
Now, there is a wide difference of  
opinion among authorities as to just  
when a man  is drunk, and this also  
varies considerably with locality. For  
instance, in Boston a man is intoxicated  
when he cannot name offhand the ten  
decisive battles of the world. In New  
York a man is intoxicated when he him- 
self acknowledges it. And in other parts 
of the country they cheerfully maintain  
that a man is never drunk until he falls  
down, can't get up, and has to hang 
to the ground to keep from rolling off  
the earth. But scientists say that a man  
is under the influence of liquor when  
his muscular or mental speed or endur- 
ance limits have suffered a diminution 
as a result of his having imbibed.  
He may not know it, but those little  
clocks, intricate wheels, and serene me- 
chanical devices of the laboratory will  
know it, and the tale they tell is final.  
There is no appeal from their decision.  
A group of men — who were kept in  
ignorance of the real nature of the tests,  
who understood only that they were ex- 
pected to persist to the limit of their  
endurance — was capable of a definite  
average quantity of work. This average  
was determined with almost mathemat-
ical certainty by experiments made doz-
ens of times, under absolutely similar 
conditions as regarded time of day, 
food, exercise, and surroundings.  
A good index of the degree of a man's  

ARTICLES ,353  
capability for work is the weight he can 
continue to lift with the index finger of  
his right hand. So the ergograph, a  
celebrated laboratory device invented by  
Prof. Angelo Mosso, was brought into 
requisition. In manipulating this the  
fingers were clenched round a wooden  
peg,— all but the index finger^— the  
arm held immovable by being clamped 
to the arm of a chair. A weight of  
several kilograms, suspended by a small  
rope that passed over a pulley, was  
raised and lowered until the subjects  
were forced to desist from exhaustion.  
This process was repeated twelve times,  
with rests of a minute intervening — like  
the rounds in a boxing contest. Each  
pull was automatically recorded by a  
pencil on a strip of paper, registered by  
a line. The sum of the lengths of all 
the lines was translated into " meter 
kilograms," which meant the work ac- 
complished in raising one kilogram one 
meter against the pull of gravity.  
These experiments were made ten  
times a day, and the total average for  
each man calculated for a number of  
days, under conditions of absolute ab- 
stention from drink. Then the men  
were given the alcoholic equivalent of a  
" good glass " of Bordeaux wine after  
each meal, and the experiments repeated. 
The consequences were a diminution in  
the subjects' ability to withstand the fa-
tigue of weight lifting, amounting to an  
average of from 7.6 to 8 per cent. These  
experiments were repeated hundreds of  
times by scientists in various parts of  
Europe, and always with similar results. 
In every instance a definite, measurable  
loss in muscular efficiency was demon-
strated.  
Having been shown these effects on  
resistance to fatigue, the learned profes-
sors advanced to the consideration of  
principles involving combined muscular  
and mental processes. The " writing  
balance," invented by Professor Kraepe- 
lin, was subpoenaed as chief witness in  
this case. This ingenious contrivance  
had attached to it a fifth-second chro- 
nometer, which automatically registered


354  LIFE AND HEALTH  
time on a rotating drum covered with 
carbon paper. On the record obtained  
in this manner the time required in writ-
ing a set of characters can be computed  
with an error of less than one two-hun- 
dredth of a second. The unit of time on  
which the trials were based was called  
a " zeta," and corresponded to one one-
hundredth of a second.  
The daily exercises began at 8 A. M.  
The subject's hand was connected with 
the apparatus, and the figures I, 2, 3, 4,  
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, were written twice with  
pencil at top speed. Then the sequence  
reversed—10, 9, 8, 7, 6, etc.— was  
twice written; then the German letters  
" inm," also twice. These were repeated 
ten times, and the total average time  
consumed by each man was measured.  
Then he received his allotment of wine,  
as with the ergograph experiments.  
After five minutes they resumed their  
writing, carrying out their appointed  
task in scribbling as before — and proved  
that, while the spirit was willing, the  
flesh, with its controlling nerve pulses,  
was weakened ; for they had, every man  
of them, measurably slowed up. The  
degree of retardation, after writing 1 to  
ro under the influence of the small  
amount of alcohol administered (about  
what the ordinary drinker would take  
with his dinner), amounted to 5.6 per  
cent. In writing 10 to 1 the retardation  
was greater, amounting to 7 per cent.  
This was accounted for by the increas- 
ing complexity of the stunt, it being a  
more novel combination than the straight 
progression of numbers. With the  
" inm " the deviation from normal was  
even more apparent, averaging 7.3 per  
cent. Again and again these same gen- 
eral results were secured, though new  
crews were used for each demonstration.  
Similar results followed in the coor- 
dination tests, where the subject was re- 
quired to " snap down" a telegraphic  
switch at the unexpected flash of a light  
or sound of a gong; the time elapsing 
between flashing the light or striking the  
gong and closing the switch being meas- 
ured by the " zeta " chronometer. In  

every case the rapidity of the coordinat- 
ing responses was decreased from 6 to  
8.3 per cent.  
Next, a number of accountants of all  
grades were selected, and their average  
ability to add one-figure columns was es- 
timated for one week. They were then  
given daily, in divided doses, the equiva- 
lent of three and one-half cups of claret.  
A marked and progressive diminution 
in their output was noticed, beginning  
with 3.1 per cent the first day. After  
two weeks of this steady, moderate alco- 
holic allowance the percentage increased  
to 15.3.  
Similar experiments were then tried  
on typesetters. These were required to  
set type from printed pages (to insure  
absolute uniformity of copy), and the  
total number of ems a day was computed  
for a week. Then, with daily gentle- 
manly drinks, they lost an average of  
9.6 per cent in efficiency by the end of 
the week.  
Remember all these tests were made  
upon men habituated to drinking. In  
fact, there are hardly any other kind in 
Europe; in Germany or Bavaria, at any  
rate.  
The Bavarian, German, Swedish,  
Danish, and Dutch subjects selected by  
the dispassionate professors were any- 
thing but total abstainers. They are, al-
ways have been, and in all probability  
always will be drinkers, as their fathers  
and grandfathers before them have been,  
and in all likelihood their children will  
follow in their alcoholic footsteps.  
As the experimenters gradually  
worked up to the more complex mental  
processes, the decrease in efficiency be-
came more noticeable. This was par- 
ticularly marked in the memory tests  
conducted by Professor Kraepelin and  
one of his pupils, Dr. Kiirtz, which con- 
templated committing to memory for a  
half hour every morning as many twelve- 
place figures as' was possible for each  
subject to remember. The students  
would curl their legs round the chairs,  
chew the end of their pencils, look up  
at the ceiling, and mumble " one six nine.


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,355  
eight seven three, two one eight, one  
six two," or some other group of twelve  
numbers, until they could say them  
standing on one foot, with their hands  
tied behind their backs. They would  
then tackle the next group, committing  
as many twelve-number sets to memory 
as was possible in the course of the 
half hour, repeating each set in a whis- 
per to a mentor seated beside them.  
This was carried out for a fortnight,  
after which their average was computed.  
Then the subjects were given a little  
drink each morning, just about what  
would be considered a good " eye  
opener " by the average drinker. Imme-
diately they dropped behind in their stud- 
ies. The next two weeks showed an  
average reduction of 6.2 per cent in the  
number of twelve-place figures com- 
mitted to memory.  
Not the least interesting feature in all  
this work was the absolute uniformity 
in results. The reports in one series  
were never forwarded until the conclu- 
sion of the experiments in another psy-
chological clinic. Then these were com- 
pared. Their consistency was almost 
startling.  
All these demonstrations deal only  
with very moderate indulgence in alco-
hol, such indulgence as we are accus- 
tomed to say is " good for a man,"  
" helps him to do his work," or " stimu- 
lates his mental activity." If the devia- 
tion had been increased in proportion to 
the amount administered, it is probable  
that the cautious professors would have  
had to use a yardstick or a table of loga-
rithms in order to compute the delin- 
quency.  
Perhaps the most convincing observa- 
tion was concerned in the free " asso- 
ciation of ideas." This, when the con- 
dition is raised to the fourth dimension,  
causes the party of the first part to for- 
get his watch and chain, the number of  
the house in which he lives, and his  
wife's first name. He is then in a state  
for which the vulgar have a variety  of  
picturesque names. The scientist calls  
it " alcoholic inhibition," and he can usu- 

ally define the gradients with precision.  
However, we are now considering al- 
coholic inhibition in embryo — before it  
grows up and develops, as it were — and  
the various methods employed in classi- 
fying its general characteristics. To il- 
lustrate, if the name of an object is  
spoken, immediately one thinks of some- 
thing in connection with that object.  
Professor Kraepelin's subjects were re- 
quested to write these down, enumer- 
ating as many associated objects as oc- 
curred to them in the space of five  
minutes. Two words were given at each  
seance, five minutes being allotted to  
each subject. This was repeated at in- 
tervals during the day for ten days, and  
the average number of suggested things  
reckoned up. Then each evening pre- 
ceding the next ten days a generous  
" nightcap" was donated, and the re-
sults of the following ten days' " asso- 
ciation " computed. A loss in coordinat- 
ing power in this series amounted to as 
high as 27 per cent.  
This was a remarkably convincing  
demonstration, and proves conclusively  
that one who drinks much is living only  
a small part of his normal life; for his  
brain is narcotized, partly paralyzed by  
the action of liquor.  
It may be of interest here to note that  
Professor Miinsterberg of Harvard now  
uses a modification of this association  
test as a basis for determining the adapt- 
ability of a student for certain branches 
of study, or the subsequent selection of 
a life profession. If, for example, " tool  
chest" is suggested, immediately come  
to mind the possible contents of that  
tool chest. If the aspirant for carpentry  
honors can think of only a few tools that  
should adorn and decorate that tool  
chest, the chances are that he might 
make a much better street car conductor 
than he would a contractor. And also, 
by the same token, when a group of  
young men have, as a lesson in sugges- 
tion, a number of objects, to which they  
are to add coordinate objects, and, under  
the influence of a nocturnal libation, fail  
to remember what they should remember


356  LIFE AND HEALTH  
the following morning, they are intoxi-
cated to an appreciable and measurable  
degree.  
So these studies in exact science, con- 
ducted under the strictest test conditions,  
indicate that alcohol is a depressant, an 
anesthetic, and a narcotic, and that its  
first effects on the sensory and motor  
nerves are to diminish acuteness and per-
vert activity. The first noticeable effect  
of sending the blood to the head and 
surging through the brain with increased 
velocity is not increased vigor, but in-
creased irritation, which comes just be- 
fore anesthesia and diminution of power.  
In other words, the drinker deludes him-
self. He only thinks he is thinking; for  
his very first drink has produced a defi- 
nite, measurable degree of intoxication.  
Dr. Johnson may have been right  
when he said that " wine makes a man  
pleased with himself, which is no small  
matter." But the man doesn't " please " 
the stoical ergograph, the smug " writing  
balance," the sturdy tables of figures, and  
the memory and association stunts.  
Much more the ruthless Kraepelin  
proved concerning the inhibiting effects  
of drink upon the brain, nerves, and  
senses,— how, for instance, a person able  
before taking a drink to distinguish let- 
ters, or to hear sounds at a certain dis-
tance, after the libation suffers an  
impairment of vision and hearing that  
can be stated in exact figures. The same  
thing occurs with the senses of smell,  
taste, and touch, and their enfeeblement  
can also be measured with astounding 
accuracy — although the person experi- 
mented upon never recognizes that he is  
" under the influence."  
The chief physiological action of al- 
cohol was strikingly shown when the  
leucocytes, the " white soldiers of the  
blood," were subjected to its influence.  
Under the microscope it was demon- 
strated that even a moderate quantity  
absorbed into the blood paralyzed the  
white corpuscles (phagocytes'). They  

behaved like drunken sots, they couldn't  
move fast enough to catch the disease 
germs, and when placed in the midst of 
a clump of malignant microbes were  
unable to kill and devour them. In a  
chronic alcoholic the microscope shows  
that the fighting powers of the white  
corpuscles are permanently reduced.  
This accounts for the lowered vitality of 
heavy drinkers, and explains why pneu-
monia, typhoid, or grave infectious dis- 
eases are so fatal among them.  
In fact, after continued heavy drink- 
ing, the microscope reveals that the 
phagocytes have lost their real nature,  
have returned to  a condition of savagery,  
and instead of defending their host and  
his body cells, have become degenerate  
cannibals, feeding upon the tissues and 
organs like disease germs.  
The favorite food of these alcoholized  
corpuscles is the tender cells of latest  
development, the highest and most deli- 
cate in the biological scale. These are  
the brain  cells. In proof of this, the  
presence of the gray matter of the brain  
can be demonstrated in the bodies of the  
leucocytes of drunkards. This explains  
mental degeneracy among these unfortu- 
nates, and furnishes a rather convinc'ng  
argument against the excessive use of  
liquors.  
In fact, Professor Kraepelin, his pu- 
pils, and the scientists who have re- 
corded, duplicated, and checked up his 
astonishing experiments, are now prac- 
tically unanimous in asserting that any 
and all use of alcohol is excessive, that  
those who dally  with the product of fer- 
mentation are running grave physiolog-
ical, physical, and psychical risks.  
And then, having proved beyond cavil  
that alcohol is the most dangerous en- 
emy known to man, the able scientists,  
being German before they were scien- 
tists, went out and refreshed themselves  
with beer — which is one of the incon- 
sistencies in human nature that give life  
its variety.


