WATCHMAN AND ERALD OF 
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MAGAZINE 
HAPPINESS 
THE �
OR I EN 
\ 57 
FOR 
YOUR 
GOOD 
EDITORIAL 
THE GREATNESS OF MR. GANDHI 
IN ALL ages and in all parts of the 
world, people by groups, com-
munities and nations have on the 
basis of principle, sentiment or emo-
tion such as patriotism, nationalism, 
confidence, love or hate joined them-
selves ' to a few persons, who, by 
virtue of the ideas they embodied, 
and by the power with which they 
persuaded or compelled the popular 
reception of those ideas, were en-
titled to be known as leaders and 
law-givers. Usually such persons, re-
gardless of the means by which they 
attained to such positions, are called 
great, at least within that group 
which they represent. But elsewhere 
they may be unknown, ignored or 
even despised and hated. The ques-
tion therefore arises: "Who, in the 
worldly sense, is really great?" 
Numerous following and popular 
acclaim are not dependable marks of 
greatness, though many have ac-
quired the title on such bases. The 
highly acclaimed may be, and too 
often are, merely the personification 
of selfishness, greed and all that is 
mean and base in human nature, or 
even though they be not of this class, 
the power of their position is not 
directed to the general improvement 
of the state of mankind, but rather 
to the aggrandizement and glorifica-
tion of self or of the group or com-
munity which they represent. We do 
not call such truly great even though 
the dimensions of their achievements 
may be impressive. They are big 
and powerful, but not great, and 
not big with a bigness that is 
generally to be desired. 
Hero-worship is a natural and 
common trait with men. The vast 
majority of people take satisfaction 
in applauding, praising and recount-
ing the exploits and virtues of their 
adopted heroes, often making ex-
travagant and exaggerated claims 
with but little intelligence or knowl-
edge. Through ignorance and gulli-
bility, they are easily the victims of 
leaders whose motives are ignc")le 
and worthless. But human nature is 
often fickle, and all this popular ac-
claim is frequently but as the cac- 
kling of silly geese. Today one may 
be a hero; tomorrow forgotten or re-
jected. Popularity is easily subject 
to the uncertain whims and feelings 
of the masses who are so easily led 
that what one does, the many do, 
even as a flock of sheep will follow 
one through a hole in a wall, though 
it should be to their detriment. When 
one shouts, they all shout. 
Neither are great exploits neces-
sarily marks of real greatness. There 
are giants in the world whose un-
desirable and baneful influence is 
world-wide. Though their exploits 
and achievements are amazing in 
their gigantic proportions, the world 
is hurt by them, and the already 
great misery is augmented. The pre-
digious exploits are achieved and 
their enormous wealth accumulated 
by oppressive methods that make 
them a curse to an already sin-
cursed earth. Their gigantic deeds 
and the glory they have appropriated 
are no blessing to the world. The 
achievement of great deeds or the 
possession of enormous wealth alone 
are not, therefore, acceptable marks 
of greatness. They may rather be the 
marks of that which is low, mean 
and base in mankind. 
There are many whose names are 
well known throughout the world, 
blazoned in headlines and shouted 
over the radio, but whose work and 
influence are of no real consequence 
or benefit to men. The vast majority 
of mankind are so easily duped, 
amused and entertained by trivial-
ities and nonsense, that popular 
followings are easily acquired even 
by worthless characters, for which 
reason many who are least worthy 
are the best known. They are called 
great because they stand out from 
the crowd. Such may not be great at 
all. They are only different from the 
common herd and, therefore, readily 
noticed. 
They who are truly great belong 
to the world—not merely to isolated 
groups or communities, nor even to 
nations. In this respect, but few have 
merited the title of "great." He who 
is great only within his own clique, 
group or community is not great in 
the true sense of the word. If he be 
great, his greatness must be mani-
fested in deeds and influence whose 
good and benefits are universal in 
their scope, and which extend to all 
humanity, potentially. The philoso-
phers, artists, scientists, religious 
leaders and statesmen whose names 
appear among the great in history 
were men whose good was power-
ful to make the world better for all 
people. They belonged to the world, 
and their spirits were not confined 
by nationalism or within the bounds 
of groups or communities. 
Great ideas make great men when 
there is capacity to receive and em-
ploy such ideas. Capacity is inherited, 
but also increases with use. Great 
ideas cannot find room in petty 
minds, but capacity alone does not 
make men great. When a great mind 
is occupied by great ideas, men be-
come helpful through their intellects 
and affections. Great ideas belong to 
the entire world and are potentially 
good for all people. The results of 
the operation of great intellects, 
therefore, are more powerful for good 
than mere physical exploits, and are 
more real and permanent. Material 
help alone is insufficient for urgent 
need. Food and other materials, neces-
sary though they be, are soon con-
sumed, and leave the needy neither 
better nor worse than they were be-
fore. But he who with his intellect 
can help others to see the ways and 
means whereby they may help them-
selves, renders the greatest and truest 
help. Mental and moral force is a 
positive good. 
Great minds naturally and easily 
occupy spheres of thought into which 
lesser ones rise only with great 
labour and difficulty. They who are 
really great then, by the influence of 
their intellects, help lesser ones to 
become greater and better. One pur-
pose of their existence is to impart 
benefits to men and to make of this 
world a better place in which to 
dwell. And these great men who are 
raised and benefited by great ideas, 
owe their greatness to the ideas, and 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
not to other men. 
A beautiful picture, a grand piece 
of architecture, or a noble landscape 
must be viewed from a distance best 
to be judged and appreciated. 
Perspective is essential. Similarly 
time is often required in order to 
evaluate the character of great men. 
The importance of their work and 
influence can best be estimated an3 
evaluated after the passing of years. 
The present generation tends to 
evaluate subjectively, and therefore 
with blurred and biased vision, 
whereas future generations are more 
likely to judge and evaluate objec-
tively and with clearer understand-
ing. 
With such thoughts in mind we 
remember the late Mr. Gandhi, whose 
character has been variously esti-
mated by those who knew him at 
close range, or only by reputation 
and hearsay, and by those who 
adored and respected him as well as 
by those who despised him. We deem 
it safe to say that probably no man 
living on earth at any period of the 
world's history was so devotedly 
followed by so many people at one 
time. 
In his lifetime it was said by some: 
"Gandhiji is India." In certain re-
spects perhaps that was true, but if so 
e it was only because the multitudes 
of people whom this giant swayed 
were little Gandhis, whose tone cf 
thought, beliefs and aims he ex-
pressed with fidelity, and to whom 
he largely owed his predominance. 
With truthfulness his mind was 
adapted to the masses about him so 
that he was not only their repre-
sentative, but even the possessor of 
their minds to a large degree. 
Mr. Gandhi was more than just a 
representative of his people and a 
champion on their behalf. He was a 
sign or a symptom of the spirit of 
the times that pervaded India. He 
came to the scene of action when the 
times and events were conducive to 
the development of the spirit that 
was in him. The spirit without and 
the spirit within co-operated to 
propel him toward fantastic power 
and greatness among his people. 
Events and opinions of the great 
masses marched with him toward 
the achievement of his great object-
ives. 
The prudence of his vision and the 
energy with which he threw himself 
into his task, made him the natural 
leader of a people willing to be led. 
His enormous power lay to a large 
degree in their conviction that he was 
their true representative whose 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
genius and aims could not be ques-
tioned. 
Mr. Gandhi's great mind was oc-
cupied by some truly great ideas 
which are universal in their potential 
application. The world is in a 
frightful mess because its leaders 
will not or cannot find a way to 
settle their quarrels without recourse 
to physical violence and brutality. 
If Mr. Gandhi's principle of non-
violence pervaded the spirit of world 
leaders, much of the present-day 
misery would be replaced by the 
blessings of peace. The power with 
which he propounded this great 
doctrine made him a great force for 
world peace, and alone would en-
title him to be called great. In this, 
he and his idea belonged to the 
world. 
Mr. Gandhi was a defender of 
individual, personal religious free-
dom. He was a Hindu who repudiated 
all assertions to the contrary made 
by well-meaning but stupid admirers. 
He repeatedly expressed his devo-
tion to Hindu religious forms and 
practices, and his belief in the pro-
tection of the cow as an article of 
faith. But he refused to be associated 
with any move to enforce protection 
of the cow or the observance of 
Hindu religious customs by civil law. 
Observance of the forms and practice, 
of religion can have no value or 
meaning unless they stem from the 
heart. When enforced by law they 
result in appearance which is false, 
and,so not only lose their value, but 
actually have an evil effect on the, 
development of character. Religious 
and civil government must be kept 
separate if the people are to be well 
governed. Civil government must not 
control religion or interfere with the 
freedom of its practice. Mr. Gan-
dhi's great mind understood that 
personal, individual religious free-
dom is a fundamental human right, 
and that the protection of such free- 
dom is a fundamental principle of 
the government of people wherever 
other liberties are to be enjoyed. 
When religious liberty is robbed 
away, other liberties are not safe, nor 
are they of much value. Mr. Gandhi's 
insistence on complete religious free-
dom in the government of the people 
was recognition of a universally 
great, idea by a great mind, and his 
powerful defence of that idea was an 
influence for much good, world-wide 
in its scope. 
There is great need for these and 
other aspects of the Gandhi spirit 
in India and in the world, but there 
is an alarming unwillingness to sub-
mit to it, and India continues to 
suffer because of it. There is much 
manifestation of emotional immatur-
ity. Everywhere hot arguments and 
runaway tempers burst into violence 
and bloodshed. All around battles 
rage to enforce the will of one on 
another. Trust and confidence are 
nearly non-existent. Small differences 
are magnified into mountains, and 
violence seems to be the only ac-
ceptable means of settlement. All of 
this and more; Mr. Gandhi endeav-
oured constantly to combat, but the 
pusillanimity of the human mind 
and heart robbed him of any great 
measure of success. 
Mr. Gandhi was the world's out-
standing apostle of non-violence, but 
he was ruthless in his attacks on 
dishonesty and untruth. He was good-
natured, but impatient with hypoc-
risy. Cool-headed and self-con-
trolled, and manifesting a calm 
temper even under provocation, he 
was implacable in his fight for 
India's political freedom. Intensely 
patriotic and fanatically fond of 
things Indian, he was sometimes 
ridiculous and narrow in his con-
tempt for that which is foreign, 
preferring to suffer costly inconven-
ience and handicaps rather than reap 
benefits from that which is not 
Indian in origin. He was a great 
man, but not superhuman, and he 
repeatedly deprecated all attempts to 
have himself so regarded. How great 
he really was, time alone must tell. 
But we doubt not that he will tank 
as one of the world's few great men. 
3 
Nancy, France. Flood Waters Running 
Over a "Weir" in a Suburban Street of 
This Inundated City. Floods Were 
Caused by Unprecedented Rainfall and 
the Thawing of Snow. 
W. N. P. S 
 
 
A Jewish Policeman (Nearest 
the Camera) Training Young 
Members of the Haganah Be-
hind a Sand-bagged Position in 
the Jaffa-Tel-Aviv "No Man's 
Land" Area of Palestine. The 
Haganah Equipment Appears to 
Have Reached a Well Developed 
State. 
W. N. P. S 
Jewish Girls Between the Ages of 
Seventeen and Twenty-five Join Haga-
nab in Secret Palestine Recruiting Cam-
paign. 
W. N. P. S. 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
Going Dry 
COUNTY by county, the United 
States of America is gradually going 
dry. Prohibition already is back in 
about one third of the states with 
32 of the 48 having arid spots. More 
than 25,000,000 Americans now live 
in districts that forbid the sale of 
hard liquor, and 10,000,000 more 
cannot buy beer. Three million more 
people live in dry territory than in 
1940. 