DOES THE USE OF BEER AMD WINE  
MAKE FOR TEMPERANCE ?  
DM.KPESS.M.D.  
T has been and is  
maintained that 
the use of wine  
and beer lessens 
the sale of whis- 
ky, brandy, and other strong alcoholic  
drinks, and therefore makes for tem- 
perance. The American Wine Press,  
the organ of the 
wine trade,  
claims that " as 
long as the  
French people  
drink their na- 
tive wines, just 
so long the  
French people  
will be a sober  
and temperate  
race," and that  
" it is now nec- 
essary for the  
French people  
to choose be-
tween alcohol, 
which is doing  
them SO' much  
harm, and wine, 
which, as for-
raerly used,  
made for good  
health and tem- 
perance."  
For centuries  
has been  

were formerly large consumers of light  
wines, are turning to stronger beverages,  
including absinth, and the number of  
suicides is increasing in corresponding  
ratio."  
The French government removed the  
taxation on wine in order to encourage  
wine drinking among its people. But it  
is evident that  
this act did not 
make for tem-
perance. The  
milder alcoholic  
beverages seem  
merely to have  
paved the way  
and created the  
appetite for  
whisky, brandy,  
and stronger al- 
coholic drinks.  
France finds  
herself today  
one of the larg- 
est consumers of 
strong alcoholic  
beverages per  
capita o f any  
country of the  
world. Encour- 
aging the use of  
wine has not 
made for tem- 
DR. D. H. KRESS  
wine 
the national drink of France. If it makes  
for temperance, why is it that the French  
people are turning more and more to the 
use of stronger alcoholic beverages?  
That they are doing this will be seen  
from the official report of the  United  
States Consular Service. In it is this  
statement: " The French people, who  

peranee in  
France; neither  
has it made for health, for France is a  
dying nation. S. H. Leroy Beaulieu,  
professor in the free school of political  
science, says: "The French people are  
rushing to suicide. If they continue  
on in this course, the French nation,  
those of French stock, will have lost a 
fifth of their number before the expira- 
357


358  LIFE AND HEALTH  
tion of the present century, and will  
absolutely have vanished from Europe  
by the end of the twenty-second century. 
The French people are gradually com- 
mitting suicide. They are tightening the 
cord about the national neck; the breath  
of life is becoming feebler,- and now is  
but a gasp which must soon end in si- 
lence."  
The beer industry in the United  
States has developed practically during 
the past sixty years. Previous to this,  
GOING TO SCHOOL  
Entering the school as Graduating with full  
a freshman. honors.  
very little beer was sold. Whisky,  
brandy, and other spirituous liquors  
were used. The average consumption  
of alcohol was at that time one and one- 
third gallons per capita annually. Now  
the breweries turn out about sixty-five  
million barrels of beer annually.  
The annual consumption of pure alco- 
hol per capita in the beer consumed is  
at present over one and one-half gal- 
lons. There is more alcohol consumed  
in the beer that is used than was con- 
sumed sixty years ago in the form of 
whisky, brandy, and all the other alco- 
holic beverages combined.  
The increase in the use of beer has,  
however, not resulted in a decrease in  
the use of the stronger drinks. The  
average consumption of alcohol per  

capita has increased from one and one- 
third gallons to over one and one-half  
gallons. That is, we are consuming over 
twice the amount of alcohol per capita  
we did sixty years ago.  
Which is doing the greater injury,  
beer or whisky? Whisky, which con- 
tains fifty per cent alcohol with pure  
water added to reduce it to four per *  
cent, is less injurious than is beer, which  
contains four per cent of alcohol, and *  
other questionable products. The beer  
drinker becomes a physical degenerate •  
earlier in life than does the whisky  
drinker. He dies young, and for this  
reason is always regarded a poor risk 
by life insurance companies. It is diffi-
cult to find a beer drinker with normal  
liver, kidneys, heart, or other vital or- 
gans. He has an abundance of flesh, 
but it is inferior in quality. In the city  
of Munich, where beer drinking is so  
common, Dr. Ballinger, director of the  
Anatomico - Pathological Institution,  
says, " It is difficult to find an adult male  
resident with a normal heart or kid- 
neys."  
The moral degeneracy produced by  
beer seems to be equally marked. Pro- 
fessor Binz, of the University of Bonn, 
in speaking of the use of beer by the *  
students of Germany, says: " The flood-
ing of the stomach and brain with beer, 
so prevalent among our students, I re- * 
gard as a national evil, whether con- 
sidered from the hygienic, economic, or  
intellectual point of view." In speaking  
of its moral effects, Dr. A. Forel, of the »  
University of Zurich, says: " One  only  
needs to study in  Germany the beer  
jokes', beer conversation, and beer liter- 
ature. Among the academic youth of  
Germany the drinking of beer has truly  
killed the ideals and the ethics, and has *  
produced an incredible vulgarity."  
Dr. Edward Hartman says: " Al- «  
though of all nations Germany has the *  
greatest capacity for culture, the general  
culture of its higher classes  is under- 
going frightful retrogression, because of  
the beer consumption of its students."  
Germany is becoming alarmed, and is  
now doing all she can to discourage the


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,359  
use of beer. Beer has not made for  
either health or temperance in Germany.  
Kaiser Wilhelm has recently predicted 
that in the next great war the nation  
which consumes the least alcohol will  
win. This statement is doubly signifi- 
cant, coming as it does from beer-drink- 
ing Germany's representative.  
Beer for years has been the favorite  
drink in England, as wine has been in  
France. In the year 1825, when the  
duty on the strong alcoholic drinks was  
reduced from twelve shillings a gallon  
to seven shillings, we are informed that  
" the thirst for the new liquid spread  
with all the rapidity of lightning." Eng-
land's leading statesmen reasoned that  
this wave of intemperance and crime  
could be stayed by affording greater fa- 
cility for the sale of beer. An act was  
passed in 1830 allowing beer to be sold  
without a license; all that was demanded  
was for two to certify that the retailer 
was a respectable person. This, it was  
thought, would wean the people from the  
use of spirits and result in the improve- 
ment of morals.  
Lord Brougham in ^advocating this  
measure said, " It was giving the people 
what under present circumstances might  
be called a moral species of beverage."  
The Duke of Wellington also favored  
it. He said he was sure the measure  
would be attended with the most bene- 
ficial consequences to the lower orders.  
The Chancellor of the Exchequer de- 
clared the measure would produce " a  
more wholesome beverage, and would  
improve the morals."  
When this bill was finally passed,  
England's leaders thought a great vic-
tory had been scored. The Duke of  
Wellington proclaimed it a greater  
achievement than any of his military 
victories. These men were sadly disap- 
pointed in the results, for a wave of 
general demoralization followed. Rev.  
Sydney Smith, who favored the bill and  
who also expected much good would  
be accomplished by it, afterward said:  
" The new beer bill has begun its oper- 
ations. Everybody is drunk. Those who  
are not singing are sprawling. The sov- 

ereign people are in a beastly state."  
Another writer said that from his own  
knowledge he could declare that these  
beer shops had made many who were  
previously sober and industrious, drunk- 
ards, and many mothers had also be- 
come tipplers. The English press, 
which before had favored the bill, now 
changed its attitude and wrote against it.  
The Globe said: "The injury done  
by the beer act to the peace and order 
of the rural neighborhood, not to men- 
THOSE PRETTY WHISKY ADVERTISEMENTS  
They show the young man when he starts but  
not when he finishes. This cartoon shows start  
and finish.  
tion domestic unhappiness, industry, and 
economy, has been proved by witnesses 
from every class of society to have ex- 
ceeded the evils of any single act of  
internal administration passed within the  
memory of man."  
The Liverpool Mail said: "A more  
pernicious concession to popular opinion,  
and so prejudicial to public morals in the  
rural districts, in villages, hamlets, and  
roadsides of England, never was made  
by the blind senators of a bad govern- 
ment in the worst times."  
Neither did it accomplish its design  
in diminishing the number of public 
houses, or the sale of distilled liquors.


360  LIFE AND HEALTH  
A select committee of the House of  
Commons reported: " The act, without  
destroying a single public house, had  
added fifty thousand still more baleful  
houses to the list of temptations so bale- 
ful to the people."  
G. F. Drury, Esq., a magistrate, said:  
" The beer bill has done more to brutal- 
ize the English laborer, and to take him  
from his family and fireside to the worst  
associations, than almost any measure 
that could have been devised. It has  
furnished victims for the jails, the  
hulks, and the gallows, and has fright- 
fully extended the evils of pauperism  
and moral debasement."  
In 1869, or forty years later, a com- 
mittee for the lower house of the Con-
vocation of Canterbury, reported : " This  
measure, though introduced in 1830 for  
the avowed purpose of repressing in- 

temperance by counteracting the temp- 
tations to the excessive drinking of ar- 
dent spirits afforded in public houses,  
has been abundantly proved not only to  
have failed of its benevolent purpose,  
but to have served throughout the coun- 
try to multiply and intensify the very 
evils it was intended to remove." Some  
one has said, " That ' free beer ' dimin- 
ishes drunkenness may be logic, but it 
isn't fact."  
It is evident, from the experiences of  
other countries as well as our own, that  
the use of beer and wine paves the way,  
by creating the appetite, for stronger 
drinks. Instead of lessening the con- 
sumption of whisky, brandy, and other  
strong alcoholic drinks, beer and wine 
increase it; and instead of making for  
health, they are possibly more injurious  
than the stronger drinks.


BACK WITH THE SALOON AS  
A "SAFETY FIRST- MEASURE1  
THOMAS D. I/VEST  

HE very fact that saloons en- 
deavor to cluster around indus- 
trial plants and to locate as  
close as they can to the en- 
trances and exits, demonstrates that 
there are highly prized opportunities in  
such locations for the sale of intoxicat- 
ing liquors. The patronage of these sa- 
loons must be chiefly among the em- 
ployees of the factory, or they would  
not be located there.  
The annual bill for the consumption  
of beer, liquors,  
and wines in our  
.country is said to  
be in the neigh- 
borhood of $2,- 
000,000,000. A  
surprising per- 
centage of this 
vast consumption  
befogs the brains 
of men who are  
intrusted with the  
handling of ma- 
chinery, tools, | 
and appliances in •*»«»—"" 
the diverse indus- 
tries of the United States. The tipplers 
among these men are bound to be less 
cautious than others, even when engaged 
in dangerous employments.  
Many instances are cited by employ- 
ers and liability insurance agencies of  
the responsibility of the near-by saloon  
for the maiming and killing of men in  
factories, and of its being at the bottom  
of various kinds of trouble when men  
have carried its sense-destroying influ- 
ence into their workaday hours.  
That the close proximity of saloons  
to establishments having machinery or  
tools in any form is one of the chief  
1 Reprinted from the Survey of Dec. 20, 1913.  

Mr. West is the manager of the  
West Steel Foundry Company,  
Cleveland, Ohio. A " self-trained " 
foundryman, he is author of sev- 
eral books on metallurgy and shop 
practice. For many years he has 
taken an active interest in social  
questions, and he comes forward  
with the interesting suggestion 
that, as a safety measure, there  
should be a prohibition zone around 
industrial plants, just as around 
schools and churches.  

contributing factors in accidents, should 
interest every manufacturer, society,  
State or municipal authority, now taking  
any active part in our nation's rampant 
crusade of " safety first."  
It is inconceivable that any man or  
body of men proposing to take an active  
interest in " safety first" work should  
hesitate about doing all in their power to  
assist the work of " back with the sa- 
loon  
The laws of today say to our indus- 
tries, If a man in  
your employ loses  
his fingers, a n  
eye, or a limb,  
you or your in-
surance agencies  
are liable to the  
payment of a  
heavy indemnity.  
Still saloons are  
licensed to be lo- 
cated next door 
to factories, to  
I sell employees  
~ drink that will  
weaken their  
limbs, befuddle their intellects, and thus  
render them liable to accidents that all  
the best safety appliances and watchful- 
ness of managers, superintendents, or  
foremen in this world cannot prevent.  
This inconsistent outwitting of justice,  
common sense, and humanity, supported  
by laws, is responsible for many of the  
2,000,000 injuries and 35,000 deaths that  
occur annually in the United States.  
The author of this article knows from  
experience what he is writing about. 
He is chairman and managing director  
of a hazardous industry located in Cleve-
land, and for some years there has been  
a saloon within a few feet of his office  
.361


362  LIFE AND HEALTH  
and the employees' entrance. But,  
thanks to John Krause and Edward W. 
Horn, the county license commissioners  
of Cuyahoga County, who realized the  
importance of " back with the saloon,"  
on Nov. 24, 1913, this saloon, with oth-
ers near industries in our city, was  
closed.  
Drinking in Work Hours  
The manner in which our employees  
would scheme to leave their post of duty  
to steal out to the saloon and get back  
without being caught, displayed great in- 
genuity. It showed that these men were  
not lacking in intelligence. Neverthe- 
less, intoxicants could get the better of 
these capable men and make them not  
only wholly incapable of exercising care  
or good judgment in protecting them-
selves and others from injury, but actu-
ally make them instrumental in causing  
accidents that would not occur among  
level-headed men.  
When saloons are in such close prox- 
imity to industries that men can get to 
them and back again within five to fif- 
teen minutes, they can slip out occa-
sionally without being missed. Under  
such circumstances a " boss " may not 
have reason to suspect there has been 
any drinking until he hears loud talk,  
a quarrel begins, or some one is injured 
or killed.  
There is only one sure safeguard  
against these accidents. That is for our  
laws to permit no saloon to be located  
so near a factory that the men can reach 
it, unnoticed by gatemen or watchmen,  
by breaking through or aeroplaning  
fences. This security calls for saloons'  
being all the way from five hundred to 
one thousand or more feet, according to 
conditions and locality, clear of the plant 
limits.  
There are three distinct conditions  
that demand special consideration, any  
one of which would justify refusing li-
censes to saloons seeking to be near in- 
dustrial plants: —  
First, saloons should be kept back  
from all industries that have work of a  
hazardous character, or where it is es- 

pecially necessary for operatives to keep  
their wits about them to avoid injuring  
themselves or others, or where care must 
be exercised to do good work and avoid  
destruction of property by fire, violence, 
or accidents.  
Second, industries that are called upon  
to work men at nighttime especially  
should be free from the danger of quar- 
reling, trouble, strikes, and accidents due  
to the existence of near-by saloons.  
Third, all saloons should be refused  
licenses wherever girls and women who 
pass them must traverse lonely or squalid 
districts in their journeying to and from 
their homes.  
We are informed of one large firm  
employing men and women, where the  
latter in passing saloons on their way  
to work were often accosted by tipsy 
men, bums, and loiterers. Finally it be- 
came so unbearable that their employ- 
ers, in seeking to protect them, went to 
great expense in making new gate en- 
trances to an adjoining street where  
there was no saloon, in order that  
women operatives might journey with- 
out danger of insult to and from their  
homes. There were no laws or means  
to keep back the saloon, however, and  
it was but a few months before a new 
saloon was located for full-blast opera- 
tion on each side of the company's new  
gate entrances.  
The Saloon Lunch  
The location of saloons near industrial  
plants is objectionable not only for all  
the above reasons, but also on the  
ground that it causes many to acquire 
the habit of drinking, with all its evils, 
who otherwise would not do so. Young  
people, seeing older men sneak out for  
a drink, think they show smartness by  
imitating them. Men fighting their en-
slaving appetites get wafts of beer from  
buckets, bottles, and the breath of tip- 
plers, and are often driven back to drink 
in spite of a manly fight.  
Some take the position that intoxi- 
cants are a necessary stimulant to many,  
especially in hot work or during the  
summer time. Experience shows that


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,363  
this is an error. There is no hotter 
work than attending crucible furnaces,  
where the man has to stand directly over  
seething pots of molten steel with a blaz- 
ing flame coming up all around, his  
clothes protected by asbestos covering.  
This is the hottest work imaginable,— 
a perfect Hades,— but we know men  
who in this work would never for one  
moment think of drinking anything but 
water. Again, the writer, a small man,  
a teetotaler, carried " bull ladles" of 
molten metal in his younger days with-
out difficulty, when much larger men 
drinking beer, and thinking it necessary, 
would " play out."  
There are those who maintain that sa- 
loons are needed in the neighborhood of  
industrial plants so that the employees  
may be able to obtain hot soup for lunch.  
We do not deny that to those who have 
developed a craving for liquor it would  
be something of a hardship to be de- 
prived of the saloon. There is no rea- 

son, however, why beer drinking must  
accompany a luncheon of hot soup.  
Meals in an industrial neighborhood can 
certainly be supplied in a much more 
respectable and beneficial way than by  
having saloons anchored to our indus- 
tries.  
The United States census for 1910  
gives the State of Ohio 5,828 barrooms.  
Under the new law the permissible ratio  
of saloons to population is now one to  
500 people. Consequently, on Nov. 24,  
1913, 2,647 saloons were compelled to  
quit business in our State. In Cleveland  
we had 2,184 bars, of which 898 were  
closed after the above date.  
This limitation of one saloon to 500  
population will no doubt be attacked as  
unconstitutional. Some are even now  
taking the position that if they cannot  
be granted a retail license, there is noth- 
ing to stop their conducting a wholesale  
business by selling not less than two gal-
lons of intoxicants at one time.


364  LIFE AND HEALTH  
Such a license practice as above would  
undoubtedly  be more harmful to " safety  
first" than retailing. Wholesale selling 
by saloons close to factories would sim- 
ply mean that a workman who was  
formerly satisfied, when stealing out, to  
take one drink at the bar, or carry it  
into the shop workroom in a little tin  
" PERSONAL LIBERTY "  
pail or pocket bottle, would then either  
have to carry it in a water pail or drink  
all he could at the bar and place what-
ever was left in a locker to be provided  
by the saloon keeper. Whatever the  
choice, the result would be worse than  
present practice.  
A large number of the licenses re- 
jected in Cleveland were in close prox-
imity to industrial concerns. The writer  
took a lively interest in this activity,  
having been appointed chairman of a  
committee to conduct a national cam- 
. paign to push back the saloon from the  
doorways of industrial  plants. This  
campaign was resolved  upon at an en- 

thusiastic session of the convention of  
American Foundrymen's Association  
which met in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1913.  
The committee, when completed, will  
comprise a member of our association  
from every State, and will seek to en-
list the earnest cooperation  of the gov- 
ernors, legislatures,  and license commis- 
sioners of each State as far as possible  
in the work of " back with the saloon."  
This committee will also, as the writer  
is now doing single-handed,  appeal to  
our country's industrial,  reform, and la- 
bor publications  to give all possible pub- 
licity to this issue. In this connection,  
the writer desires  to thank George  
Smart, editor of the Iron Trade Review, 
for much good he has done the cause by  
editorials  and by publishing articles of  
the writer's on the subject.  
It is to be distinctly  understood  that  
this crusade of " back with the saloon "  
is wholly in the interest of " safety first." 
The writer was drawn into this work 
through the interest he had previously  
taken as pioneer in safety work by start- 
ing the American Anti-Accident  Associ- 
ation at Sharpsville, Pa., Jan. 22, 1908.  
On Feb. 11, 1909, a public meeting was  
held in New York City to solicit the co- 
operation of our leading industries,  edi- 
tors, and insurance companies in this  
work. The meeting gave impetus to a  
national campaign to prevent accidents,  
which is now attracting the attention of  
welfare workers as much as any other  
issue of the hour, if not more.  
It is natural, therefore, that the writer  
should realize the confidence which the  
American Foundrymen's  Association  
has placed in him, and be desirous  of  
doing the best he can to accomplish ef- 
fective results. He hopes that the pow-
ers that be in our various States will  
effectually respond to the appeals of this  
article and the forthcoming later solici- 
tations of our American Foundrymen's  
Association Committee.


KIOM-WLDE 1  
PROHIBITION  

S B.  NORTON  

[See frontispiece—"Wet" and " Dry" Map.]  
I 

N April and May Congressional  
Committees on the Judiciary gave  
four days to hearings on the sub- 
ject of national prohibition, provision  
for which was contemplated in House  
Joint Resolution  
168 and Senate  
Joint Resolutions  
88 and 50. Be- 
fore the House  
Committee on the  
Judiciary ap- 
peared Repre- 
sentative Rich- 
mond Pearson  
Hobson, Dr. Ed- 
win C. Dinwid-
die, national rep- 
resentative of the  
Anti - Saloon  
League of Amer- 
ica, the leaders of  
the W. C. T. U„  
besides represen- 
tatives from the  
different Protestant churches, including  
the Seventh-day Adventist. These hear- 
ings were the outcome of a demon- 
stration which took place in the city 
of Washington on December 10, last,  
when memorials in behalf of an amend- 

Unless checked, the prohibi- 
tionists will accomplish their  
purpose. There are grave prob-
abilities that a Constitutional 
amendment will go to the  
States within a year, or possibly 
even sooner, and once sent to 
the States no power on earth 
can prevent its eventual ratifi- 
cation. — General Counsel of  
the National Wholesale Liquor  
Dealers' Association, to Mr. Ed- 
ward Marshall, a writer in New  
York Times. Quoted in New  
Republic, May 22, 1914.  

ment providing for nation-wide prohibi-
tion were presented to representatives of  
the Senate and House, on the Capitol  
steps. The provision for nation-wide  
prohibition, if adopted, will become part  
of the Constitu- 
tion.  
The reasons  
assigned for the  
need of such an 
amendment 10 
the national Con-
stitution were set  
forth in a pream- 
ble which stated  
that " scientific 
research has  
demonstrated that 
alcohol is a nar- 
cotic poison, de- 
structive and de- 
generating to the  
human organism,  
and that its dis-
tribution as a  
beverage or contained in foods lays a  
staggering economic burden upon the  
shoulders of the people," etc.  
Strong speeches were made before  
both committees, from which we present  
the following excerpts. Representative  
THE MEMORABLE PETITION TO CONGRESS FOR NATIONAL PROHIBITION


366 LIFE AND HEALTH  
Hobson said, among other things: —  
" Careful investigations,  substantial,  system- 
atic, and scientific,  indicate that over two thirds  
of the drinkers began drinking and had con-
tracted the habit before they were twenty-one  
years of age; that nearly one third contracted  
the habit before they were sixteen years of 
age, and that actually seven per cent contracted 
the habit before they were twelve years of  
age. Now, another analysis: Who is it that 
teaches the boy to drink? It is not the drinker. 
There would be very few men base enough,  
though they drink themselves,  to go and teach  
boys to drink. It is only done by those whose  
business  is developed and expanded by the  
development of the appetite in the boy, so  
that when he grows up as a drinking man they  
can get the profit. That is what is done. It  
is done by the organized liquor interests, and  
they do it systematically.  You go into any  
city in the country and you will see how it is  
done. Now, then, the moment you kill the  
liquor interest of America, the organized liquor  
business, you stop the debauching of the youth.  
In other words, the federal government kills  
the monster. It is not undertaking to affect  
the old people, but the moment you kill this 
monster, the moment you destroy the liquor  
interest of America, it gives the boy a chance 
to grow up sober; then the next generation  
will be sober, and that is the organic cure."  
Senator Sheppard, in his speech be- 
fore the  subcommittee of the Committee  

on the Judiciary of the United States 
Senate, said, among other things: —  
" The proponents of the national prohibition  
amendment assert that the American Republic  
cannot endure if the liquor traffic continues  
to absorb the earnings and the energies of the  
people — to threaten their moral and material  
welfare. The annual consumption of wines  
and liquors now averages about twenty-two  
gallons for every man, woman, and child in 
the United States. We assert that this country 
cannot withstand the economic loss that comes  
from an annual waste of two and a quarter  
billions_  of dollars, a sum more than double  
the national debt, and from the use of millions 
of fertile acres for the production of grain 
and fruit to be rotted into alcohol, but for  
which these acres would be making bread and  
meat for the nation's sustenance. It is an  
evil transcending the scope of police powers  
that _ pertain to the morals, the health, the  
physical safety of State populations, although  
it is partially within the scope of such powers. 
It portends economic disaster for the nation. 
The nation is threatened, and the nation must  
act. The preservation of the republic demands  
that the traffic in intoxicating  liquors shall  
cease. It is an evil of such proportions and of  
such character that the nation must take part  
in the struggle against it."  
An interesting contribution to the  
question was given by Mr. Anderson. 
Anti-Saloon League representative from