Distillers' Logic 
IN THE requests for help to 
Europe under the Marshall Plan, the 
distillers in the United States pointed 
out that eleven European countries 
were trying to get 71,000,000 bushels 
of grain from the United States for 
brews and distillates. In addition, 
Canada takes 6,000,000 bushels a 
year for the same purpose. If, argued 
the distillers, these 77,000,000 bush-
els were not devoted to this purpose 
all but 23,000,000 bushels would be 
saved right there out of the 100, 
000,000 bushels which President 
Truman called on the American 
people to save. This time the distil-
lers were right. The grain should be 
used to feed the hungry and not 
misused to add to the world's misery. 
 
Foreign Trade 
ICELAND has the most foreign trade 
per capita of any country in the 
world. Exports for 1946 averaged 
about Rs. 2,800 per capita. 
Tomato Juice 
TOMATO juice was sold for medic-
inal purposes in Holland in 1860. A 
quart was sold on prescription for 
more than Rs. 3. 
Sleeping Insects 
SPARROWS and blackbirds have 
been found to carry mites infected 
with encephalitis, or sleeping sick-
ness. 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
Motor Fuel 
MR. S. BUDRICKS, a Johannesburg 
mechanic, reports that he has applied 
for world patents for a secret sub-
stance which will revolutionize world 
transport systems, and which will 
make petrol obsolete. The develop. 
ment is the result of two years of con-
stant experimenting. No water is 
needed in creating this power and no 
ash or residue is left. Because the 
basic material is available all over the 
world, Mr. Budricks says that every 
country can be made independent of 
imported fuels for transportation or 
power plants. The cost will he only 
a fraction of that of petrol. 
Glass 
GLASS that can be sawed, nailed, 
floated and bounced or bent like 
rubber is among some of the new 
revolutionary applications which 
promise a bright future for this in-
dustry. Today 180 companies in the 
U. S. A. manufacture a thousand 
varieties of glass. The purposes they 
can serve seem almost unlimited. As 
a metal substitute glass may be used 
as parts of motor car bodies. and in 
fuselages of aircraft. 
Radar 
IT IS reported through the Press 
that a new type of radar by which 
approaching aircraft can be seen on 
a television screen is in use by the 
R. I. A. F. 
The Government of India have 
detailed selected officers of the 
R. I. A. F. for specialized training 
in the U. K. in the use of this type 
of radar known as G. C. I. 
This type of radar can locate 
hostile aircraft at a distance of over 
150 miles, and indicate their height 
above ground. their direction and 
number. 
In the event of hostilities, the 
equipment enables the G. C. I. con-
troller to watch on a television 
screen a pictorial representation of 
the raiders as they approach. 
Through his radio telephone, he can 
direct R. I. A. F. fighter aiAraft to 
take off and make for the raiders. 
The controller, who can see both 
the raiders and the fighters on the 
screen, then gives detailed instruc-
tions to the pilots of the fighters for 
intercepting the raiders. 
When sufficiently close, the fighter 
pilots locate the hostile aircraft 
visually or by the help of their 
own radar. Then they take over from 
the controller and manoeuvre and 
attack on their own initiative. The 
controller, however, watches the fight 
on his screen all the time, and after 
it is over, he guides the fighters hack 
to their base. 
Plans are in hand for opening up 
more radar stations for the R.I.A.F. 
—A.P.I. 
New Cholera Drug 
THE discovery in Bombay of a 
new drug which has been found to 
be extremely efficacious in curing and 
preventing cholera, had aroused 
world-wide interest, said Professor 
S. S. Bhatilagar in an interview to 
The Times of India. 
The drug, provisionally called 
"6257," was evolved in the Caius 
Research Institute of the St. Xavier's 
College, Bombay, by Professor Bhat-
nagar, who worked in collaboration 
with Professor Fernandes. Mr. De 
Sa and Mr. Divekar. 
Professor Bhatnagar said that 
"6257" was different from the deriva-
tives of para-amino benzine sulfa-
nilamide so far employed in clinical 
therapy. The drug was tried on 
patients in Tanjore District, in Mad-
ras Province, and the results ob-
tained justified the hope that, with 
the employment of the new drug, it 
might be possible not only to cure 
cases of cholera, but also to prevent 
its spreading, by sterilizing the car-
riers- of this infectious disease by the 
simple oral administration of the new 
drug. 
Eye Bank 
BOSTON, U. S. has an eye bank. 
 
The general public in New England 
are being urged to sign forms indi• 
cating their willingness to donate 
their eyes after their death. 
• 
• 
Larry who was visiting his aunt, 
noticed that the pepper shaker was 
half full of red pepper. Turning to 
his aunt he said seriously, "You'd 
better not eat that, Mama says red 
pepper will kill aunts." 
M. D. R. 
5 
11.113111all MOM 1050CIATI011 CA11700,1 SEMI 
4're, 
PARTNERS 
THE ()MENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
YOU CAN FOOL SOME OF THE PEOPLE-- 
T
HE story of medicine records 
great achievements and dis-
coveries—tales of men and women 
who devoted their lives to research 
so that others might live. But inter-
woven with these tales of medical 
progress are stories of another side 
of medical history, episodes involv-
ing pretenders to medical knowledge 
—charlatans who capitalized on the 
labour of their contemporaries to 
reap a harvest of "sucker" money. 
Below are a few sketches of some 
of the buffoons and deceivers who 
pop in and out among the medical 
"greats" in the history of the healing 
art. Unfortunately, their race is not 
yet extinct; and we need to be on the 
watch to avoid being fooled by their 
counterparts in our day. 
Sir Kenelm Digby was the creator 
of the popular "Sympathetic Powder" 
which, according to him, miracu-
lously healed wounds by not being 
applied to them! This medical 
"miracle" was achieved by taking, 
instead, the blood-stained clothing 
of the victim and soaking it in :. 
water solution of the powder. 
One of Digby's early patients was 
 
a man who had tried to separate 
two friends engaged in a duel and 
had, in consequence, been the only 
one wounded. Digby took the suf-
ferer's bloodstained garter, dipped it 
in a solution of his powder, and 
instantly the pain left the wound, so 
great was the power of suggestion 
behind his powder of sympathy. 
When Digby removed the garter 
from his solution, the patient averred 
that the pain returned. 
Digby claimed to have acquired 
the formula for Sympathetic Powder 
from a mysterious stranger from the 
Orient who had refused to impart 
his secret to anyone else and who 
disappeared immediately after he 
had disclosed it to him. A great 
many people testified that they were 
healed by the powder. 
Digby also advanced an original 
treatment for fever: "Pare the 
patient's nails, place the parings in 
a little bag, and hang it around the 
neck of a live eel. Place the eel in a 
tub of water. The eel will die and the 
patient recover." 
"Chevalier" John Taylor, a gran-
diloquent quack oculist, was called 
by Dr. Samuel Johnson: "The most 
ignorant man I ever knew, but 
sprightly." He was a clever buffoon, 
and he was always clad in black 
6 
ALAN A. BROWN 
with a long flowing wig. His 
speeches were typical of a charla-
tan's verbosity. In a lecture, "The 
Eye," delivered at the University of 
Oxford, he had this to say, in part: 
"The eye, most illustrious sons of 
the muses, most learned Oxonians 
whose fame I have heard celebrated 
in all parts of the globe—the eye, 
that most amazing, that stupendous, 
that comprehending, that incompre-
hensible, that miraculous organ the 
eye, is Proteus of the passions, the 
herald of the mind, the interpreter 
of the heart, and the window of the 
soul. The world was made for the 
eye and the eye for the world. 
"Ah, my philosophical,. meta-
physical, my classical, mathematical, 
mechanical, my theological, my crit-
ical audience, my subject is the 
eye." 
A story is told of an eighteenth 
century impostor who called him-
self Dr. Rock. He sold a cure-all 
remedy from an open-air booth near 
St.. Paul's Cathedral, London. One 
day he met an old friend, and the 
two went to a near-by inn. The 
visitor, with frankness, concluded in 
these words a statement of his sur-
prise at the faker's success: "Thee 
knowest thee never had no more 
brains than a pumpkin." 
Instead of becoming indignant, 
Rock took him to the window and 
bade him count the nassers-bv. When 
twenty had passed, he asked his 
friend: "How many wise men do you 
suppose were among that twenty?" 
"Mayhaps one," was the reply. 
"Well," returned the charlatan, "all 
the rest will come to me." 
Joshua Ward, alias "Spot" Ward, 
listed among his highly profitable 
collection of nostrums a "liquid 
sweat," a "dropsy purging powder" 
and antimonial pills and drops. 
Without any real medical skill, 
Ward grew to be a famed physician. 
He was violently criticized by the 
reputable physicians of his day, and 
he was foolish enough to take one 
of his critics to court. He lost his 
case, and what was worse for him, 
his ignorance of medicine was thor-
oughly exposed. 
One of the anecdotes told about 
Ward relates to a visit to his most 
famous client, King George II. A 
court officer whispered to Ward that 
he should not turn his back to the 
king on leaving his presence. Loudly 
Ward replied: "The king's seeing 
my back is a matter" of no conse-
quence, but the breaking of my neck 
by falling backward is of conse-
quence not only to him but to the 
poor!" 
John Case, a learned quack of the 
seventeenth century, expounded his 
virtues in rhymed advertisements. 
Over the door of his office hung the 
sign: "Within this place, lives Dr. 
Case." This couplet is said to have 
attracted many clients. 
On his pillboxes Dr. Case pasted 
this advice for his patients: 
"Here's fourteen pills for thirteen 
pence; enough in any man's own 
conscience." He was always happy, 
said Dr. Case, to tender advice gratis 
for any affliction, and to sell his 
"superior" medicines at lowest 
prices. He apparently recognized a 
good source of revenue in the treat• 
ment of venereal disease with his 
quack remedy. He referred 
to 
syphilitics as the "Venus Race" in 
this bit of rhyme: 
All ye that are of Venus Race, 
Apply yourselves to Dr. Case; 
Who, with a box or two of PILLS, 
Will soon remove your painful 
ILLS. 
At a social gathering a physician 
proposed a toast to Dr. Case; 
"Here's to all the fools, your pa-
tients, Brother Case." To which Case 
replied: "Thank you, good brother. 
Let me have all the fools, and you 
acre heartily welcome to the rest of 
the practice." 
MY ESCAPE FROM TOBACCO 
S
OME statistician might be able 
to estimate the number of 
people who try to stop smoking every 
year. He might tell you that 60,000 
or 600,000 persons every year try to 
break the habit and that another 
1,000,000 persons wish they could. 
If he were a top notch research man 
he probably could even find out how 
many people actually succeed in 
killing the tobacco habit. The to-
bacco companies would not like to 
have such information made public, 
but it would be interesting to know. 
I admit right now that I cannot give 
you these figures. I do not know 
them and I do not know how to find 
them. But I do know just from talk-
ing with other people that if there 
were any easy way to quit, a whole 
lot less tobacco would be consumed 
every day. 
I quit smoking! It was almost 
three years ago. When I finished that 
last cigarette in the pack, I stopped. 
I mean just that—I stopped. The 
number of cigarettes I've tried since 
then you could count on your fingers. 
Smoking, for me as for most 
people, was both a pleasure and a 
habit. I enjoyed my after-coffee 
cigarette; my breakfast wasn't com-
plete without it. Every cigarette in that 
pack a day which I burned up must 
have been blended just for me. The 
habit was fully grown. It had lasted 
twelve years and I was attached to it. 
A smoker develops a whole set of 
related habits and mannerisms. You 
can always tell the experienced 
smoker from the inexperienced by 
his mannerisms. I had them all and 
they were well trained. 
I suppose there are thousands of 
ways of breaking the habit, but they 
all fall into two main classes. Either 
you stop completely and suddenly 
and relentlessly, or you taper off. 
Possibly some people can taper off 
successfully, but I believe most 
people fool themselves when they 
think they can ease off the habit 
without its hurting. This method 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
merely prolongs the agony and often 
ends in failure. You cannot break 
a habit by continuing it. It is like 
trying to forget a woman with whom 
you are still in love—you cannot do 
it by calling her up every day. Of 
course the analogy falls down there. 
Your woman may leave you but 
your cigarette is your most devoted 
slave—until it becomes your master. 
I always said I could quit when 
the time came. But I carefully saw to 
it that the time never did come. Way 
down deep in my mind I was not 
very sure that I could quit smoking. 
I was afraid to try. 
Then came the war. I saw my 
brand disappear from the market, 
but that didn't bother me too much 
because I had never been a one-brand 
smoker. 
The real tobacco shortages came 
soon. I changed from brand to brand, 
and then took anything I could get. 
Unfortunately (or fortunately, as I 
think now), my office was located 
about a mile from the shopping sec-
tion. Always before, I had bought 
my cigarettes by the carton. But 
cartons were early war casualties. 
It became a real problem to keep 
any cigarettes. And I didn't have 
time to hunt for them. 
Finally I rebelled. I 
rebelled 
against standing in line; I rebelled 
against going from one drugstore 
and grocery to another just to hunt 
for tobacco; I rebelled against under-
the-counter selling. And I quit. 
One day I went home with a partly 
used pack and announced to my 
wife that when the pack was empty 
we were through. No more cigarettes. 
No more ashtrays to clean, and no 
more after-dinner coffee and ciga-
rettes. 
My wife is a smart person and she 
usually manages the family, which 
is true in 98 per cent of all families. 
She uses devious ways to get her 
wishes. When she wants something 
she usually manages to get it in such 
a way that I think it was my idea all 
the time. And if she does not like 
some decision of mine she can 
usually change my mind. But this 
time she could not do a thing. 
Whether she liked it or not my wife 
had to take it and act as if she 
agreed. At that time we had no car, 
the bus was very inconvenient and 
the corner store rarely had tobacco 
for anyone except its best customers. 
Since we traded at the supermarket 
we were not considered "best custom-
ers" by the corner store. My wife 
had to depend on me for her ciga-
rettes. If I did not bring any home, 
she had to quit smoking. And that 
is just what happened. 
The partly used pack I left at 
home. My wife agreed not to cheat. 
We would each smoke one cigarette 
a day, with our after-dinner coffee, 
until the pack was empty. This was a 
compromise, but I could not throw 
those last few cigarettes away. We 
thought this would be as good as the 
sudden and complete stop. It was. 
We enjoyed that one smoke each 
day for about five days. Then they 
were all gone. We put away our ash-
trays, our paper matches and all the 
paraphernalia that goes with smok-
ing. We haven't bought another pack, 
and it has been three years. 
How was it? Well, the first week 
was tough. I tried candy, chewing 
gum, water, coffee and everything 
else I could think of every time I 
wanted a smoke—and that was al-
most every minute of my waking 
day. None of them helped. I still 
wanted to smoke. And of course 
everyone who came into my office 
lit a cigarette and offered me one. I 
tried not to be obnoxious but I'm 
sure I must have acted like a martyr 
those first few weeks. 
All the various suggestions about 
chewing gum and other substitutes 
are foolish. If you really have the 
tobacco habit it is psychologic and 
physiologic and a substitute just 
won't work. 
After the first few weeks I got 
over the terrible craving for a smoke. 
It got to the point where I enjoyed 
smelling the smoke and thought it 
cigarette might be pleasant but I had 
no trouble resisting. Then, several 
months later, I tried a cigarette. It 
was amazing. I choked and sputtered 
and tears came to my eyes. There 
had never been any smoking satisfac-
tion for me without inhaling, but this 
time when I tried to inhale I felt as 
if my throat and lungs were about 
to explode. Never had I realized how 
much one's system has to adapt it-
self to smoke. That was enough for 
me: no more smoking. 
What are the benefits? There are 
many. A pack of cigarettes each day, 
averaging eight annas, costs about 
Rs. 182.8 a year. I am not terribly 
tight, but with prices still going up 
and my income remaining constant 
that Rs. 182-8 looks pretty big. The 
pleasure I was getting from smoking 
is nothing like the pleasure I get 
from not smoking. And my wife can 
find a thousand places for that 
money we save. 
Recently I read an article by some 
medical authority about the relation-
ship of smoking to cancer. Medical 
research has found indications that a 
connection is probable in some cases. 
And you know cancer is rapidly in-
creasing. If I had still been smoking, 
that article would have frightened 
me into quitting. But I won't have to 
worry about cancer from that source. 
My general health is better, No, I 
did not gain any weight as do most 
people who give up smoking. But I 
• 
did stop having frequent afternoon 
headaches. My appetite improved. 
My throat began to behave as if it 
appreciated decent treatment again. 
My yellow fingers—the give-away of 
the heavy smoker—gradually turned 
a normal flesh colour. And my teeth 
lost the tobacco stain which every 
dentist recognizes but is powerless to 
stop. 
Will I ever start again? I'll make 
no promises—they are too much like 
New Year resolutions. But I'll bet 
any reasonable amount that I never 
again smoke as a habit. Why should 
1 resume an expensive habit? Why 
should I subject my body to that 
much unnecessary abuse? When the 
tobacco companies can give me some 
valid, concrete reason for taking up 
their product again, I'll seriously 
consider it. Until then, no, thanks, 
I wouldn't care for one.—Ilygeia. 
HEART DISEASE -A PARADOX 
W. W. BAUER, M.D. 
17
paradox of heart disease is 
hat while it is the leading 
cause of death we do not want it to 
be otherwise. At the same time, we 
want to change the situation mate-
rially for the better. How can this 
be done? 
The answer lies in the fact that 
heart disease is not one disease but 
many. There is the aged but the 
valiant heart, wearing out after many 
years of faithful service, demand-
ing its rest at last after eighty, 
ninety, or sometimes one hundred 
years. There is little possibility or 
desire to change this situation. But 
there are other types of heart dis-
ease in which failure occurs too 
soon. These are the ones about which 
we want to do something. They are, 
moreover, the types of heart disease 
in which more is being done today 
than ever before. Indeed, much more 
is being done than most persons 
realize. When they do realize and 
seek to grasp for themselves what 
medical science and art today can do 
toward the postponement of pre-
mature heart failure, more years will 
be added to life. Not only that, more 
living will be added to these years. 
Until recently, it has been custom-
ary to point out that certain types of 
heart disease exist for which little 
can be done. Modern progress in 
Director, Bureau of health Educa-
tion, American Medical Association 
medicine and surgery has done much 
to change this attitude. 
Heart diseases fall into three 
principal groups: diseases of the 
heart muscle, diseases of the heart 
lining and covering, and defects in 
development. Among diseases of the 
heart muscle are ordinary wearing 
out with great age, injuries sustained 
from chemical poisonings or from 
infectious diseases, and damage in-
flicted by failure of the food and 
oxygen supply of the muscle, re-
sulting from injury to the blood 
vessels which feed the heart itself. 
Diseases of the valves and of the 
covering of the heart are primarily 
infectious in origin. A third type of 
heart disease is due to failure of 
development in the structure of the 
heart and larger blood vessels, either 
before birth or in the transformations 
which take place at birth when or 
soon after the infant first breathes. 
There is an important difference 
between heart disease and heart 
failure. Heart failure is the un-
favourable ending of heart disease. 
It may not occur for many years. It 
is not , always complete and fatal 
when it does occur. There may be, 
and often is, considerable and re-
peated recovery from heart failure. 
While heart disease may be expected 
to shorten an individual's expectation 
of life somewhat, it by no means fol-
lows that the shortening will be 
great or the termination immediate. 
In brief, the outlook in heart dis-
ease is far more favourable than is 
generally, realized, both for the 
individual and for people as a whole. 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
The causes of heart disease vary 
with the types. 
The exact cause of abnormal de-
velopment of the heart before birth 
is not understood. When one con-
siders the complicated procedure by 
which the human body grows from a 
single cell into the complex mechan-
ism of the fully developed baby 
ready for independent existence, the 
wonder is not that occasional ab-
normalities occur, but that they are 
so few. One of the principal ones 
for which a remedy has been found 
is based on changes which take place 
when the infant, immediately upon 
birth, begins for the first time to use 
his lungs. Before birth, the lungs 
were not expanded and had the same 
blood supply as other tissues, which 
was sufficient to nourish them and 
bring oxygen from the mother's 
blood. 
Immediately upon birth there 
must spring into use a large addi-
tional lung circulation not intended 
to nourish the lung tissues but to use 
the lungs as air conditioners for the 
blood; to give it oxygen and take 
away the waste gas, carbon dioxide. 
This involves changes in the heart. 
A valve which allowed blood from 
the two sides of the heart to mingle 
must close, and the large blood ves-
sel, which furnished a short circuit 
from the arteries to the veins about 
the heart, must close at the same 
time that the entire new lung cir-
culation must open. The failure of 
the valve in the heart to close causes 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
what is popularly known as "blue 
babies," who very often die of as-
phyxia rather promptly. Failure of 
the short-circuit vessel to close may 
also throw a heavy burden on the 
heart, with consequent early failure. 
Surgical closing of this vessel now 
makes possible the saving of many 
of these infants. The operation is 
risky, but life without it is more 
risky, so the choice is fairly obvious. 
Other 'heart conditions in which 
surgery has proved helpful include 
a condition in which the sac, or cov-
ering which surrounds the hearts has 
become too tight, thus restricting 
free heart action. Surgical removal 
of this covering frees the heart. 
Over-activity of the thyroid gland, 
commonly associated with a condi-
tion called "goitre," may whip up 
heart action and bring about ex-
haustion of the heart. Removal of 
portions of this gland, or reducing 
its blood supply by tying off ar-
teries which feed it, removes the ex-
cessive stimulus and allows the 
heart to recover if the operation has 
been done in time. In extreme cases 
practically the entire thyroid gland 
may be removed and its function 
substituted by controlled thyroid 
feeding in appropriate amounts. This 
removal of the thyroid gland and 
subsequent thyroid feeding, has been 
effectively used in the treatment of 
another form of heart disease, coro-
nary thrombosis. 
Spectacular accounts of surgical 
repair of injuries to the heart mus- 
cle, while not common, are never-
theless interesting and are indica- 
tions that short of actual piercing, 
an injury to the heart need not neces-
sarily be fatal. Another form of sur- 
gery, employed mainly for the con-
trol of high blood pressure, consists 
in detaching the heart and blood 
vessels from a portion of their nerve 
supply by cutting these nerves close 
to their origin along the spine, thus 
removing an excessive stimulus and 
bringing the blood pressure down or 
holding it steady at a safe, though 
perhaps not normal, level. 
None of the operations mentioned 
is minor. Some of them are-exceed-
ingly drastic. Some are relatively 
new and partly experimental. None 
are resorted to, lightly or while less 
severe measures give hope of suc-
cess. It is, however, distinctly worth 
while to know that these surgical re-
sources exist and, under appropriate 
circumstances, can be called upon 
when other measures fail. 
Modern advances in the treatment 
of infectious diseases with penicillin 
and the sulfa drugs supply a new 
weapon against heart damage. These 
measures sometimes fail, as illus-
trated in the recent tragic and unex-
pected death of Wendell Willkie, 
who apparently succumbed to a 
combination of streptococcus infec-
tion and a weakened heart. Presum-
ably, if Mr. Willkie's heart had not 
already been weakened, he might 
have overcome the infection with the 
aid of the drugs. His death, by 
reason of his fame, attracted wide at-
tention. But there are thousands of 
similar deaths occurring among ob-
scure men and women every year. 