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,367  
New York State, in which he presented  
the following letter : —  
" Keeley Institute,  
" Dwight, 111.  
" GENTLEMEN : Our customers  are your pro  
spective patients.  
" We can put on your desk a mailing list  
of over 50,000 individual consumers of liquor.  
The list is the result of thousands of dollars  
of advertising.  
" Each individual on the list is a regular  
user of liquor.  
"The list of names is new, live, and active.  
We know because we have circularized it reg- 
ularly. We will furnish this list in quantities 
at the prices listed below. Remittance to ac-
company each order.  
" 40,000-50,000 $400  
20,000 300  
10,000 200  
" We will not furnish this list in lots of less  
than 10.000. Discontinuance of business Jan- 
uary 1 is the occasion of our selling our mail- 
ing list.  
" Yours truly,  
" KENTUCKY DISTILLERS' Co.;  
"W. FRANKLIN, President."  
One of the most pertinent addresses  

011 the subject was delivered by Rev.  
Charles F. Morris, colored, of Norfolk,  
Va. We quote from his speech as  
follows: —  
" Speaking more particularly about my own  
people, my people were protected before they  
became  free. About once a year the laws were  
relaxed a little bit. We had practical prohi- 
bition in the South before the war. We were 
property then, and we were not allowed to 
destroy ourselves; but things relaxed a little  
bit, during Christmas, and we could get a  good  
drink once a year, which was looked forward 
to joyfully by a good  many. But since the  
war our people have been free to destroy  
themselves. . . .  
" There are 1,500 Negro men in the peni- 
tentiary of Virginia, ninety-nine per cent of  
whom are there through the influence of liq- 
uor, which caused them to commit crime. I  
will venture to say that  before the war  there  
was not a crime  against womanhood in the  
South that was committed by my race. I be- 
lieve Bishop Haygood stated some years ago  
that there was perhaps one case in Alabama.  
During the war, when the chivalry of the  
South marched away, these black men, to the  
number of a million, went into the fields and  

Good Night !  

THE UNIVERSAL VERDICT


368  LIFE AND HEALTH  
fed the armies that would have been starved 
into submission within a year if they had not  
wrought there. And at night the black man  
came from his toil in the field and laid him-
self as a guard before the door of the woman  
that had bred his master; and during all that  
time not a baby was brained, not a woman  
was wronged in all that turbulent period, and  
the main reason for that was that the black  
man could not get liquor. With the man- 
hood of the South away on the battle field  
and liquor at the door, God only knows  what  
red record would have been written at that  
time. We ask you now to free the black  
man from something to which he was not a  
slave before the war."  
Mr. Dinwiddie exhibited letters from  
governors in prohibition States, from  
which he read extracts showing the  
great good that had been accomplished 
through the operation of prohibition  
laws. He referred also to the speech  
of Emperor William of Germany, in  
which he advised his nation to free it-
self from the evil of alcohol and drink, 
because, he said, " Alcohol causes nine  
tenths of the crime, undermines the  

nervous system, weakens the nation."  
The House Committee on the Judi- 
ciary reported without recommendation  
the Joint Resolution 168, and it was  
placed upon the calendar for the con- 
sideration of the House. In the mean- 
time, a caucus of the ruling party in the  
House decided to postpone consideration 
of national prohibition until the next  
session of Congress, which will convene  
on the first Monday of December of the  
current year. It must be admitted that  
the resolution placed members of the 
House in an embarrassing position when  
we consider that election day, when an- 
other Congress is to be voted for, comes 
in November. And as the Hobson  
amendment is the first measure of its  
kind to be placed squarely before Con-
gress, the matter of going on record one  
way or the other by the members is of  
supreme importance to their political 
welfare.


CLIPPINGS  
[This article by Geo. F. Butler, A. M., M. D., appeared in the Medical Times, June,  
1914.— ED.]  
The Testimony of the Psychological  
Laboratory  
W 
E will consider the much-argued ques- 
tion of alcohol and its effects on man.  
Does whisky make a person more brilliant or 
less so? Formerly we had no exact proofs  
on this question, either for or against, and a  
great many persons could always be found on  
both sides of it, some interpreting their ex- 
perience as indicating the affirmative, and some  
the negative. And we were bothered with the  
matter of the personal equation. Some were  
held to be made more brilliant and some less,  
but how much more or how much less, or in 
what ways, it has been left to experimental  
psychology to determine with exactness, and  
this it does as follows : —  
We first ask the subject, any given person,  
to go through, in his normal condition, a se-
ries of mental operations, measuring his speed 
in terms of a thousandth of a second. We  
give him a common sum in addition, noting  
accurately the time he consumes in finding  
the answer. We then pass him a list of fifty  
words, and he is asked to read them to him- 
self, at the same time speaking instantly the  
first word suggested to him by the sight of  
each word in the list, and we mark the nature  
of the spoken word as well as the time em- 
ployed in thinking what word to speak. Then  
we measure the celerity and accuracy with 
which he counts the number of words on the  
page of a book. We ask him to repeat the 
first line of the first poem or other writing 
that comes into his head, noting the time that  

he requires to begin speaking. After this we  
test his memory by giving him a number  of  
ideas of our own, and asking him to put as  
many of them as he remembers, and as quickly 
as he can, into words of his own, and these  
results also we accurately record.  
There are countless other tests that can be  
given the subject, each one of which may  
throw, in its results, a little light on the prob- 
lem of this individual's mind-content in its  
normal condition, the sum of all of them put-
ting him before us in all his nakedness; but  
those given here are enough to indicate the 
method employed. Then, having been tested 
in all these particulars while in the normal  
condition, he is given similar tests while under 
the influence of this or that dose of stimulant, 
and the sums of the two results are compared 
with all the certainty and accuracy of a math- 
ematical problem, and we find that, in this  
man's case, certain differences are manifest  
between the normal and alcoholic conditions of 
mind. We then go through the tests with 
other men, and find as a result, without a  
single exception, that the only sense in which  
any or all of these men can be said to show  
increased brilliance  under the impetus of al- 
cohol, is in the matter of outer images, things,  
objects of space and time, superficial; and 
this only for a few minutes, after which the 
mind drops back to a slower working than  
before. Ideas initiative, mental accuracy, de- 
termination, are dulled almost to the point of 
extinction, depending upon the amount of the 
dose or doses taken.  
sa % %  
[The following editorial from the Medical Times, a staid medical journal, not in any  
way identified with an antialcohol propaganda, is significant as showing how the medical  
profession is coming to regard the liquor business.— ED.]  
Alcoholism  
^TO class is better acquainted with the 
-L ^ dreadful social effects of alcoholism than  
the medical profession, and we are interested  
in the sociological phases of the subject  
hardly less than in the scientific. Therefore  
we are interested in the efforts of the prohi- 
bitionists to prohibit. We know that prohibi- 
tion of the conventional sort does not prohibit, 
and we know why. We are as anxious as  
any one 10 see the last of a destroying vice,  
but we cannot s;1 how anything short of the  
cessation of manufacture can affect the situ- 
ation. Prohibition of the sale of alcohol is  
futile as long as the stuff is manufactured for  
other than legitimate purposes. Just as the 
amount of cocaine needed for legitimate pur- 
poses is approximately known, why should not  
the same knowledge be had of alcohol? Why 
should _ not legislation upon alcohol be insti- 
tuted similar to that upon cocaine? The chief  
difference in the two poisons, practically  

speaking, is that one accomplishes its demoral- 
ization quickly, the other slowly. As medical 
men we are interested in preventing mental  
and physical demoralization, however brought  
about and whether at a slow or rapid rate.  
Theoretical discussions as to the food value  
of alcohol and its rational use are rather be- 
side the point, since there is very little ra- 
tional use of the stuff. It cannot be denied  
that, as commonly used, poisonous effects are  
induced. And what used to be a supposed 
rational use, namely, the employment of al- 
cohol in certain diseases, has dwindled greatly.  
Our alcoholics might well be left to destroy  
themselves as a matter of personal freedom 
and of riddance to the community, were it not 
for the social havoc that flows from the vice. 
This makes it a concern of government. It  
is not those who profit commercially from the  
sale of the poison that should decide the issue,  
but those whose lives and happiness are in  
jeopardy.  
.369


370  LIFE AND HEALTH  
In this connection a word might be said  
anent alcoholic finance. One who has been 
much in touch with active financiers  of all de- 
grees of importance will have been impressed 
with their seeming dependence upon " booze."  
It is our opinion that much of the queerness  
of our high finance is traceable to alcohol.  
There is a deal of artificially  induced courage  
on the " street." Courage is needed in many 
of the affairs that are "pulled off" in the finan-
cial district, and so is imagination. Both are  
quickened by gin fizzes and cocktails. What  
we call our effete civilization  is really a pretty  
lively game of cutthroat competition  in certain  
phases; not all the courage of men is displayed  
on the frontier and on battle fields. Our  
neurasthenics  cannot stand up with strong  
men in the competitive financial  struggle with- 
out the aid of strong drink. The ultimate  
nervous breakdowns and cardiovascular disas- 

ters are not due wholly to stress and strain,  
but largely to alcoholism as well. Visit the  
midday clubs, restaurants, hotels, and cafes, 
and take note.  
We cannot ignore the tendency of men who  
by drastic measures are deprived of alcohol to  
seek other and worse drugs, yet from all ac- 
counts the use of such drugs is increasing  
mightily  even where there is little or no re- 
striction with respect to alcohol. We have  
this problem to deal with in any case. All 
of these habits have their roots deep down in  
social pathology, and it is not enough to apply  
drastic disciplinary  measures of the sort sug- 
gested; we must put our house in thorough 
order and make life worth living before we  
can hope to abate practices through which  
men futilely  attempt to meet the aimless grind  
of this gray old world. Who can blame them  
for occasionally inducing  a roseate anesthesia?  
MS US  
[The following confession by a liquor periodical, and the comments by the Outlook, speak  
for themselves.—  ED.]  
The Handwriting on the Wall  
T 
HE prohibition fight henceforth will be na- 
tion wide, and contemplates writing into  
the national Constitution  a prohibition of the  
manufacture and sale of all alcoholic bever-
ages. To accomplish this result will require  
the ratification of thirty-six  out of the forty- 
eight States of the Union. Of these, nine are 
already in line through State prohibition-— 
Maine, Kansas, North Dakota, Oklahoma, 
Mississippi,  Georgia, Tennessee, North Caro- 
lina, West Virginia. The last five have been  
added within a period of six years. In addi- 
tion to  these there are eighteen States in which  
a major part of the people live in territory 
made dry by local option, and in which we  
may be assured prohibition  sentiment predomi- 
nates. . . .  
The most influential  argument against pro- 
hibition is that it is not effective, that " pro-
hibition  does not prohibit." This is not basic  
nor moral; the fact of failure to enforce is no 
argument against even the expediency, much 
less against the moral issue involved. Ulti-
mately all questions  must be settled by moral  
standards; only in this way can mankind be  
saved from self-effacement.  The liquor traffic  
cannot save itself by declaring that govern- 
ment is incapable of coping with the problem  
it presents; when the people decide that it  
must go, it will be banished. . . .  
For this the liquor business is to blame ; it  
seems incapable of learning any lesson of ad- 
vancement or any motive but profit. To per-
petuate itself it has formed alliances with the  
slums that repel all conscientious  and patriotic  
citizens.  It deliberately aids the most corrupt  
political powers, and backs with all its re-
sources the most unworthy men, the most cor-
rupt and recreant officials. It does not aid  
the purification of municipal,  State, or national  
administration.  Why? — Because it has to ask  
immunity  for its own lawlessness. . . .  
The case of the liquor traffic is called for  

adjudication by the American people, and must  
be ready for trial. Other cases may be called 
later, but the one before the court cannot be  
postponed. . . . There are billions of prop- 
erty involved. . . . But when the people decide 
that the truth is being told about the alcoholic 
liquor trade, the money value will not count;  
for conscience, aroused, puts the value of a  
man above all other things.— National Liquor  
Dealers' Journal.  
A Confession,  Not a Charge  
T 
HE above quotation is not, as might be ex- 
pected, taken from the columns of a jour- 
nal devoted to the cause of prohibition. It is 
part of a leading editorial which appeared in  
the pages of the National Liquor Dealers'  
Journal. The writer of that editorial is ap- 
parently convinced that the liquor business will  
wake up to its impending ruin just about  
soon enough to attend its own funeral. From  
such a source this statement comes as an ex- 
traordinary confession  of fact and fear. " To  
us," says the Liquor Dealers' Journal in this  
same editorial, " there is the handwriting  on  
the wall, and its interpretation spells doom."  
The progress which the antialcohol  move- 
ment has made in the last decade is one of the  
most significant  testimonials  to the awakening  
social consciousness  of the nation. The anti- 
alcohol movement is growing because it is  
proving its case in the court of popular judg- 
ment. It is the result of a sentiment both  
scientific  and democratic.  
The rapidity with which the desire for na- 
tional prohibition is spreading is shown, not 
only by the serious regard bestowed upon it  
by organs of the liquor traffic, but by the fact  
that it now for the first time begins to loom  
above the horizon of national politics as a  
practical issue. . . .  
In New York State the Anti-Saloon League  
has presented to the legislature an optional  
liquor prohibition law which represents the


GENERAL ARTICLES  ,371  
fruit of twenty years' experience in drafting  
antiliquor legislation.  Needless to say, this pro- 
posed law has " teeth" of very obvious char-
acter. Perhaps the chief merit of this proposed 
law lies in its provisions for enforcement and  
the obtaining  of evidence against offenders.  
This bill is frankly intended to prepare the  
Empire State for ultimate national prohibi- 
tion, such as was proposed to Congress in the  
resolution of the Anti-Saloon  League carried  
to the Capitol last December by a committee of 
one thousand men and women.  
The advantages of national prohibition  over  
State prohibition may be stated as follows:  
Importation  from outside the borders of the  

country could be prevented as well as the  
transportation  of liquor from one State to  
another. Placing the suppression of the liquor  
traffic in federal hands would furthermore  
eliminate local liquor selling and manufactur-
ing, just as federal taxation of liquor produc- 
tion has so effectively  prevented the operation  
of illicit  stills throughout the country. Fed- 
eral prohibition,  if effective, would take away  
the chief weapon and the chief opportunity for 
corruption from the local politician of unde- 
sirable tendencies. The question of national  
prohibition  is one which we expect to see  
brought before the country with increasing in- 
sistence.— Outlook, March 14,- 1914.  

& & %  

FIFTY DOCTORS AGAINST ALCOHOL  

I  

~ ical men gave addresses in  
Birmingham and the surrounding dis- 
trict, on alcohol and the human body.  
The following compilation of the lead- 
ing thought expressed in these fifty ad- 
dresses, is particularly valuable as a 
condensed statement of what is recog- 
nized and supported by the very best  
evidence up to the present day: —  
- That alcohol does not quench but awakens  
thirst.  
That alcohol is of no value when work is to  
be done.  
That alcohol diminishes  the quality and total  
output of manual work of all kinds.  
That alcohol causes great deterioration of  
the quality of intellectual  work.  
That alcohol blunts perception and feeling,  
impairs moral sense, and impedes intellectual  
processes.  
That alcohol, when taken by children, checks  
growth and development, both mentally and  
bodily.  
That alcohol weakens the power of self- 
control, thus leading to immorality  and crime,  
poverty and misery.  
That alcohol has a narcotic poisonous action,  
and must be classed with chloroform and  
ether.  
That alcohol predisposes both directly and  
indirectly to infectious  fevers.  
That alcohol is now known to be one of the  
most important factors in rendering patients  
more susceptible to the attacks of the tubercle  
bacillus, and so to tuberculosis.  

That in pneumonia and typhoid fever alcohol  
does more harm than good.  
That alcohol hastens the end in a fatal ill- 
ness, but prolongs the duration of the illness  
in those cases in which the patient recovers.  
That alcohol predisposes to heat stroke in  
hot weather.  
That alcohol causes rapid loss of heat in  
cold weather.  
That alcohol causes degeneration of the heart  
and blood vessels.  
That alcohol is one of the great predisposing  
causes of heart failure and cerebral hemor-
rhage.  
That alcohol often causes neuritis,  or in- 
flammation of the nerves.  
That alcohol is one of the great causes of  
degeneration, or too rapid aging of the tissues  
of the body.  
That those who take no alcohol can per- 
form more work, possess greater powers of  
endurance, have less sickness, and recover  
more quickly than nonabstainers,  while they  
are unaffected by any of those diseases spe-
cially caused by alcohol.  
That the great amount of drinking  of alco- 
holic liquors among the working classes is  
one of the greatest evils of the day, destroying  
more than anything else the health, happiness, 
and welfare of those classes.  
That the universal abstinence from alcoholic  
liquors as beverages would contribute greatly  
to the health, prosperity, morality, and happi- 
ness of the human race.  
That the general adoption of abstinence  
from all intoxicating  beverages is the most  
natural, surest, simplest,  and quickest method  
of removing the evils which result from their  
use, and is the first great step toward the  
solution of many of the most difficult  social  
problems by which we are confronted.— Med- 
ical Temperance Reviezv.  

N 1911, in connection with the  
annual meeting of the British 
Medical Association, fifty med-


AMERICAN COURT DECISIONS AND THE  
LIOUOR TRAFFIC  
I 
T is not  necessary for the sake of justifying the State legislation now under consideration,  
to array the appalling statistics of misery, pauperism, and crime which have their origin  
in the use or abuse of ardent spirits.— U. S. Supreme Court, Mugler vs. Kansas, 8 U. S.,  
123, U. S., 295.  ^ ^  
No one possesses an inalienable or constitutional right to keep a saloon for the sale of  
intoxicating liquors.— The State vs. Gerhardt, 145 Ind., 439, at page 462.  
^ ^ ^  
If the public safety or the public morals require the discontinuance of any manufacture  
or traffic, the hand of the legislature cannot be stayed from providing for its discontinuance  
by any incidental inconvenience which individuals or corporations may suffer.— Beer Co. vs.  
Mass., 97 U. S.,  
It is said that " what a man shall drink,  equally with what he shall eat, is not properly  
matter for legislation." There is in this position an assumption of a  fact which does not  
exist, that when liquors are taken in excess the injuries are confined to the party offending.  
The injury, it is true, first falls upon him in his health, which the habit undermines; in 
his morals, which it weakens; and in the self-abasement which it creates. But as it leads  
to neglect of business and waste of property and general demoralization, it affects those who  
are immediately connected with and dependent upon him.— Crozvley vs. Christensen, 137  
U. S., 86.  ^ ^  
That it [the liquor traffic] produces from four fifths to nine tenths of all the crime com- 
mitted is the united testimony of those judges, prison keepers, sheriffs, and others engaged  
in the administration of the criminal law, who have investigated the subject — Indiana Su- 
preme Court, 1855.  ^ ^  
It [the prohibitory law] seeks to promote the general welfare by prohibiting an ex- 
cessive vice which is doing more to disqualify men for self-government than all other in- 
fluences combined.— Our House, No. 2, vs. the State, 4 Freeman {Iowa), 172.  
^ ^ ^  
That the right to sell liquors is not an inherent right of a citizen of the United States  
is beyond cavil.— Adams vs. Cronier, 69 Pac. Rep., 594.  
^ it ^  
We presume no one would have the hardihood to contend that the retail sale of intoxi- 
cating drink does not tend, in a large degree, to demoralize the community, to foster vice,  
produce crime and beggary, want and misery.— Prohibition vs. City of Chicago, 68 III., 44.  
^ ^  
There is no statistical or economical proposition better established, nor one to which a  
more general assent is given by reading and intelligent minds, than this: That the use of  
intoxicating liquors as a drink is the cause of more want, pauperism, suffering, crime, and  
public expense than any other cause, or perhaps it should be said, than all other causes com- 
bined. Every State applies the most stringent legal power to lotteries, gambling, keeping 
gambling houses and implements, and to debauchery and obscenity, and no one questions_ the  
right and justice of it; and yet how small is the weight of woe produced by all these united,  
when compared with that which is created by the use of intoxicating drinks alone.— Iowa  
Supreme Court, Lantz vs. State, 2 Iowa, 164.  
•Sjj^ ^c ^  
Liquor in its nature is dangerous to the morals, good order, health, and safety of the  
people, and is not to be placed on the same footing with the ordinary cominodities of life.  
We do not suppose there is a more potent factor in keeping up the necessity for asylums,  
penitentiaries, and jails, and in producing pauperism and immorality throughout the entire  
country, than liquor.— State ex rel. George vs. Acker, 26 L. R. A., 351, 352.  
.372


CDlT©PlAL  
THE SINISTER CHARACTER OF ALCOHOLIC INDULGENCE  
T the thirty-eighth annual meeting of the American Academy of Medi- 
cine, a paper on " The Physical Character of Crimes of the Alcoholic,"  
was read by Dr. T. D. Crothers, who for years has made a study of  
* ^ narcotic and drug habits. Regarding the general characteristics of alcoholics,  
he says:—  
" A large number of alcoholics are seldom seen intoxicated. Such  
persons drink wine at the table, or spirits and beer at regular intervals. 
They are called moderate drinkers, and for a time at least pass for 
normal, healthy persons; they carry on their business relations with-
out exciting suspicion of ill health or attracting attention in any par-
ticular way, and to many persons they appear as examples of health  
and vigor.  
" The alcoholic may become intoxicated under peculiar circum- 
stances, but he never abstains. Spirits are continually used. The tox- 
emia is evident from the deranged and lowered activities, particularly  
of the senses; and the functional correction of impulses is irregular and  
defective." 
And yet these same alcoholics may be held up as examples of how well a  
man may  manifest self-possession and restraint in the use of intoxicating liquors.  
The fact is, as Dr. Crothers has shown, many of these so-called moderate drink- 
ers are powder magazines, waiting only the spark to explode their moral nature 
and self-restraint. One  does not know when such a person may commit a fiend- 
* ish crime.  
Regarding the offenses committed by alcoholics, Dr. Crothers says: —  
" The crimes committed by the alcoholic are coarse, blundering,  
stupid, impulsive acts, seldom preceded by preparation, motives, or pre-
meditation. They are from obsessions and morbid impulses of short  
duration. Such persons kill their wives and children, without any rea-
son. assault their associates, set fire to buildings, put obstructions on  
railroad tracks, and are coarse kleptomaniacs, and then offer the most  
childish explanations for their conduct, or deny having committed  
the act."  
«  
That such cases of wholesale murder and coarse crime are of daily occur- 
* rence the newspapers testify. Turn over the pages of any daily and some crimes  
V of this kind will be found recorded. True, it is not stated that the man was  
an alcoholic, for ordinarily the " moderate drinker" who seldom if ever gets  
intoxicated is not usually known to be an alcoholic.  
* We have learned to shut the stable door after the horse has been stolen.  
We are adepts in preventing, or in trying to prevent, the crime that has already  
.373


374  LIFE AND HEALTH  
been committed. We shut up men who have run amuck, in a hospital for the 
criminally insane; but we have yet to take the first intelligent step toward the 
prevention of the crime. In disease, we have learned that there are causes, and  
that if these causes are  removed the disease may be prevented; and that it is  
cheaper, and better, and easier to prevent disease, after we have learned the  
cause, than it  is to cure it after it has obtained a foothold. We have the same  
lesson to learn regarding crime. As we have recognized the agency of the mos- 
quito and the fly in the production of disease, and are applying our remedies to 
the cause, so in the matter of crime we must detect the causes, and there apply 
the remedy. One important cause of many of our most atrocious crimes, ac-
cording to most excellent authority, is alcoholism,— MODERATE  DRINK- 
ING, so-called,— and here is where we should apply the remedy. Not every  
person who  uses liquor is an alcoholic; but many are who are not so suspected  
until the dastardly deed is done, and perhaps a family wiped out.  
When we have come to appreciate the importance  of prevention rather than  
punishment of crime, and when we have come to understand the relation that  
exists between alcoholism — moderate drinking, so-called — and crime, we shall  
realize that the government could be in better business than licensing the manu- 
facture and sale of that which causes alcoholism.  
Some will say that the alcoholism is the result of an unstable nervous organ- 
ism, and that it is not necessarily the result of alcoholic indulgence; but the  
evidence is accumulating that this nervous instability is an alcoholic heritage 
handed down from the parents. We are pointed to wine-drinking and beer- 
drinking countries, with the statement that in these countries the people are not 
affected as they are where stronger drinks are habitually taken; but the same 
cry for deliverance from the drink curse is being raised in these very countries. 
There are  alcoholics in France and in Germany and in Italy. Wherever alcohol  
is used as a routine, there alcoholics are in the process of .formation; and, un- 
fortunately, we do not know the state of affairs in a certain case until in blind 
fury the victim of the terrible  malady has wiped his family and perhaps himself  
out of existence.  
Even when these alcoholics have been placed in an institution for a period,  
they are not safe. They have a latent insanity which is apt to become manifest 
at any time. As Dr. Crothers says : —  
" Because they have not drunk spirits for a long time, it is assumed  
that they have recovered and are normal. This is a grave error, which 
any careful study will show. There are many persons who are skele- 
tons of their families, with concealed delusions that are likely to de- 
velop into crime. Such persons ought to be confined, but public senti-
ment and false notions refuse to consider them irresponsible or insane.  
" A recent example was of a man who had drunk heavily for twenty  
years, principally spirits, and was never intoxicated. He was able to  
carry on quite a large business with success. After an attack of delir- 
ium, lasting for two or three weeks, he recovered and remained absti- 
nent. His brain was feeble, and he gave up business. To his intimate  
associates he exhibited delusions, and five years afterward these delu- 
sions culminated in a brutal homicide, after which he drank to great 
excess. He was tried for murder, convicted, and hanged." 
This was not prevention, but " cure." It was shutting the stable door after