Some of them are preventable. Al-
most any infection damages the 
heart. The longer it goes on, the 
more damage it is likely to do. 
Most likely to inflict damage upon 
the heart muscle are infections such 
as diphtheria, typhoid fever, scarlet 
fever, meningitis, pneumonia, the 
streptococcus and staphlococcus or-
ganisms, and syphilis. We now have 
antitoxin for diphtheria and typhoid, 
and the other infections are being 
treated more successfully than ever 
before with sulfa drugs, penicillin, 
and, in the case of syphilis, com-
pounds of arsenic and bismuth. 
The widespread and successful use 
of specific measures, preventive and 
curative, against diseases which often 
injure the heart will be reflected in 
the future in a constantly increasing 
percentage of our people who reach 
adult life with undamaged hearts. 
When adult life is reached, injury 
9 
Have 
Your 
Heart 
Examined 
Periodi- 
cally But 
Do Not 
Worry 
About 
Little 
Irrega- 
larities 
to the heart is done most often by 
chemical poisonings, syphilis, (so-
called focal) infections in the 
mouth, teeth, sinuses, digestive or-
gans, and reproductive organs, and 
by unwise living, including over-
work, worry, nervous tension, use of 
tobacco, and over-eating. The results 
of these causes, usually two or more 
working together in a given situa-
tion, may cause muscular deteriora-
tion of the heart or gradual narrow-
ing of the heart's own blood supply 
vessels, the coronaries. When this 
happens, there may be a sudden 
violent attack with severe pain in 
the chest, known as "angina pec-
toris," or there may be a gradual 
deterioration of the heart, first with 
enlargement of the muscles and then 
failure by dilatation. The remedy for 
these causes is obvious. 
Industry has already removed the 
most serious threat to heart muscle, 
namely, industrial poisoning from 
lead. Other industrial poisons and 
potential poisons are constantly be-
ing studied, and they are eliminated 
or carefully guarded against as rap-
idly as knowledge permits. The other 
factors are mainly the personal re-
sponsibility of the patient. A mere 
reading of the list of causes sug-
gests remedies. 
One may often read of sudden 
deaths from heart disease. It can-
not be said that such do not occur, 
but certainly they are not commonly 
as sudden as is generally believed. 
In most cases there is warning be-
forehand, but the warning is either 
unrecognized or ignored. Older per-
sons who experience breathlessness 
on slight exertion or when resting, 
swelling of the feet or other parts of 
the body, vague digestive disturb-
ances, dizziness, or pain in the 
chest, may not necessarily be suffer-
ing from heart disease or any other 
serious condition. Nevertheless, these 
symptoms do occur in, and are warn- 
ings of, existing heart disease and 
impending heart failure. They call 
for immediate consultation with a 
physician. It is wise also to consult 
a doctor for a checkup, especially 
with relation to heart action and 
blood pressure, from time to time, 
even when there are no symptoms. 
When the doctor has made a diag-
nosis of heart disease, there is not 
necessarily cause for despair. Heart 
failure, as already intimated, can 
often be postponed for a long time. 
Partial failures are often followed 
by improvement or complete clinical 
recovery. Repeated failures, however, 
are a bad indication, especially if 
they occur despite careful observance 
of the doctor's instructions. When a 
physician faces a patient with heart 
disease, he will not be content with 
merely treating the heart. He will 
treat the patient as a whole. He will 
wish to remove any condition which 
threatens further injury to the heart. 
He may prescribe medication to sup-
port the heart, at least temporarily. 
He will certainly limit the activities 
of the patient. How much limitation 
will be necessary depends on the 
type and extent of heart injury and 
the degree of existing or threatened 
heart failure. 
In extreme cases, such as advanced 
valvular heart disease or serious 
coronary disease, the doctor may 
keep the patient in bed for months, 
sometimes limiting activity to the ex-
tent of not permitting the patient to 
sit up, turn over by himself, or even 
feed himself. All activities may have 
to be controlled and visitors ex-
cluded. In mild cases, and as recov-
ery progresses, greater activity may 
be allowed, but all activity must stop 
short of breathlessness or fatigue. 
Chilling or infections must be 
guarded against. Excessive weight 
must be reduced. Diet must be regu-
lated and the size of meals re-
stricted. Everything possible is done 
to reduce the burden upon the heart 
and keep it well within the capacity 
of tired or injured heart muscles. 
From a practical standpoint the 
person who has had a heart failure 
or in whom such failure impends 
should be prevented from climbing 
stairs, except a very short flight, and 
that slowly and with repeated rests. 
He must let the tramcar or train 
which he almost caught go by. He 
must learn to keep his temper in 
hand, especially if he has the coro-
nary type of disease. The famous 
Englishman of letters, Samuel John-
son, who had a bad heart, remarked 
plaintively that his life was at the 
mercy of any scoundrel who chose 
to make him angry. Worry and over-
eating must be overcome. The indi-
vidual must learn to live on a re-
stricted plan and like it. There are 
numerous evidences that anyone who 
has the wit and the will to do this 
can live longer and not without 
pleasure, if he does it consistently. 
The solution to the paradox of 
heart disease is found in the weapons 
which modern medical science has 
made available. The future offers us 
no reduction in deaths from heart 
disease, but it does offer us great op-
portunities to postpone these deaths 
until large percentages of them oc-
cur at later ages. Not until we have 
greatly increased the percentage of 
heart disease deaths occurring be-
yond the present life expectation of 
sixty-six years can we rest content. 
By that time we shall probably have 
new weapons and will have set our 
goals farther ahead and our sights 
higher. In the meantime, have a 
heart and give your heart a break. 
WEAKLINGS ARE CURABLE 
IF YOU cannot swim the river and 
trek ten miles with a pack on 
your back, you can still survive in 
our civilization. But chances are that 
you have a case of motor unfitness 
—a euphemistic way of saying that 
you are physically ungainly, un-
beautiful, perhaps a weakling. 
An adult male under forty with 
normal motor fitness can perform 
the following feats. If you are of 
the proper age, try them. 
10 
Balance on the toe of one foot for 
ten seconds. 
Do twenty "sit-ups" from the 
floor. 
Do twenty deep knee bends. 
Lift and set down once a person 
your own weight. 
From a standing position, broad 
jump seven feet. 
ALBERT KREINHEDER, M.SC. 
Run a mile in seven minutes. 
Dr. Thomas K. Cureton defines 
motor fitness as the "capacity to 
run, jump, dodge, fall, climb, swim, 
ride, lift, and carry loads, and en-
dure long hours of continuous work. 
Vitally necessary to the soldier, 
motor fitness is needed by civilians 
for their own safety and health. 
Persons without motor fitness lack 
a kinesthetic sense. They slip cn 
rugs, fall in the shower, and en- 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNZ 1948 
counter various serious accidents. 
A complete motor fitness test con-
taining fourteen items was given to 
2,628 men entering the University of 
Illinois. More than one-third failed 
to pass. Another one-fourth were 
near-failures. Of the two-fifths who 
did pass the majority could-not swim 
as far as one hundred yards. 
Dr. Cureton put the blame for 
this "appalling" condition on pro-
tected soft lives, lack of hard physi-
cal work, and the habit of using the 
motor car instead of one's own legs. 
If exercise were sold in capsules, 
most of these weakling children 
would have had strong, well-propor-
tioned bodies. Physical weakness is 
usually a deficiency disease, and the 
ingredient most often lacking is 
good, old-fashioned exercise. 
Proof of this was demonstrated by 
two South African physicians, Dr. 
Ernst Jokl and Dr. E. H. Cluver.. 
They set up a special training camp 
for men who were unemployable be-
cause of mental dullness and a high 
incidence of such minor illnesses as 
colds, constipation, sore throats, and 
headaches. After six months of reg-
ularity, good food, physical training 
and drill, these slouching, listless, 
weakling youths became normal, 
alert young men. 
The industrial revolution has not 
yet industrialized the human body. 
It is essentially the same body that 
pushed into place the giant blocks 
of the Egyptian pyramids. It still 
needs exercise for its proper growth, 
health, and vitality. Deny yourself 
adequate physical activity and you 
are putting out the welcome mat for 
insomnia, neuroses, hypochondria, 
and boredom. You are weakening 
your general defence against practi-
cally all invading viruses. 
You can feed your body vitamin 
extracts and tonics, give it fresh air, 
rest, and a perfect diet; but without 
exercise you will remain a weakling. 
Without exercise, food is not assimi-
lated by the muscles. And without 
food, muscles degenerate until they 
are composed chiefly of connective 
tissue and fibres loaded with oil 
drops. 
So compact are muscular tissues 
that the heart by itself does not pump 
sufficient blood through them to 
maintain normal nourishment. The 
blood must be helped to circulate 
through the muscles by alternate con-
traction and relaxation of the mus- 
cles themselves, or, in other words, 
by exercise. What happens to unused 
muscles can be seen in the feeble 
and wasted condition of a limb that 
Ty-w nRIVNTAT WATrumAx. "(mile 19411 
has for some time been in splints. 
Normally, your muscles will grow 
and adapt themselves to the kind of 
work you demand of them. The way 
to strength, simply stated, is gradual. 
ly and progressively to demand cf 
your muscles a man-sized output. 
They will measure up. Then your 
most casual motions will be rein-
forced with the reserve strength 
which is physical poise. You will 
stand straight, sit straight, and move 
gracefully. 
You may not be the type who will 
embark immediately upon a scien-
tific regime of corrective exercises. 
Few are. Specialized calisthenics, 
however, with weights, bars, and 
gymnasium apparatus will give you 
a real overhauling. Heavy movements 
that can be repeated from ten to 
twenty times will strengthen your 
muscles and add weight. If you want 
merely more tone and flexibility, you 
will do lighter exercises that stress 
co-ordination. 
The gymnasium bores you? Then 
avoid it. Going to your exercises with 
teeth gritted is no help in breaking 
the tension of modern living. Unless 
you have marked under-development, 
such games as tennis, and golf, activ-
ities like swimming, hiking, and 
rowing, will keep you in top shape. 
Exercise that goes along with a 
hobby that includes sociability and 
fun, will be continued long after you 
have abandoned exercise for its own 
sake. 
Sweat when you exercise, but don't 
be lured into exhaustion by the big-
muscle ads. Remember that exercise 
of itself does not build muscles. It 
is a breaking-down process. By too-
frequent, too-prolonged, or too-vio-
lent activity, many athletes have 
actually worn down and "burned 
out" their youthful vigour. Rest, 
good diet, and fresh air repair the 
ravages of fatigue and promote fur-
ther growth. Heavy exercise should 
not be done more often than three 
times a week, and it should always 
stop short of exhaustion. The adapt-
ive powers of the human body are 
astonishing, however, and one's best 
possibilities are not realized without 
occasionally driving the body by 
sheer will. Dr. Alexis Carrel used 
to atroac �
no.Ati for long_ harri tsues 
to toughen the body and build en-
durance. But supreme efforts should 
not be too frequent, and must not 
follow upon a period of inactivity. 
Still, it is the walking upstairs with 
fifty pounds on your shoulders that 
teaches you to bound up when there 
is no weight at all. 
For either sex at any age, exercise 
is beneficial. Children, women, and 
older persons must employ greater 
discretion, but even in old age a 
certain amount of light bodily activ-
ity is important. In childhood ex-
ercise is a spontaneous and joyful 
expression of the personality; so 
it can be throughout life. 
During the period of youth a 
healthy boy may attempt almost any 
kind of exercise. Until twenty-two or 
twenty-three, however, activity pro-
longed beyond fatigue may do him 
permanent harm. Hence for him the 
playing periods in basketball and 
other fast games should be shorter 
than for professional athletes. Cor-
rection of faulty musculature is most 
easily accomplished in childhood and 
youth, and wise parents will equip 
their child in these growing years 
with the most perfect physique pos-
sible. 