EDITORIAL  37 5  
the horse had been stolen. Had society shut that man up in a special home  for  
alcoholics, it would have prevented a murder and an execution — or legal murder.  
But society said, " NO; let him go free; and if he does wrong, we will punish  
him! " But society must learn less crude methods. Not only must the alcoholic, 
who is a potentially insane criminal, be confined, but the BUSINESS which is  
manufacturing these potential criminals must be throttled.  
SEEING THINGS  
Robert Charlton, a likely boy, 20 years old, pleaded  
guilty at Wooster, Ohio, to the charge of robbery, 
committed while he was drunk. While waiting for  
his trial, he drew the above cartoon. The licensed  
liquor caught this talented boy, ruined his reputation,  
and sent him to prison. The State authorized a pirate  
to sell the liquor and then threw the boy into prison  
because he got caught in the trap set for the purpose  
of catching youngsters.


Abolishes Liquor WHEN Secretary 
to Better Service Daniels issued the or- 
der abolishing liquor from the navy, it  
was for the purpose of increasing the 
efficiency and the reliability of that  
branch of the government, on which the  
nation willingly spends millions of dollars  
annually- He said that he feels sure  

to have no effect, unless perhaps a tem-
porary stimulating effect, has a deter- 
mined detrimental effect on muscular and  
mental control, such an order from the  
head of the navy is strictly in accord  
with the latest pronouncements of sci- 
ence. In proportion as this order is car- 
ried out, we may expect a lessening of 
accidents and an increase in efficiency in  
our already efficient navy.  
£ £ g  
THE PASSING OF THE OLD NAVY  
that the efficiency of the service will be  
greatly improved by the order.  
" If I had not felt so," he is quoted.  
" I should never have issued the order.  
The fact is that on the modern battle- 
ship, in particular, there is so much ma- 
chinery, electrical and steam, that it is  
of the greatest importance that those in  
charge of it be not exposed to any oppor- 
tunity of being in the slightest degree  
influenced by alcohol."  
Since scientists, by precise laboratory  
methods, have shown that the small mini- 
mum dose of alcohol, supposed generally  
.376  

Uncle Sam's FOR a long time alco-
Navv Dry holic beverages have  
been debarred to seamen in the navy  
when on duty. A recent order from the  
head of the Navy Department makes the  
sauce for the goose the sauce for the  
°ander, and the officers are included in  
the prohibition, which forbids " the use  
or introduction for drinking purposes of 
alcoholic liquors on board any naval ves- 
sels or within any naval yard or station."  
Commenting on the order, the Journal  
A. M. A. says: —  
" The development of  scientific methods and  
the use of instruments of precision in warfare  
have made alcohol absolutely detrimental to  
the modern naval man. Sea fights in the  
past have been won by brute hardihood and  
physical endurance, which could perhaps be 
stimulated, temporarily at least, by large doses  
nf alcohol. The modern warship is a floating  
laboratory of delicate and accurate machines. 
The gun pointer who directs a fourteen-inch  
rifle on the modern man-of-war needs not  
only personal courage, but also steadiness of 
nerve, clearness of vision, and fine muscular 
coordination. All these, modern physiology  
has shown to be impaired by even small 
amounts of alcohol."  
"The nation needs on its battleships today  
the most capable, clear-headed, cool-brained,  
steady-handed men, and these men are not 
found among the habitual or occasional users  
of alcohol in any form [italics supplied]. En-
tirely aside from moral and sentimental  rea- 
sons, and considered simply as a scientific  

st,CRETARV


AS WE SEE IT  377  
regulation in the interest of efficiency, this  
order will recommend itself to the vast ma- 
jority of the American people."  
In other words, the navy wants men  
who are men. Why may not those who  
are not in the navy be men ? Must men 
be at  their highest only in order to hold  
a government position? Do not all the  
other relations of life call for men who  
are men? Is not the admission that the  
navy cannot afford to allow even a min-
imum of alcohol a hint to the wise that 
the nation as a whole cannot afford it? 
If patriotism banished alcohol from the  
navy, will not a greater patriotism even-
tually banish it from our nation?  
% % %  
Transportation THE New York Med- 
Disasters ica/ Journal of Jan- 
uary 10 discussed the medical aspects of 
transportation disasters. After refer-
ring to mechanical safety devices and to  
the influence of imperfect color percep- 
tion, the Journal makes the following 
significant statement regarding the ef- 
fect of alcohol on disasters : —  
" Special attention should be paid to the  
devotees of alcohol, and its use should be a  
bar to license. The heat and the stress of a  
' run,' especially in locomotive engines, act  
very badly on those addicted to alcohol, either  
steadily or dipsomaniacally. Many examples  
of poor judgment, ignoring of signals, physical 
inability, or exhaustion would then be elimi-
nated. Alcoholic sclerosis, its allied mental 
phenomena, and incipient general paresis are  
incompatible with work of this kind.  
" In short, legislation should be introduced  
as a measure of logical progress, putting under 
uniform control all operators of interstate ve- 
hicles, allowing the issuance of no licenses or  
renewals except after medical examination.  
The examination should take into  considera- 
tion all physical elements necessary to [hav- 
ing an influence upon] the operation engaged  
in,— especially cardiovascular sclerosis,  men- 
tal disease (especially general paresis), and the  
alcoholic tendency and psychoses."  
Some day, perhaps, it will be fully  
realized that it is criminal to trust the  
lives of passengers to men who drink  
liquor. Keep liquor from all transpor- 
tation employees, and a large proportion  
of the accidents involving loss of life  
will be avoided.  

Alcohol and DR. T. D. C ROT HERS  
Accidents jias niac[e a }ife study  
of inebriety, and he knows the effects  
of alcohol on the human subject about  
as well as any man. His life work, we  
might say, is the care and restoration of  
victims of narcotic habits. In a recent  
number of the (London) Medical Tem- 
perance Review, in an article entitled  
"Defective Vision From Alcohol," he  
gives some facts which are well worth  
consideration. For instance  : —  
" An analysis of the causes of accidents oil  
railroads and with motor cars brings out the 
startling fact that in over fifty per cent of  
these cases alcohol is the responsible cause.  
One authority traced two hundred accidents  
occurring with motor cars, a large part of 
which [were] attended with fatality, to the  
use of alcohol just before the accident. In 
most of these cases the drivers were not intox- 
icated, nor supposed to be under the influence 
of spirits.  
"Many of these cases are  illustrated in the  
following: The driver,'supposed to be a tem- 
perate man, failed, after two glasses of spir- 
its, to see the red lights of danger on the  
bridge, and plunged down into the stream be- 
low. Another driver, after taking a single  
glass of brandy, tried to cross the track before 
an approaching train, and was killed. In an- 
other accident a man, supposed to be temper- 
ate, complained of cold and took some whisky  
to relieve himself, and a half hour later he  
went around a curve at high speed and down  
an embankment. These are very common inci- 
dents, and can be duplicated in almost ever-" 
section of the country."  
"Recently the fact has come to notice tha:  
defective vision due specifically to alcohol is a 
far more frequent cause of carelessness and  
disaster than any other condition.  
" This is seen in persons who are supposed  
to be temperate, and who are not recognized  
as drinking men, or are even known to take 
spirits at long intervals. Men whose eyesight  
is supposed to be normal suddenly develop 
temporary defects from  the use of spirits, and  
later these  functional disturbances pass away  
" A railroad engineer who had been repeat- 
edly examined and was found to have good 
sight, showed a surprising defect in not seeing  
the red lights of warning, and not heeding the  
danger signal that was against him. This oc- 
curred on several occasions in the course of a 
year. At other times he seemed normal and  
recognized the signals naturally. Inquiry was  
made, and it was found that on the return trip  
of a long journey he had taken spirits for


378  LIFE AND HEALTH  
weariness 'and fatigue, and for the next two  
hours his eyesight was seriously affected. 
His color sense was destroyed or so dimmed  
as to be unrecognized. He stopped the train 
on several occasions, thinking an obstruction  
was before him. The inference was clear that  
alcohol had disturbed the sight, and that he 
was unable to recognize the signals for some  
little time and until the effects of the spirits  
wore off.  
"In another case a tower man showed_star- 
tling confusion in the movement of the switches  
and the display of signals. Several slight ac- 
cidents happened. It was finally determined  
that he had taken a glass of spirits, although 
he was not a drinking man. Not infrequently  
gatemen and persons operating switches make  
mistakes which are traceable to some unknown 
conditions of mind and eyesight. Later it is  
found they had been drinking.  
" Recently a gateman who had spent half  
an hour in a near-by saloon permitted a fu- 
neral procession to cross the track at the time  
for a fast express. One carriage load of peo- 
ple was destroyed. . . .  
" The foreman of a bridge-construction  
company, after a dinner at which spirits were  
taken, neglected to use the ordinary precau- 
tion of fastening the rails to permit the safe 
crossing of a train. As a result a very serious 
accident followed, in which several cars were  
wrecked and one or two persons killed.  
" The railroad companies have a great va- 
riety of facts pointing to alcohol as an active  
cause, which are not made public, and, in fact, 
are concealed to a large extent. From the 
train dispatcher down to the gateman, the en- 
tire transportation service of the great trunk 
lines, the number of accidents due to spirits  
alone far exceeds that of any other one cause."  
" In a more accurate study of the casualties,  
the failures of responsible persons are not  
traceable to excessive use  of spirits, except in  
rare instances. The gate tender, the switch- 
man, or the tower man may be apparently be-
wildered by spirits, but he is not permitted to 
continue his work in this condition. The peril  
of his mental condition is recognized.  
" It is the man who is not intoxicated, who  
may have drunk only one or two glasses, and  
apparently seems in no way worse or different  
for his use of spirits [that is apt'to cause a  
deplorable accident]. His sudden disabilities,  
entirely unforeseen, are the direct cause of the 
casualty which follows. The spirits, even in  
small quantities, have covered up his real  
condition, and given him a false estimate of  
his ability and a certain recklessness of con-
duct that he was not aware of. . . .  
"The engineer, suffering from a sense of  
fatigue and weariness, reasons that the disap- 
pearance of these symptoms from a glass of  
spirits is evidence of [the return of] his for- 
mer alertness of mind and senses ; and when  
the effects wear off and more spirits are taken, 
the delusion of strength becomes more and 
more fixed in his mind. . . .  
" If the exact physiological effects of alco- 
hol on the brain were recognized and known,  
there would be no spirits taken, and the acci- 
dents which follow would be diminished."  