Until he is forty a healthy man 
can safely pursue the exercises of 
youth, but after that time rigidity 
in the blood vessels and cartilages 
makes sudden efforts dangerous. 
The same principles apply to girls 
and women. The "weaker sex" need 
not be weaklings; though, of course, 
their inferior strength and the de-
mands of childbirth suggest greater 
moderation. But many women of 
forty-five, by intelligent exercise and 
healthful living, still retain a slim 
figure and the vitality of youth. 
There are, unfortunately, individ-
uals with serious ailments who seem 
doomed to have ineffectual bodies. 
But for each of those there are a 
hundred whose haggard faces and 
heavy feet tell only of their reluc-
tance to engage in some regular activ-
ity that will strengthen their muscles 
and grind down their avoirdupois. 
Exercise is not a substitute for 
good food, rest, regularity, or clean 
living habits. Nor are these a substi-
tute for exercise. But exercise will 
often spell the- difference between 
being "not sick" and being truly 
healthy. One who has never had 
strong, elastic muscles and an agile, 
well-co-ordinated body has never felt 
the.exquisite pleasure of being alive. 
Fortunately, if he is not too old, he 
still has a good chanc.o of finding 
out. 
11 
11111111111111111 
THE SCANDAL OF SMALLPDX 
W
E NEED not go back into an-
cient history or the Middle 
Ages to learn about smallpox. It is 
true enough that sixty million per-
sons lost their lives in Europe from 
smallpox in a single century during 
the Middle Ages. It is correct that 
smallpox caused the deaths of kings 
and princes and aided in the destruc-
tion of armies and empires. Small-
pox was described as a foul and 
envious disease which spoiled the 
maiden's beauty; young women were 
advised in all seriousness to get 
themselves husbands before small-
pox marred their beauty; the family 
circle was never regarded as secure 
until all its members had been 
through an attack of smallpox and 
had recovered. 
The facts about smallpox are not 
difficult to understand. The cause of 
the disease is not known, but its 
characteristics are well understood. 
It is probably the most highly con-
tagious of all diseases, requiring 
only brief and not very close con-
tact to spread from person to per-
son. It is characterized by symptoms 
closely resembling influenza, which 
persist for several days before the 
characteristic rash breaks out. It is 
during this preliminary stage that 
the patient mingles with others and 
spreads the disease, which is more 
highly communicable then than 
later. The usual smallpox rash is 
definitely characteristic and not dif-
ficult for the experienced medical 
observer to identify. 
Smallpox occurs in two principal 
types. the mild and the severe. So-
called black smallpox and confluent 
12 
smallpox are varieties of the severe 
infection. Mild smallpox may be 
very mild indeed, but there is no 
telling when a severe case may arise 
from contact with a mild case, nor 
can we ever be sure that epidemics 
of the severe type will not invade 
our communities as they did numer-
ous of America's largest cities in the 
years between 1920 and 1925. The 
confluent and the black smallpox 
cases frequently terminate in death 
or result in such numerous and se-
vere complications that permanent 
injury may be done to the eyesight, 
the hearing, or the brain, to say 
nothing of the severe scarring which 
often results. There is no way of 
treating smallpox once it has devel-
oped, except to make the patient 
comfortable, relieve pain, and at-
tempt to minimize complications and 
scars. This adds still more point to 
the emphasis on prevention. 
Smallpox thrives largely because 
of indifference and prejudice. Pre-
sumably, ignorance may also play a 
relatively small part; there may 
still be a few persons who have 
never heard of vaccination! But for 
the most part those who remain un-
vaccinated today—and there are mil-
lions of them—do so because of in-
difference or prejudice. 
Indifference is readily explained, 
since it is a common human at-
tribute. When smallpox was a deadly 
menace to the family and claimed 
its thousands of victims every year, 
everyone was afraid of it and every-
one clamoured to be protected. 
People did this in the benighted 
Middle Ages. when all they could 
do was to flee from infected areas; 
but they did it also in the enlightened 
twentieth century in our modern 
cities, whose inhabitants, shocked 
out of their lethargy by the invasion 
of black smallpox, stormed the of-
fices of doctors and health depart-
ments demanding immediate vac-
cination. Fear effectively dispels in-
difference. 
Prejudiced opposition is another 
story. This may be based on ignor-
ance often skilfully fostered by the 
purveyors of misinformation. No 
one denies that in the early days vac-
cination was an ordeal scarcely less 
dangerous than smallpox, and some-
times more so. It should be remem-
bered that vaccination was discov-
ered before modern knowledge of 
bacteriology and the prevention of 
infection was available. Modern vac-
cinations need not become infected; 
but many persons still live in the 
B. B. age of medicine—Before Bac-
teriology. The professional anti-vac-
cination propagandists do their best 
to perpetuate such beliefs. 
There are, of course, some who 
profess to object to vaccination on 
religious grounds. We do not choose 
to debate with them, since religious 
liberty is one of the guarantees 
which are dear to the heart. Unfor-
tunately there is nothing to prevent 
the unscrupulous from professing 
religious or conscientious objec-
tions, which they may not actually 
feel. Unhappily for the public 
health, a religious objection to pre-
ventive medicine may become a 
hazard to the individual and, 
through him, to the community. 
When this happens the community 
has a right and a duty to protect 
itself. 
Finally, there is prejudice against 
vaccination because of the charges 
that it introduces disease into the 
body, that it is a scheme of the vac-
cine manufacturers, that it makes 
the doctors rich, that it is a political 
racket of public health departments, 
and that it encroaches upon the 
rights of the citizen. Propaganda to 
this „effect • is spread continuously 
and persistently by small but loud 
groups of anti-vaccinationists who 
W. W. BAUER, M.D. 
Director, Bureau of Health Education. 
American Medical Association 
Tug �
(IrRowT r. 137 Ave*Tm 4N, JTINv 104A 
band themselves together under fine-
sounding names which would seem 
to signify that they are leagues de-
manding liberty in medicine, or use 
misleading titles which would indi-
cate that they are research institu-
tions or organizations devoted to sci-
entific investigation. 
The methods of the anti-vaccina-
tionists are typical. Suppose that a 
health officer announces that vac-
cinations are necessary. His an-
nouncement appears in the news-
papers and through a clipping 
service arrives at the desk of the 
executive secretary of an anti-vacci-
nationist organization, usually lo-
cated in a large city. In due time, 
and it seldom takes long, the editor 
of the local paper receives a letter 
on an impressive letter-head pointing 
out the horrors and the evils of vac-
cination. Since most editors are be-
lievers in the freedom of expres-
sion, the letter is published in the 
"voice of the people" column. 
Most persons have sense enough 
to pay no attention to this sort of 
thing, but there are always a few 
who are easily frightened and easily 
led, and it is to them that the ap-
peal is, in fact, directed. They may 
become paying members of the anti-
vaccinationist organization or they 
may choose to resist vaccination or 
otherwise obstruct the work of the 
health department. Numerous court 
battles have been waged, and the in-
variable verdict has been that the 
community has a right to defend it-
self against the spread of the 
disease. 
A great outcry is made against 
compulsory vaccination by the anti-
vaccinationists. As a matter of fact, 
compulsory vaccination does not 
actually exist in most localities. 
There are laws and regulations mak-
ing vaccination a prerequisite for 
school attendance, but these usually 
provide for exemption of conscien-
tious objectors. There are laws re-
quiring either vaccination or quar-
antine for persons exposed to small-
pox, but anyone who does not wish 
to be vaccinated still has the alter-
native of quarantine. These laws, 
therefore, do not constitute compul-
sory vaccination. The outcry against 
compulsory vaccination is as need-
less as it is insincere. 
Vaccination as done under mod-
ern conditions is as safe as any 
procedure that involves the breaking 
of the skin. That there is a remote 
risk attached to it no honest physi-
cian denies, but the risk is so much 
less than the risk of smallpox to the 
unvaccinated that no intelligent per-
son, fully informed and without 
prejudice, would hesitate an instant 
in choosing vaccination in preference 
to the risk of smallpox. The anti-
vaccinationists have beclouded the 
issue with falsified statistics. They 
have garbled quotations from emi-
nent living physicians And correct 
but misleading quotations from phy-
sicians of past centuries which, how-
ever, they present as if the authors 
were living in the age of modern 
medicine rather than in the centuries 
before bacteriology and modern 
asepsis. The claims of the anti-vac-
cinationists are a tissue of misstate-
ments, evasions, and misrepresenta-
tions. Whether their motives be 
cynical or sincere, the effect upon 
the public health is the same. 
The simple facts about smallpox 
and its prevention are these. Small-
pox is highly contagious. It may be 
a serious disease. There is no cura-
tive treatment for smallpox. Small-
pox is easily prevented by vaccina-
tion. Vaccination is a highly Lafe 
procedure. Three vaccinations in a 
lifetime, at the ages of one year, 
seven years, and fourteen years usu-
ally suffice. Vaccination should be 
repeated whenever there is known ex-
posure to a case of smallpox. 
S 
Vaccination Will Protect These Happy Youngsters Againat the Terrible Scourge. 
Trot 
11-1PRWTVT 41 W AV:11MA N. JUNE 1.9U �
13 
M
AN is the one creature in whom 
reason and emotion are so 
intermingled that it is quite impossi-
ble to dissociate one from the other. 
There is no such thing as a thought 
untinged with emotion; but there 
are plenty of emotions which are but 
slightly tinged with thought. Fear 
and anger are two such emotions; 
perhaps the two most common hu-
man emotions. 
You have, no doubt, often heard 
the expression, "an unreasoning 
fear," or "an unreasoning anger." 
By that was, of course, meant that 
there existed an emotional state 
which was beyond the control of the 
reason and with which one could 
not argue. In such cases we are 
dealing with almost pure, primitive 
emotion on the loose; such looseness 
is bad. Never be loose with your 
emotions. Tighten up on them. If 
you don't they will tighten up on 
you; for untutored emotion can be 
one of the most serious and unre-
lenting causes of nervous tension. 
If you can learn never to worry, 
and to control your fear and anger, 
that will be something, won't it? In 
fact, so much that no one will ever 
have to bother telling you about the 
control of any other emotion, for 
when you have learnt to master these 
three, you will be able to take care 
of any others that may trouble you. 
What is worry? That is one of 
those questions that does not require 
an answer. Everyone knows what 
worry is—a combination of fear, 
anxiety, depression, insecurity, and 
gloom. That anyone should volun-
tarily submit himself to such misery 
would be something utterly incom-
prehensible were we not all aware 
how real this condition has been in 
14 
each of our lives. Yes, no one has 
ever entirely escaped worry. 
Why do we worry? Some persons 
seem to love it; at least, it would 
seem so from the ease and the fre-
quency with which they indulge in 
it. Might there not possibly be a 
clue here? Is it not possible that 
many of us actually prefer to worry 
rather than take the necessary steps 
to free ourselves from worries? 
Worry exercises a sort of paralytic 
effect upon us, which to some is 
preferable to the necessity of facing 
reality. Worry is a kind of neurosis 
in which, instead of facing reality, 
one takes flight from it. It is a condi-
tion in which one rehearses all the 
calamities which have not yet oc-
curred, in which he confuses and 
torments himself with all sorts of 
fears, and waits for something to 
happen to relieve himself from this 
unpleasant situation, instead of go-
ing out to do something practical in 
order to achieve such a relief. 
There is a well-known type of 
neurosis into which unsuccessful 
business men escape as soon as they 
become aware that bankruptcy is 
inevitable. After the crash, they 
recover, and forever after they go 
around saving: "If only I hadn't had 
my mental breakdown when I did. I 
could have saved the firm from bank-
ruptcy." 
You see, the neurosis was purely a 
defensive excuse for not facing the 
consequences of something which 
seemed inevitable. It was a running 
away from a situation, and when it 
was all over, a coming back to claim 
that one was almost a hero. Don't 
you see how similar to the worry 
situation that is? 
Worry is the condition in which 
we take refuge when we no longer 
know what to do about reality. If 
that is true, then the solution to the 
problem of worry lies in learning 
what to do about reality. 
And what can one do about real-
ity? Face it squarely, courageously, 
and honestly. You cannot do any 
more, and you should never do any 
less. 
The more you run away from 
reality the more frightened you get, 
the more insecure you feel. The 
more courageously you face reality, 
the mbre courageous and the more 
secure you feel. Remember that. Try 
it at the next opportunity and see 
how it works. 
Face the devil squarely and you 
have him beaten instantly. Make a 
deal with him and try to appease him 
by giving in, and you are lost. Let 
there be no compromise with your 
conscience about reality. It may not 
be easy at first, but once you get into 
the habit, it will be easy enough. 
When faced with any situation which 
formerly used to send you into a 
bout of worry, don't sit down and 
mope, but stand up and take stock 
of it courageously. Ask yourself 
what is the best way to meet that 
situation, and go right ahead and do 
something about it. Be calm, relaxed, 
and smile and laugh as much as you 
can. Keep your balance, your sense 
of humour. But whatever you do, 
make a courageous, honest, square 
response to the situation. Take con-
trol. Don't let the situation take con-
trol of you. Use your intelligence. 
Don't get into a panic, for in a 
panic you are completely out of con-
trol. Don't let emotion get the upper 
hand. Smile, and reason the thing 
out. However black the situation may 
at first appear, calm reflection will 
show you that there is a way of 
meeting it. An emotional orgy of 
worry never helped any one or any 
cause, so why worry when it is the 
most inefficient thing you can pos-
sibly do? 
After you have thought things out 
calmly for yourself, talk the whole 
matter over with a good friend. Be 
frank and honest and explore every 
possibility with him of meeting the 
situation. You will feel a great deal 
better for it, and feel equal to meet-
ing the problem squarely. "There is 
no better looking-glass," goes the 
proverb, "than an old friend." 
Worry is always a feeling of 
aloneness. Obviously, one of the 
best ways of getting over that is by 
developing your friendships, by see-
ing more of those you already know, 
THE ORIENTAL W 4.TCHM AN. JEANF 194,8 
WHY ) 
ASHLEY 
Professor of Anatomy, Hahneman 11 
ORRY? 
Gu, Ph.D. 
College, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. 
Many of the things we have acquired 
in this way are good, others are bad. 
We can learn from our relations with 
others how to unlearn these bad 
things. That should be one of the 
functions of friendship. 
Don't be hostilely aggressive, but 
be intelligent, calm, honest, sincere. 
A wise man once remarked: "It is 
very important to be aggressive, but 
fatal to appear so." Certainly re-
frain from throwing your weight 
around. It does you no good, and 
people do not like it. But do go out 
and cultivate human relationships. 
Ti.n 
°lairs/TAT WhirliMAN. 'UAW Min 
and getting to know others. This is 
not a flight from your feeling of 
aloneness, but an attack upon it, in 
order to dissolve it. There is interest 
and pleasure, as well as safety, in 
numbers. A person acquires strength 
and courage from contact with others, 
but he grows weak and insecure 
when he is alone. This fact was 
clearly brought out during the great 
air raids over England in the last 
war. It was found that far fewer 
cases of mental shock resulted in the 
areas where there was ample provi-
sion for large numbers of people to 
take shelter together. In areas where 
no such provision had been made, 
and persons had to stay alone, the 
proportion of cases of mental shock 
was greatly increased. 
It is not wholly true that we 
eventually all have to fight our own 
battles alone, for all of us fight them 
with a power, that, to a large extent, 
we have acquired from others. We 
are to make the best possible assimi-
lation of that power. It is from our 
relationships—not contacts—w i t h 
others that we learn to act like hu-
man beings. All that we know, and 
almost all that we feel, we have ac-
quired from other human beings. 
How can you ever worry when 
you know that in whatever you do 
you have the active sympathy of 
your friends—when you know that 
you have someone to whom you can 
unburden yourself, and with whom 
you can discuss your problems? 
When you have tried hard to achieve 
something and failed, your friends 
will not blame you. They will praise 
you for having tried and will en-
courage you to try again. 
There is at present too much 
desire for "contact" and too little 
interest in entering into deeper re-
lationships with other human beings. 
Our human relationships tend to be 
awkward and insincere because we 
seldom get on a real footing of 
understanding with other people. 
This attitude has, for the most part, 
been determined by the out-and-out 
competitive spirit which pervades 
the highly industrialized society in 
which we live. 
All discussions of human prob-
lems lead to the same conclusion; 
namely, that we must learn to co-
operate, not compete, with our fel-
low men. This is not to say that we 
shall not vie with one another to do 
our best. A healthy type of competi-
tion which has as its end the advance-
ment of the common good, and not 
the vanquishing of one's "opponent" 
and the selfish advancement of one-
self, is good. A competition which 
is motivated by the impulse to assist 
those with whom one may be com-
peting is the only form of competi-
tion which is ultimately worth while. 
In your relationships with other 
persons what you derive from them 
depends largely upon what you put 
into those relationships. That is, 
perhaps, best exemplified in the most 
intimate of all human relationships 
—marriage. The principal ingre-
dient of successful marriage is not 
so much what you get out of it, as 
what you put into it. The recognition 
of this is probably what caused 
Gustave Flaubert to remark that 
marriage is the best school for a 
man's character that has ever been 
devised. Indeed, a man can have no 
greater friend than his wife. A wife 
generally knows her husband better 
than he knows himself. That is why 
some men resent their wives. What 
a childish attitude that is! Instead of 
being grateful for someone who 
knows him so well, and making use 
of the critical, yet sympathetic, 
understanding of his wife, such a 
man throws away the greatest of all 
his opportunities for helping him-
self. Every man should be able to 
share his troubles with his wife, and 
with her assistance arrive at some 
solution of them. 
Concerning friendship, it was 
written more than two thousand 
years ago in an old Sanskrit work: 
They taste the best of bliss, are good, 
And find life's truest ends, 
Who, glad and gladdening, rejoice 
In love, with loving friends. 
Also: 
The days when meetings do not fail 
With wise and good 
Are lovely clearings on the trail 
Through life's wildwood. 
Get into the habit of walking in 
those lovely clearings through life's 
wildwood. Cultivate as your friends, 
persons whom you can respect and 
like, from whom you can learn to be 
more happy and more wise. The ex-
perience of such friendships will in 
itself work a great reduction in 
your inclination to worry. 
Go out and make new friends. 
Cultivate your old ones. See more 
of people and take more of an in-
terest in what they are doing. Don't 
turn in on yourself. and torment 
yourself by so doing. There is life to 
live, work to be done, joy to take 
in nature and in the good works of 
men. Worry never helped anyone to 
do any of these things. There are a 
good many bad and inefficient things 
which men have done. Your active 
help is needed in the job of putting 
these things right. Put some of the 
energy that you formerly used to 
put into worrying, into this task. 
Find something to do which you 
can do well, and do it. There is 
nothing better for you morale. And 
remember: Keep smiling, keep 
ehaerful. he friendly. 
 
15 
N
O FACTORY can continue to 
operate successfully if its 
wastes are allowed to clutter its 
floors and clog its machinery, and 
intelligent disposal of these wastes 
calls, first, for a clear comprehen-
sion of their character. In this sense 
your body is like a factory, A large 
part of the food which you eat is 
digested and absorbed; but there is 
always a considerable portion that 
cannot be, or at least is not, di-
gested. This indigestible or undi-
gested portion is obviously waste, 
for your body cannot use it and 
must get rid of it. Practically all 
that you eat and digest also event-
ually becomes waste, as you may 
already know; but, before further 
details are given about the changes 
involved in producing wastes from 
different classes of food, some of the 
less obvious types of body wastes 
will be briefly discussed. 
Your tissues themselves are con-
stantly being broken down, giving 
rise to wastes. Some of them break 
down slowly, but others rapidly. The 
red cells of your blood last only from 
thirty to eighty days—the opinion 
oil from special glands in your skin, 
and the mucus produced by all the 
mucous membranes in your body. 
Pus and other abnormal discharges 
from your eyes, ears, mouth, nose, 
or other body openings may also be 
considered as wastes; but they are 
not produced while your body is in 
a healthy condition, so they will not 
be discussed further. 
The simplest way to classify and 
understand most of the wastes pro-
duced by the normal activities of 
your body is to consider the fate of 
the various classes of food that you 
eat. Let us first consider the carbo-
hydrates. Digested and absorbed 
carbohydrates sooner or later undergo 
oxidation, yielding carbon dioxide 
and water. Carbon dioxide is a gas. 
It is found in large amounts in the 
smoke of burning fuel, as well as 
being a common body waste. By oxi-
dation we mean, in this connection, 
chemical reactions in the tissues that 
result in the union of oxygen with 
the substances in question. The in-
digestible part of your food includes 
certain carbohydrates. These are 
found chiefly in the skins and fibre 
true acidosis in the body. This is one 
of the serious developments in a 
severe case of diabetes. 
Proteins, as you may remember, 
are broken down during digestion 
into amino acids, which are absorbed 
from the intestine and carried to the 
liver. Parts of them are used with 
little or no further change to help 
build or repair cells. When these 
cells finally break down, the protein 
parts of them are once more set free 
and must be disposed of in much the 
same way that would have been the 
case if they had never been used to 
help build or repair cells. 
A parallel to this situation is the 
fate of timber which you might cut 
from a forest. You might burn part 
of it soon after cutting it, and use 
part of it to help build a house. 
When the house finally became so 
old that it had to be wrecked, part 
or all of the wood in it would prob-
ably be used for fuel, so in time all 
the timber you cut would become 
smoke and ashes of a sort that would 
be chemically characteristic of the 
kind of timber burned. Similarly. 
you may form a fair judgment of 
YOUR BODY'S WASTES 
H. 0. SWARTOUT, M.D., Ph.D. 
of the most reliable investigators 
being that their average life is much 
nearer thirty days than eighty—so 
it can fairly be said that about 3 
per cent of these cells are broken 
down every day. 
Some of your cells are cast off 
bodily without being broken down; 
but they are none the less waste mate-
rial. This is true of the cells of the 
outer layer of your skin. The lining 
membrane of your digestive tract is 
also constantly shedding cells. A few 
are lost daily from the linings of 
your air passages and genito-urinary 
organs. And among the cells that 
count as wastes we should surely in-
clude the enormous number of bac-
teria that grow in your body, chiefly 
in your large intestine, every day, 
and that compose a considerable pro-
portion of the total bulk of your in-
testinal wastes. 
You have certain organs that se-
crete substances which are of tem-
porary use, but which are soon 
thrown off as wastes with little or no 
change. In this class belong your 
tears, the IVRY firm your Fa �
the 
of fruits and vegetables, and in the 
walls of all vegetable cells. They 
pass through your digestive organs 
unchanged and form a part of your 
body wastes without being oxidized. 
The most abundant carbohydrate of 
this class is cellulose, though a few 
others occur in small quantities. 
Fats produce only carbon dioxide 
and water, if completely oxidized. 