The Evil That IN a recent issue of  
Lives After the Long Island Med-
ical Journal is an editorial article en- 
titled "The Evil That Men Do Lives  
After Them." This statement, true in  
Shakespeare's day, and always true, is  
apt to be accepted as a general proposi- 
tion by most people, without a question;  
but the " evil " referred to in this article  
is the use of alcoholic liquors. It seems 
that an old account book had been found  
containing the accounts of a merchant in  
one of the seaport towns of Long Island, 
dating back to the early years of the last  
century. To quote from the editorial:—  
"In turning the pages of the ancient jour- 
nal one is impressed with the fact that approx- 
imately one half of the entries are for alco- 
holic liquors. In fact, many of the inhabitants  
seem to have bought little else.  
" It occurred to us that  it might be interest- 
ing to learn something of the progeny of these 
individuals. On making a casual inquiry of a  
former resident, we were informed that sev- 
eral members of the present generation were  
notorious alcoholics, and that  practically all  
these families had furnished several inmates  
for our local insane asylums during the past  
twenty-five years.  
" One Mary ' Jones' of the same village,  
who was totally blind as a result of having 
once drunk wood alcohol during a debauch,  
died recently of nephritis, at the age of forty- 
five. The first page of her grandfather's ac- 
count shows the following ominous entry: —  
JOHN " JONES "  
1814  £ S.  D.  
Oct. 7  1/4 yds. calico .  4  6  
Oct. 12  1 quart rum . ..  3  6  
Oct. 21  1 quart rum . . .  3  6  
Oct. 28  1 quart rum . .  
1 pint brandy &  1 2 lbs. sugar 6  6  

& % %  

Alcohol and THE statistician of  
Longevity the Metropolitan Life  
Insurance Company, in a paper in the  
American Journal of Public Health, en- 
titled " Possibilities of Reducing Mortal- 
ity at the Higher Age Groups," gives a  
very convincing temperance lesson, par- 
ticularly because it was written from the  
standpoint of the insurance man and not 
of the temperance worker.  
Insurance men are not, as such, inter- 
ested in the moral phase of the liquor 
question; their business leads them to  
study habits from the standpoint of the


AS WE SEE IT  379  
effect upon length of life; and the ma- 
terial at their hand in the shape of rec- 
ords and statistics enables them to get  
at the truth as no other body of men can.  
Regarding the effect of alcohol on  
longevity, Dr. Dublin says : —  
" The effects of the intemperate use of alco- 
hol upon middle-age mortality are closely re- 
lated to those of the venereal diseases; indeed, 
there seems to be a distinct correlation between 
these two forms of indulgence. The statistical  
analysis of the subject is full of difficulties in  
view of the reticence of physicians to report 
the facts of alcoholism on the death certificate. 
Yet the evidence is unmistakable that there is 
a marked influence on middle- and old-age 
mortality from this cause. The title ' Alcohol- 
ism' (acute and chronic) in the census returns  
showed, in 1911, the not very significant rate  
of 4.9 per 100,000; but this is only a trace of  
the deaths resulting from alcoholism. No one 
can estimate the annual mortality loss that is  
' hidden behind such returns as ' pneumonia,'  
' acute and chronic nephritis,' '  cirrhosis of the  
liver,' ' organic heart disease,' and ' arterioscle- 
rosis,' all of which causes are now, as we ob-
served, on the increase in their incidence at the  
higher ages. If further evidence of the causal  
relation between alcoholism and higher mor- 
tality were necessary, we should need only re- 
fer to the body of facts which have been accu- 
mulating in insurance offices, showing that total  

abstainers are by far the best risks, and that 
the mortality rates observed in various occupa- 
tions are significantly tinged by the degree of  
exposure to alcohol which is characteristic of 
the occupation.  
" We cannot, therefore, observe without  
alarm the reports of the steadily increasing  
consumption of alcoholic beverages in the  
United States during the last thirty years as  
shown by the reports of the Commissioner of  
Internal Revenue. In the period 1881-90, the  
per capita consumption of liquors and wines  
was 13.21 gallons, whereas in 1912 the figure 
per capita had risen to 21.98 gallons, an in- 
crease of 66.4 per cent since the earlier date.  
In this changed condition, almost the sole con-
tributing factor has been the consumption of  
malt liquors. We are becoming, as a nation,  
too free in the use of alcohol; and it is high  
time that the lesson which Germany has ap- 
parently learned and is taking to heart, as is  
shown by the reductions in the consumption of  
alcoholic beverages recently observed in that  
country, were applied among us before further  
damage is done."  
It will be noted that while the temper- 
ance people are sending up a shout be-
cause such a large area of the United  
States is " dry," this careful observer is  
alarmed at the steady increase  of liquor  
consumption. Let us not be deceived by 
the amount of our " dry " territory.  
1  The best antiseptic for purposes of personal hygiene  
LISTERINE  
There is a tendency upon the part of the public to consider the dental  
toilet completed with the use of the tooth-brush and a dentifrice in paste or 
powder form.  
It is not possible with the brush and either paste or powder to cleanse the  
Interstitial surfaces of the teeth; here the use  of dental floss is imperative, and  
after meals, or in any event before retiring at night, it should be employed to 
dislodge the remaining shreds of food substance wedged between the teeth. 
The tooth-brush and a paste or powder may then be employed for their friction- 
ary effect, moving the brush from the gum margin toward the cutting edge or 
grinding surface of the teeth, and not toward the gum margin, lest these tissues  
; be loosened from their attachment about the teeth and the sensitive dentin ex- 
posed. Rotate the brush upon the grinding surfaces of the molars to remove 
any food which may be lodged in the fissures of these teeth. The mouth 
should then be rinsed with an antiseptic solution of suitable strength, for  
which there is nothing comparable to Listerine, one part, tepid water ten to  
: fifteen parts, forcing the Listerine to and fro between the teeth that all of their  
exposed surfaces may be brought under its antiseptic influence.  
This procedure faithfully pursued will insure the conservation of the teeth,  
LAMBERT PHARMACAL COMPANY  
' LOCUST AND TWENTY-FIRST STREETS ; : ST. LOUIS, MO.  
When yon write to our advertisers, please say, "I saw your 'ad.' in LIFE AND HEALTH."


380  LIFE AND HEALTH  
Alcohol and IN Rosenau's " Pre-
Mental Disorder yentive Medicine and  
Hygiene," just issued, is a chapter by  
Thomas W. Salmon, M. D., past assist-
ant surgeon, United States Public Health  
Service, director of special studies, Na- 
tional Committee for Mental Hygiene,  
and formerly chairman of the New York  
State Board of Alienists, a most thor- 
oughly competent man to judge as to the  
relation between alcohol and mental dis- 
order. He  says, on pages 301, 302 : —  
" It is a strange commentary upon human  
frailty that all the poisons which assail man  
through accident, and the dangerous trades in  
which he must engage, and all the poisons 
which are elaborated within his system, as in  
nephritis, diabetes, thyroidism, and acromegaly,  
are together responsible for but a small frac-
tion of the number of cases of mental disease 
due to his deliberate ingestion of one poisonous 
substance — alcohol.  
" It is likely that alcohol, as a predisposing  
or as an immediate cause, is responsible for 
more than a third of all admissions to our hos- 
pitals for the insane. ...  
" There is hardly a mental disease which_ is  
not influenced unfavorably by alcoholic habits.  
They lend a tremendous impetus to the retro- 
gressive changes in senility; and, as has been  
said, the acquisition of alcoholism by defec- 
tives often results in acute mental symptoms  
when none need have occurred. Statistics col-
lected independently by several investigators  
show that the parents of nearly fifty per cent  
of defective children were alcoholics. It is  
held by many psychiatrists that no other single 
cause of imbecility and idiocy, except mental 
defectiveness in the parent, can compare with 
alcoholism in the parents, intemperance of 
mothers during pregnancy being thought  to be  
particularly likely to result in mental defect in  
the offspring."  
Referring to the fact that the Francis  
Galton Laboratory of Eugenics has done  
some work pointing toward the opposite  
conclusion, Dr. Salmon says: " The  
weight of evidence, .however, is in favor  
of the relationship between alcoholism 
and mental defect indicated above."  % % %  
Still It Has In the face of all  
Defenders the evidence there is  
against the liquor evil, it is strange that  
some men who apparently are not doing  
it because they have money invested in 
the business, continue to defend the liq- 
uor business as at the worst a necessary  
evil, and possibly even a benefit. It is  

just as necessary as slavery, and is per- 
petuated by the same class, who believe  
that what has existed in the past is right  
and must continue to exist, notwithstand-
ing the frequent appearance in the news- 
papers of such items as this: —  
"KILLED WIFE WHILE DRUNK,  
THEN HAD SOUND SLEEP  
" PROVIDENCE, R. I., September 30.— Patrick  
F. Hanley, twenty-nine, reported to the police  
today that he had found his wife terribly  
beaten and dead on the kitchen floor. In the 
next room their four children were sleeping.  
Hanley was later arrested, and confessed that  
he had killed his wife with his bare fists. He  
said he had returned home intoxicated last  
night, quarreled with his wife, killed her, and 
then went to bed and slept soundly."  
% %  

National A PROMINENT  
Prohibition worker in the edu- 
Sentiment cat ion a 1 campaign  
against alcohol, but who was skeptical 
as to the success of prohibition, having  
been convinced that prohibition is com- 
ing to be a political issue, made a can- 
vass in his community in order  to learn  
where the people stood on the subject.  
He writes his results to the Outlook.  
He first interviewed a banker, in no way  
interested in the temperance movement, 
who said: —  
"While I could not vote for State prohibi- 
tion, I should not have the face to vote against  
national prohibition, because it would take so  
much corruption out of politics, and be into  
the bargain srch an economic saving."  
The second person interviewed, a  
prominent Boston physician, an- 
swered : —  
" I should vote for national prohibition.  
Science has set her face against alcohol. Med- 
icine, in my opinion, would be better off, 011  
the whole, without it. The neurotic drinker  
might turn to drugs, but he is few and far  
between compared with the social drinker and  
the constant, moderate drinker. They would  
be saved."  
A printer, an Irish Catholic, said: —  
" Alcohol is the curse of my race. National  
prohibition would get my vote, for, even if it 
did not do everything, it would do  something."  
A liquor dealer said : —  
" Two years ago, at a meeting of liquor deal- 
ers, we gave ourselves twenty years of life.  
This year we agreed that ten years was about  
all we could hope for."


[NOTICE TO OUR READERS  
<J Although the regular depart- 
ments were crowded out of 
this issue, we were unable to  
use all the temperance matter  
which we  had in type.  
<J The regular departments will  
appear as usual in  the next  
(September) issue, which will  
be a VACATION AND REC- 
REATION NUMBER.  
f Dr. H. W. Miller, superin- 
tendent of the Washington  
Sanitarium, Takoma Park, D.  
C., will hereafter conduct the 
Questions and Answers  depart- 
ment. Questions should be ad- 
dressed to him as above. 
Questions accompanied  with  
return postage  will be an- 
swered by mail. Only such 
questions as are of general in-
terest will be answered in the  
magazine.— Editor.  

•  
Mt. Vernon Medical and  
Surgical Sanitarium  
An Institution Centrally Located in the Most  
Healthful Portion of  the State  
<1 Equipped with modern appliances for surgical work and 
the treatment of chronic disorders. <J Latest improved ap- 
paratus for Hydrotherapy, Electrotherapy, Phototherapy,  
Mechanotherapy, Massotherapy. <1 Physiologic System of  
Treatment and Diet fully carried out in the institution.  
<1 Pleasant Rooms; Elevator; Hot-Water Heating System;  
Natural Gas; Quiet, Secluded Grounds; Christian Attend- 
ants of both sexes. <1 Noted Medical Springs in the im-
mediate vicinity. <1 Offensive patients not received in the  
building. <1 Write for information.  
MT. VERNON, OHIO  

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1  
Youi Old "Leaky"-"Smeary" Fountain Pen  
To relieve you of its discomforts, we will  
allow you 50 cents for it, in exchange.  
Send it to us by ordinary mail at our  
risk, and under separate cover, bank 
draft or money order for $2.00 and we  
will send you the $2.50 pen described 
below, a pen that will be a source of  
never ending usefulness and pleasure to 
you, that will  do your bidding if you but ^  
guide it aright over the writing sheet. <§>  
LAUGHLIN | AUTOMATIC—NON-LEAKABLE f  
STARTING 
FILLING  
TEN DAYS' FREE TRIAL  

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You don't have to fuss and shake a  
Laughlin to start the ink—It's a Self- 
Starter.  
You don't have to fill the Laughlin, 
it's a Self-Filler.  
You don't have to clean the Laugh-
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You don't have to monkey with dan-
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extensions, or so-called safety devices—- 
There are none.  
You can't forget to seal a Laughlin  
against leaking, it seals itself air-tight  
Automatically. 
You can't lose your cap from a Laugh-
lin—it secures itself Automatically. 
You can't break your cap or holder on 
a Laughlin—They  are non-breakable.  
Holder and cap of scientific, reinforced 
construction throughout. (See illustra- 
tion.) You don't have to wait until  
a Laughlin is ready. It is ready to  
write when you are; the air-tight, leak- 
proof construction keeps pen and feed  
"primed," insuring a free uniform flow  
of ink instantly—even though not pre- 
viously used for a year. It performs  
these functions with no more hindrance 
or interruption to your thoughts or  writ- 
ing inspiration than your breathing.  
These results—or your money back.  
These  features are peculiar only to this  
patented construction.  
I^A PA Bylnsurcd mail.  
Prepaid to any address  
If you have no old back number dropper filler pen  
to send us in exchange, just enclose $2.50 with this  
coupon containing your name and address, wo will  
send tile pen by return mail. Delivery guaranteed.  
FSLL OUT AND MAIL TODAY.  
'"""LIFE AND HEALTH J  
Takoma Park Sta., Washington, D. C. A  
GENTLEMEN •—Here is $2.50. Send me the pen 4>  
described in this advertisement. Ii pen is not satis- ^  
factory, you refund the money. ^  
Name - ^ 
City State #  
«S> •  
IF COMING TO NEW YORK  
WHY PAY EXCESSIVE HOTEL RATES  
THE CLENDENING, 202 W. 103 St.,  
New York. Select, Homelike, Economical, 
Suites of Parlor, Bedroom, Private Bath ior  
two persons, $2.00 daily. Write for de- 
scriptive booklet LH with fine map of city.  
When you write to our advertisers, please say, " I saw your ' ad.' in LIFE AND HEALTH.'