A small amount of fat, however, usu-
ally reaches and passes through even 
a healthy intestine unchanged; and 
in sprue and certain other diseases 
the intestinal wastes contain a large 
amount of undigested fat. In some 
diseases, notably diabetes, fat is di-
gested; but its oxidation is imper-
fect, and other wastes than carbon 
dioxide and water result. The most 
important of these are called ketone 
bodies, and are usually three in num-
ber: acetone, diacetic acid, and hy-
droxybutyric acid. In health, they 
are often produced in traces, so we 
may include them among the less-
abundant normal body wastes. When 
they are present in any considerable 
amount. however, they produce R 
the final wastes that come from all 
your digested proteins by tracing the 
fate of the amino acids that are de-
composed in your liver and oxidized 
without ever having assisted in the 
building or repairing of tissues. 
First of all, the nitrogen-contain-
ing parts of these acids are split off 
to form ammonia. Your liver is able 
to unite most of this ammonia with 
carbon dioxide to form urea, which 
is one of the most abundant of all 
nitrogen-containing wastes. The parts 
of the amino acids that do not con-
tain nitrogen are oxidized, forming 
carbon dioxide and water. These are 
not all the wastes they yield, how-
ever, for some of the amino acids 
contain sulphur; and in the course 
of oxidation these become sulphates. 
Protein coming from the nuclei of 
plant or animal cells in food is 
partly made up of certain nitrogen-
containing compounds that are not 
classed among the amino acids. 
These undergo partial oxidation, giv-
ing rise to uric acid and certain re-
lated waste substances. 
Your liver plays a part in the 
r}nr (*MT:TA/ �
ATC1F/M• N. j TM 1,946 
e 
production of still another kind of 
protein waste that should not be 
classed with those that come from 
amino acids. Reference has already 
been made to the normally rapid 
breakdown of your red blood cells. 
The colouring matter of these cells 
—hwmoglobin—is an iron-contain-
ing protein. A part of the hwmoglo-
bin set free by red cell breakdown 
undergoes some preliminary chemi-
cal changes while still in your blood. 
Your liver then picks it out of your 
blood and brings about further 
changes that convert it into the pig-
ments that colour your bile. These 
pigments then become a part of your 
intestinal wastes. 
Undigested or partly digested pro-
teins do not as a rule leave the in-
testine unchanged. They are largely 
decomposed or putrefied by bac-
terial action, yielding several foul-
smelling waste products, some of 
which are gases. Among these foul-
smelling wastes are indole and 
skatole. 
Many of the minerals or salts in 
your food leave your body in the 
same form that they enter it, though 
some of them may be changed into 
other forms and back again while in-
side your body. This is true of 
sodium chloride, or common salt, 
about half an ounce of which is 
found in the body wastes of the 
average man every day. Some salts, 
of course, undergo permanent 
changes; but to discuss all of the 
changes that might possibly take 
place in salts as they pass through 
your system would cover a consider. 
able part of the whole field of 
chemistry and lead us farther afield 
than we need to go for our present 
purpose. Besides, it is not at all 
likely that all the possible chemical 
changes actually occur. It is enough 
for all practical purposes merely to 
state that, aside from common salt, 
all your mineral wastes occur in 
small quantities, though there are 
many kinds of them. 
Among all your body wastes, 
water is the largest single item. Part 
of it comes directly from what you 
eat and drink, but some is formed 
as the result of various oxidations, 
several of which have already been 
mentioned. The water your body 
throws off is not chemically different 
from that which it takes in, and only 
a small part of it enters into the 
actual chemical reactions associated 
with the vital processes going on in-
side your body. Why, then, need 
your body go to the trouble of taking 
in so much water, only to throw most 
of it off again? One answer is that 
few, if any, of the other body wastes 
can be thrown off without having 
water present to assist in the process 
of throwing the wastes off. 
Much has yet to be learned about 
what changes may occur in vitamins 
while they are in the human body. 
Whatever their forms may be, how-
ever, vitamin wastes must occur in 
quantities almost too small to meas-
ure, for the vitamins themselves are 
present in food in such small 
amounts that, as a rule, we do not 
weigh or otherwise measure them, 
but study them only by the effects 
which they produce. Getting rid of 
vitamin wastes, therefore, does not 
present any appreciable problem. 
To sum up, then, you should re-
member that the wastes of your body 
are numerous. Let us review the 
names and something of the nature 
of the most important of them. Di-
gested and oxidized carbohydrates, 
fats, and proteins all yield carbon 
dioxide and water. Some carbohy-
drates are indigestible or undigested 
and become wastes, the most com-
mon of which is cellulose. Undi-
gested fats also become wastes, pass-
ing through the body with little or 
no change. In addition to water and 
carbon dioxide, oxidized fats yield 
traces of acetone, diacetic acid, and 
hydroxybutyric acid. Proteins yield 
ammonia, urea, sulphates, uric acid, 
bile pigments, indole, skatole, and 
several other wastes by a variety of 
chemical processes. most of which 
occur in the liver. Tears, earwax, oil, 
mucus, cast-off body cells, bacteria, 
and a large variety of salts belong 
to the general list of body wastes. 
THE FILIPINO FIGHTS LEPROSY 
NORMAN OBER 
P
UBLIC ENEMY NO. 2 in the 
world's youngest republic is an 
unidentified assassin. A close second 
to tuberculosis, leprosy is a major 
problem to the new Filipino nation. 
Fortunately, the invading Japs, who 
destroyed practically everything else 
of value in the Islands, left intact the 
network that combats leprosy in the 
Philippines. If they had not, there 
is no telling to what extent the dis-
ease would block the growth and 
development of the infant govern-
ment. 
Unable as yet to cure leprosy, the 
thoroughly modern medical author-
ities follow the segregation pattern 
for lepers reaching the contagious 
state. Culion Island, located off the 
north coast of Palawan, is the world's 
largest leper colony. For reasons of 
Tut 011111711%i WAXCEIPj. 
TT,wr 1055 
their own, the Japs gave Culion a 
wide berth during their destructive 
occupation. 
Culion is badly overcrowded. De-
mands for space come from eight 
central clearing houses all over the 
archipelago which feed segregation 
cases to the colony. Most important 
of these centres is the San Lazaro 
Hospital for Communicable Diseases 
in Manila. San Lazaro is on restless 
Avenida Rizal, a thoroughfare named 
after Dr. Jose Rizal, patriot executed 
by the Spanish in 1896. It is interest-
ing to note that San Lazaro, fighting 
for Filipino liberation from leprosy, 
occupies a full block on the broad 
avenue named after the man who 
began the fight for Filipino political 
liberation. 
The Spanish style buildings of San 
Lazaro, house wards and clinics for 
the treatment of all communicable 
diseases of the Islands. Tuberculosis, 
leprosy and venereal diseases head a 
long list of tropical scourges. There 
is a separate out-patient department 
and a 300 bed ward for leprosy 
alone. 
Head of San Lazaro is Dr. Felix 
Velasco, educated in the Jap-wrecked 
University of the Philippines, for 
more than twenty-five years the lead-
ing clinician of the hospital's lepro-
sarium. Close to sixty, grey-haired, 
stoop-shouldered, jovial but unsmil-
ing, Dr. Velasco is a native Filipino. 
He speaks with broad Island accent, 
but has perfect command of English. 
Chief laboratory technician, sec-
ond-in-command to Dr. Velasco, is 
11r. C. Masalana. Associated many 
17 
years in leprosy research and treat-
ment, these two men are exact op-
posites. Velasco keeps a neat office 
and desk. He is generally restrained 
in all matters related to leprosy. 
Manalang is explosive, dogmatic 
about his theories, a typical absent. 
minded professor with a littered la-
boratory and workbench. 
Both doctors hold similar views on 
leprosy, but Dr. Velasco uses a cau-
tious "perhaps" where Manalang 
pounds a fist and shouts, "abso-
lutely!" It is this combination of 
caution and drive that gives San 
Lazaro its edge in leprosy research 
and treatment. 
Manalang, educated in Marquette 
University in Wisconsin, also a Fili-
pino, disagrees violently with most 
of the medical world about leprosy. 
At the International Congress on 
Leprosy, held by the League of Na-
tions in Java in 1937, Manalang pre-
sented an entirely new set of leprosy 
"fundamentals." To treatises in med-
ical volumes, the fiery laboratory 
man snorts, "They hedge too much!" 
 
After thirty years of research, 
Manalang has decided that adults 
cannot catch leprosy, that the disease 
is not hereditary but contracted after 
birth, that it sometimes takes more 
than twenty years to manifest itself 
and that the widely accepted Han-
sen's bacillus, mycobacterium leprae, 
is not the actual cause of the disease. 
These views have kept him in hot 
water for three decades, but he feels 
sure of his ground and welcomes a 
chance to defend his contentions. 
Regarding the Hansen bacillus, 
discovered by a Norwegian physician 
of that risme, research at San Lazaro 
has not confirmed the accepted view, 
that the organism is present before 
the development of open sores. Mana-
lang concedes that the disease is 
non-contagious before and contagious 
after the appearance of the germ. 
But he concludes that, while Hansen 
bacillus is related to the spread of 
the disease, some still undiscovered 
agent actually causes it. 
"We haven't isolated the real cul-
prit," Manalang says. "We call it a 
virus, but we really mean quote 
`virus' unquote," he grins. "We 
simply don't know what really 
causes leprosy." 
On the subject of adults catching 
leprosy, Manalang says, "In all the 
years adults have been working with 
leprosy cases on Culion and at San 
Lazaro, only one hospital worker 
ever caught it. Investigation showed 
18 
that this one person had been ex-
posed to leprosy as a child. 
Manalang is equally emphatic on 
the theory of heredity causing lep-
rosy. "It won't hold water," he 
claims. In widespread studies, it has 
been found that children taken away 
from their leper parent at birth never 
develop the disease. On the other 
hand, children taken from the parents 
as little as three to six months after 
birth often develop leprosy in later 
life. 
These observations have been con-
ducted through Welfareville, an 
asylum for children of leprous 
parents. Segregation of children 
from parents is voluntary, though 
some sources feel it should be made 
compulsory. The children receive 
complete care until able to support 
themselves. The spread of the dis-
ease is effectually cut down in this 
way. 
As a matter of fact, if all lepers 
could be segregated by the time their 
disease reaches a contagious stage, 
and if their children could be taken 
away from them at birth, it is reason-
able to suppose that leprosy might 
die out within three generations. San 
Lazaro and Culion are working to-
ward that ideal in their present 
methods. 
If the disease is not contagious 
in adults, it stands to reason that it 
must be communicated to children 
in infancy or early life. Manalang 
claims that this is brought about by 
prolonged skin-to-skin contact be-
tween parent and child. 
"In America," he says, "where the 
climate is such that children are 
clothed most of the time, there is 
very' little leprosy." He goes on to 
show that infants in temperate zones 
spent most of their time in cribs, 
away from actual skin-to-skin con-
tact. 
"In tropical climates," he con-
tinues, "most of the babies wear no 
clothing and spend much of their 
infancy being carried around by 
parents wearing little clothing them-
selves." 
It is at this time, when the child 
is in continual contact with the 
parent, that the infectious agent is 
planted. Research has shown that the 
lazy "virus" then does its very best 
to avoid blossoming forth as a dis-
ease. Though it sometimes mani-
fests itself in periods up to two 
years, Manalang says that frequently, 
given half a chance, it will' not ap-
pear for periods up to twenty years 
This behaviour, he believes, has con-
fused the picture for many years. 
Manalang will shout, "This is so!" 
while Dr. Velasco will merely shrug, 
"This is what we believe." Whatever 
the truth is, these men are in a supe-
rior position to judge. The recent 
touching case of a middle-aged Army 
officer's wife contracting leprosy 
while imprisoned in the Philippines 
would probably lead Manalang into 
a deep research of the victim's child-
hood. 
In earlier life, the daughter of 
Army parents, this woman lived on 
Guam, where the disease exists 
among the natives. Whether she 
actually caught the disease on Guam 
cannot be stated. But Manalang 
would doubtlessly point to this pos-
sibility before yielding a single step 
in his beliefs. 