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Home and Health  
" Home and Health" contains a vast  
amount of practical  information on the  
establishment,  furnishing, and mainte- 
nance of a modern home; the prevention 
and cure of disease; the care and train- 
ing of children;  and the preservation  of  
health.  
A few of the subheads will give a gen- 
eral idea of the nature of the book: " The  
Location of the Home," " The Sewage,"  
" Healthful Surroundings,"  " Furnishing  
the Home," " Care of Floors,"  " Care of  
Laundry," " Repairing Furniture,"  " The  
Art of Dining," " Pests," " Don'ts for  
Housekeepers,"  " Stimulants and Condi- 
ments," " Ventilation,"  " Disciplining  of  
Children," "Don'ts for Parents,"  "Care  
of the Sick," " Disinfectants,"  " Emer- 
gency Treatments,"  " Treatment of  
Minor Diseases."  
The book contains nearly six hundred  
pages, and is well illustrated.  Price,  
cloth binding, $2.50.  

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Ministry of Healing  
The central figure in this book is  
Christ, the great Master Physician. The  
lessons which he taught as he healed the 
sick and relieved  the suffering are pre- 
sented most strikingly.  
The book has a twofold purpose. First  
it brings within the reach of every intel- 
ligent father and mother, every man and  
woman, lay and professional,  a vast fund  
of information on life and its laws, on 
health and its requisites,  on disease and  
its remedies.  Second, it is dedicated  by  
the author to the " blessed service  of  
sick and suffering humanity."  
It is not a doctor  book in the ordinary  
sense of the term, but the practical,  
wholesome instruction  given will prevent  
many of the ills to which mankind is  
subject,  and bring health and happiness  
to those who follow its instruction.  
The book contains 544 pages, and over  
200 illustrations.  It is bound in cloth,  
and stamped in colors. Price, postpaid,  
$3.00.  

Practical Guide to Health  
One of the most practical medical  
books for the home on the market.  
Complete and up-to-date  in every way,  
with an index of symptoms in addition  
to the General Index.  
The first 180 pages of the book fur- 
nishes more exhaustive  study of anat- 
omy and physiology  than the average  
textbook. Part Three contains chapters  
on " Nature's Remedies,"  " How to  
Nurse," "Alcohol,"  and "Tea, Coffee,  
and Tobacco."  
Part Four gives the symptoms, cause,  
and treatment of nearly every disease 
common in this country, as well as pro- 
fessional advice for accidents and emer-
gencies. This section  of the book alone  
is worth far more to any family than tha 
price of the book. The information 
given is definite and to the point; scien-
tific and yet written in terms that are  
easily understood.  
The book is printed on a good grade  
of heavy paper, is well illustrated,  and  
contains 635 pages. Price, cloth bind-
ing, $3.00.  
$  Friend in the Kitchen t  
" Friend in the Kitchen " is a practical  
vegetarian cookbook  containing about  
four hundred choice recipes carefully  
tested, which assist the housewife  in  
making simple, economical  menus, va- 
ried, nutritious,  and palatable.  
It also contains tables of weights and  
measures for the kitchen, rules for dys- 
peptics, useful tables on the nutritive  
values of foods, time required  to digest  
various foods, substitutes  for flesh foods,  
instructions  for canning fruits, specimen  
menus for one week; and chapters on  
simple dishes for the sick, wholesome  
drinks, proper food combinations,  and  
food for infants. This book is appre- 
ciated by all who are interested  in health- 
ful cookery,  and is especially  valuable to  
the young housewife.  
The fact that nearly one hundred and  
sixty thousand copies of this book have 
already been sold is ample proof of its 
popularity. It contains  112 pages. Price,  
cloth, 50 cents; paper, 25 cents.  
Review # Herald Pub. Assn., Washington, D. C.  Order of our nearest  
agency  
When you write to our advertisers, please say, " I saw your ' ad.' in L.IFE AND HEALTH."


==The Essence^*  
of the Reformation  
1JHE Essence of the Reformation  
was not, as is sometimes sup- 
posed, the assertion of the right  
of private judgment. True it  
is that the sole lordship of God  
in the human conscience lay near its heart  
from the beginning, and the right of pri- 
vate judgment followed in its train The  
fact is that the Reformation, in its inmost 
essence and in a religious sense, meant  
a fresh discovery of the gospel of the grace  
Of God.—Rev. John R. Mackay. M A., of Scotland  
PEB.Veab.^1.00. PEE. COPY 10<fc  WASHINGTON, P. C.  

AUGUST NUMBER NOW READY  
"FAIR, DIGNIFIED,  
SCHOLARLY"  
It/ will tell you the difference between genuine and  
so-called Protestantism, why and when Rome will 
again rule the world, to what extent she is already  
ruling-, which of the contending forces will be finally  
victorious, and many other inside facts showing  
Rome's hand in the political affairs of today.  
Wages warfare upon the Roman Catholic • System,  
but not upon individuals of any creed. Enjoys inter-
national reputation among thinking classes.  
" I  want to compliment you on the work of your  
' Protestant Magazine.' You are doing a patriotic  
work that must be done in a fair, dignified, and  
scholarly way, which on that account is none the less  
effective. Put me on your list of subscribers."— Rev.  
Martin Walker, Pastor Calvary Evangelical Church, 
Dodge and Ellicott Sts., Buffalo, N. Y.  
One Year, $1.00. Sample Copy, 10 cents.  
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Church and State, Prohibition,  
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A magazine of Religious Freedom; set for the  
defense of the rights of conscience; opposed to  
union of church and state, in name and in fact;  
protesting against religious legislation of all kinds.  
SOME LIVE TOPICS  
Religion and the State — Baltimore and the Blue  
Laws — Blaming the Deity for Blue Laws — The 
Liquor Business and the Government — Sunday  
Laws — Are They Religious or Civil? — Religious 
Proclamations by the Nation's Executive — Shall 
Ecclesiastical Laws or Civil Be Enforced at the 
Nation's Capital'?  
The above and many other subjects of vital im- 
portance are discussed in tlie July or third quar- 
ter issue of " Liberty." Send for a sample copy 
today.  
35 cents a year; sample copy, 10 cents; 20 copies,  
$1.00; 50 copies, $2.00.  
LIBERTY MAGAZINE  
Washington -  - - - D. C.  

U 
L  
A MAGAZINE OF  FREEDOM  
Boulder * Colorado Sanitarium, Boulder, Colorado  
Non-Tubercular  
One mile above sea-level, in one of the most  
beautiful spots in all Colorado, situated at  
the foot of the Rocky Mountains in the  beau- 
tiful city of Boulder, thirty miles from Den- 
ver, the Boulder-Colorado Sanitarium  
offers its patrons an ideal place for rest, re- 
cuperation, and health training. This sani- 
tarium is a pleasant, homelike place, splen- 
didly equipped with the most modern and up- 
to-date appliances known to medical science  
for the successful treatment of disease.  In  
addition to these advantages we keep con- 
stantly in our employ a number of splendidly  
qualified physicians of both sexes and a 
corps of well-trained nurses. Our institution  
isa member of a sisterhood of about eighty  
sanitariums throughout the world, all of  
which are conducted upon the same general  
health principles and employ the same  
methods of treatment, consisting of all cura- 
tive agencies which are recognized as a part  
of rational medicine, including Baths of 
Every Description, Massage and Manual  
Swedish Movements, Electricity in Every  
Form, Classified Dietary, Laboratory of  Hy- 
giene for Bacteriological, Chemical, and Mi- 
croscopical Investigations.^ Each succeeding  
year these methods of training the sick back  
to health by the application of nature's reme- 
dies are being more and more recognized, not  
only by the individual, but by the medical  
fraternity, as being scientific and effective in  
the treatment of all curable diseases. <J0ur institution has this advantage over the ordinary hospital, in that the hospital features  
are entirely eliminated by a system of segregation, our hospital and surgical ward being conducted in a separate building from our  
main sanitarium building.  
Our sanitarium location is an ideal one, and we enjoy the advantages of a delightful summer and winter climate. Write for large  
catalogue  
When you write to our advertisers, please say, " I saw your ' ad.' in LIFE AND HEALTH."


Southern  
California's  
ETHICAL  SANITARIA  
Medical and  
Surgical  
SCIENTIFIC  PROGRESSIVE  
OMPRISING the LOMA LINDA, GLENDALE, and PARADISE VALLEY SANI- 
TARIUMS, covering the entire field of rational medicine and scientific surgery. 
These up-to-date, homelike Institutions of Health have helped to make Southern  
California the great Mecca for the tourist and health seeker.  
•  

These Sanitariums have qualified regular Physicians, skilful Surgeons, trained Attendants,  
graduate Nurses, and thoroughly equipped Laboratories. Their institutional apartments are 
models of convenience for the scientific administration of every modern Physiological Thera- 
peutic treatment. The basic principle of their system of treating disease has been in constant  
successful employment for more than thirty-five years, and includes every modern curative  
measure known to  medical and surgical research.  
The professional staff of each of these Institutions gives special attention to classified  
dietetics, and the bills of fare are based on a complete return to nature's first principles,  
and to her food products, which are largely produced on the institutional estates and by their  
own food factories.  
Besides the complete acquired facilities of scientific medical and surgical research, these  
modern " Homes of Health " offer to the traveler seeking rest, recreation, and health, under new 
scenes, the attractions of a matchless climate, both summer and winter. It is never too hot  
nor too cold for outdoor exercise and enjoyment. The very words " Southern California " bring  
to mind a smiling summer-land rich with tropical vegetation and heavy with the perfume of  
flowers. The mountain air mingled with  the salt-sea breezes forms a live, invigorating atmos- 
phere for those seeking health restoration.  
Each institution has its  own peculiar points of excellence to offer Its patients and guests.  
Address for " Illustrated Prospectus  
THE LOMA LINDA SANITARIUM 
THE GLENDALE SANITARIUM - . 
THE PARADISE VALLEY SANITARIUM  

Loma Linda, California  
Glendale, California  
National City, California  
Or the City office of these Institutions.  417 W. Fifth Street. Los Angeles, California  

t  

,PARADISE VALLEY.3AMITARIOM; TTENOHAL' QTCCAT  
When you write to our advertisers, please say, " I saw your ' ad.' in LIFE AND HEALTH."


ST. HELENA SANITARIUM  
Nestled among scenic foothills, on  
the sunny slopes of Howell Moun- 
tain, like some great, white jewel,  
in a setting of wonderful landscape, 
is one of the most beautiful, and at  
the same time one of the most scien- 
tifically conducted, institutions in all  
California.  
THE ST. HELENA SANITARIUM  
is a refuge, a haven, a veritable 
Paradise for the sick, the invalid, 
and those who need rest and re- 
cuperation. Its hospitable doors are  
open to all who are sick, and  
everywhere is the environment of  
kindness and good cheer. The san- 
itarium is the retreat of the cultured  
and refined, affording the advantages  
of a thoroughly scientific institution,  
where Nature, the physicians, and  
the surgeons work hand in hand for  
the alleviation of human ills.  
Located sixty-five miles north of  
San Francisco, in a little hamlet all  
its own, it is so peaceful, so placid, 
so serene, that it seems as though  
it were in a world apart. The main  
building and cottages wholly lack  
the depressing atmosphere of a hos- 
pital.  
Apply for beautifully illustrated  
booklet " E."  
Address  
THE ST. HELENA  
SANITARIUM  
Napa County  
Sanitarium - California  

Portion of