At Culion and San Lazaro, under 
skilled native control, the fight 
against leprosy is going on. Pre-war 
Manila had two excellent medical 
schools, the University of the Philip-
pines and famed Santo Tomas, which 
gave the Islands an excellently 
trained staff of physicians and tech-
nicians. These people are hard at 
work today, trying to discover the 
cause and cure of leprosy. 
The supply of tomorrow's medical 
personnel will, of course, be ham-
pered by the Jap ruin. A circum-
stance that insures against a com-
plete breakdown in medical teaching, 
though, is the fact that the Japs used 
the buildings of Santo Tomas as 
central headquarters in Manila. 
When they were forced to flee the 
city, they left in too great a hurry to 
do any marked damage to the build-
ings. Santo Tomas should be re-
stored to operation without too much 
difficulty. 
Though the war placed many re-
strictions on medical scientific prog-
ress, San Lazaro is convinced that 
the line was held against an in-
crease in leprosy cases. In 1938, 
there were an estimated 10,000 lep-
rosy cases in the Islands. Cebu, with 
sixteen lepers to the 1,000 popula-
tion, showed the highest prevalence. 
Figures today are hard to determine, 
but it is estimated that, when war 
broke out, Cebu had reduced its 
total to six per thousand, and that 
figure is no worse today. Manila 
now has one case for every 1,000 in-
habitants. 
Drs. Velasco and Manalang, to-
gether with their staff of specialists, 
look forward, now that war is past, 
to renewed progress against leprosy. 
1 us fiRtFrTvrai, 'Cerium AN. IT INir 1948 
San Lazaro is determined to break 
the mystery, they believe, that sur-
rounds the causative agent, and work 
out a cure. 
Although Manila is still a sham-
bles, wrecked and burned by a ruth-
less invader, though many dead still 
lie beneath the ruins of the water-
front area and bloated bodies still 
occasionally drift down the brown 
Pasig River to the sea, though the 
once lovely city of Manila is now a 
dusty cemetery of buried glory, 
the youthful Philippine Republic, 
backed by much-needed American 
capital, will fight its way back. 
Despite the many obstacles, the Fili-
pinos will need only a fraction of 
the courage they showed against the 
Japs. 
As the political and economic 
barriers fall, so surely the secrets 
of leprosy will yield to these hardy 
people. Filipino scientists deserve 
this victory as much as their valiant 
countrymen deserve the reward of 
prosperous, peaceful self-government. 
—Hygeia. 
O
NE obvious reason for eating is 
to satisfy hunger. Another is to 
compensate for the daily loss of 
body substance, averaging about one 
eightieth of one's weight, or approxi-
mately two pounds for a person of 
one hundred and sixty pounds 
'weight. At this rate of loss the body 
would be consumed in eighty days; 
but without food, life seldom sur-
vives after half the body weight has 
been lost. 
If satisfactory nourishment were 
only a matter of supplying sufficient 
appetizing food to make up for this 
daily loss, then the answer to the 
question why we eat would be quite 
simple, and there would be no need 
for nutritional research. Man, how-
ever, is a complicated organism, 
composed of some forty-odd funda-
mental substances, all maintained in 
essential organic combination and 
forming part of every body structure, 
fluid, and organ. If our food lacks 
one or more of these substances, or 
if they are present in insufficient 
quantity, then every structure of 
which these factors are a part will 
be imperfectly reconstructed, and 
will fail in its contribution to our 
general state of well-being. 
Most of our present knowledge re- 
garding food values and the effects 
of different diets has been derived 
from 
experiments on animals. 
Among the animals, the rat, in his 
feeding habits, in many respects 
most resembles man. It should not 
be surprising, then, that there is a 
close similarity in nervous and 
nutritional processes, and that the 
same diseases and deficiency symp-
toms occur in both rats and men. 
One great advantage of nutritional 
experiments with rats is the fact that 
the white rat lives its allotted span 
of life in about three years, thus 
developing approximately thirty 
times faster than man. In one re-
search institute ninety-six generations 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
of rats have now passed under feed-
ing observation tests. These ninety-
six generations of rat-years corres-
pond to about three thousand one 
hundred years of human life. 
In nutritional research careful 
study is given to each of the forty-
odd food factors separately. When a 
research worker undertakes to as-
certain the value and effect of any 
one of these food essentials, he places 
certain groups of rats upon a diet 
which is correctly balanced in every 
respect except the factor under study. 
This is withheld in varying degrees, 
and the results are tabulated. 
Let us now observe how these 
principles have been applied in ex- 
periments which were carried out 
in India by Sir Robert McCarrison 
in his Nutritional Research Labora- 
tory at Coonoor, South India. We 
quote from a report by Sir Robert: 
"In Coonoor, where my labora- 
tories are located under conditions 
of the most perfect hygiene, I keep 
about one thousand stock rats fof 
my experimental work. They live in 
large, roomy, comfortable cages 
filled with straw, and they are ex= 
posed daily to the sun's rays. 
"Turning now to my experimenta-
tion rooms. Here are the same animal 
houses, the same cages, the same 
scrupulous cleanliness, the same ex= 
posure to the sun's rays. But the 
animals are fed on food which is 
faulty in one way or another—des 
ficient in vitamins, in mineral salts, 
or in both—containing too much of 
one thing or too little of another: 
This is the main regard in which 
these animals differ from the well-
fed stock. Further, as my business i4 
to learn how the foods eaten by the 
people of India are related to dis-
ease, the materials entering into the 
various faulty dietaries are usually 
those in use by people in India. 
These are so combined as to forni 
one-sided dietaries, either dispro- 
portionately rich, or lacking in 
certain elements and complexes 
necessary for normal nutrition. 
"During the last four years, over 
three thousand of these improperly 
fed rats have been examined. 
"Properly fed animals remain re-
markably free from disease, while 
improperly fed animals are remark-
ably subject to it. Do these discover-
ies apply equally to human beings? 
The answer is undoubtedly in the 
affirmative. Authority and experience 
in Western countries attest the fact; 
witness, for instance, the work of 
Miss Margaret McMillan in her 
Nursery School in London, where 
slum children when nurtured and 
properly fed, almost invariably de-
velop into healthy, strong, alert 
youngsters, the diet being similar in 
character to that used in the Coonoor 
colony of disease-free rats.... 
"There is another regard in which 
the ill-fed rats differ from the well-
fed ones; the former are often ner-
vous, irritable, and if they live to-
gether in colonies, the stronger often 
prey upon the weaker; the well-fed 
ones are placid, good-tempered, and 
tractable." 
These workers have abundantly 
demonstrated that the food we often 
give our children and that we our-
selves eat is unable to maintain in 
health, or to keep alive for a normal 
span of years, the test animals upon 
whom our diets have been tried. It 
should be recalled in this connection 
that the great Elie Metchnikoff, with 
special reference to eating habits, 
concluded his study of man's way of 
dying by announcing: "Man does 
not die, he kills himself." 
Out of his extensive research, Sir 
Robert McCarrison has formulated 
what he has been pleased to call 
"the prime rule of medicine," and 
this is his rule: "The right kind of 
food is the most important single 
factor in the promotion of health, 
and the wrong kind of food the most 
important single factor in the pro-
motion of disease." 
19 
WHY DO WE EAT? 
H. C. MENKEL, M.D. 
it,cv(1111001 
THE "MAYBE" DAY 
WINNIFRED J. MOTT 
1 EANETTE WILLIS turned rest- 
.' lessly in her chair. Then she 
sighed—a very loud sigh so that her 
mother, busy in the kitchen, but 
never too much so to notice things 
like that, would be sure to hear. 
Mother did hear, and came 
promptly into the pleasant, sunny 
living room. "Want a drink of 
water? Are you in so much pain, 
dear? Or what is it?" she asked 
gently, and her cool fingers touched 
her small daughter's flushed cheek. 
Jeanette sighed again, but not so 
loudly this time, for it wasn't neces-
sary. "I'm so sick of staying in and 
having my face look like a full 
moon, Mamma. How long does it 
take to get over mumps, anyway?" 
Mrs. Willis thought a moment, 
"Well, I was sick for three weeks 
when I was about your age. It seemed 
like for ever, at the time. But it 
20 
wasn't." She chuckled a bit, remem-
bering. "My face was even fatter 
than yours, Jeanie." 
She stooped and picked up a 
magazine lying on the lower shelf 
of the magazine rack near-by as she 
finisbed speaking. "There's an article 
in here that's pretty good. I'd like to 
read part of it to you." 
"What's that got to do with 
mumps?" grumbled Jeanette. "What's 
the name of the article, anyway?" 
Her mother leafed the pages, and 
then said, "Oh, here it is. The name 
of the article is: 'Maybe.' Now don't 
scowl until you hear what it's about." 
She sat down next to Jeanette, and 
began to read: "When you get up in 
the morning, think to yourself: May-
be something nice will happen today. 
Maybe I'll get a letter from some-
body I like. Maybe somebody will 
call me on the telephone. Maybe I'll 
have a chance to do something nice 
for somebody. Maybe somebody will 
come to see me." The reader stopped. 
"There is more, but I think you can 
get the idea of the one who wrote 
the article. How do you like it?" 
Jeanette looked very cross. "I 
don't think much of it. If anybody 
called me on the telephone, I could 
not talk without my face hurting; 
and who wants to come to see any-
body with mumps?" 
Her mother arose and started back 
toward the kitchen. "All right," she 
agreed. "I thought you might get 
some ideas from it, that's all." 
"Don't see how I could," mur-
mured Jeanette, still grumpy. After 
a few moments, however, she went to 
the desk in her room, and got out 
a small pad and a pencil. "Might as 
well try it, I suppose," she thought 
to herself. "Don't know what else to 
do." She sat down again in a 
favourite chair and began to write. 
She got no further than the word 
"Maybe" for a while, but presently 
her eyes brightened. She even smiled. 
In about half an hour she had a 
list of four "Maybes," maybes that 
fitted her own particular situation. 
She read them over to herself with 
satisfaction. 
1. Maybe I'll be able to eat 
supper better tonight. 
2. Maybe I will get a card from 
somebody. 
3. Maybe mumps won't last as 
long as I think they will. 
4. Maybe I can do something 
nice for somebody today. 
Suddenly she stopped, pencil in 
mid-air. Wasn't that the postman 
coming? Sure enough, and it proved 
he had a card addressed to "Miss 
Jeanette Willis." 
"Well," she said to herself as she 
took the card and the list of "may-
bes" out to show her mother, "one 
`maybe' has come true already." 
And to her surprise and pleasure, 
another one came true. She almost 
enjoyed her supper that night. Her 
face was less swollen, too, and she 
began to think the third "maybe" 
was coming true, also. �
, 
As for the fourth one, she started 
in right away to make that come 
true. Even before the mumps had 
disappeared she discovered, as many 
other folk have, that many good 
"maybes" come true when you help 
them along. 
THE ORIENTAL. WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
�
-- �
ir 
46S TO E IR s 
�
..._ �
4s 
-ssogiL 
•. 
• IX\ 
*How to make your Brass and 
,..Copper sparkle brilliantly 
I. Shake Brasso well and apply a thin smeo 
all over the dirty brass. 
2 Leave until absolutely dry. 
3 Polish with a clean cloth. ( For engraved 
or ornamental work use a brush ). 
immommismIATLARTIS (EAST) LTD. 20/I CHULA ROAD, 
ASX-2 
CALCUTTA 
I I I 
21 
RECIPES 
cvm 
VEGEMEAT 
1 cup ground nuts, ground fine; 1 cup 
cooked beans, sieved; 3 potatoes, gratec 
raw; 1 large onion, grated; 1 mil 
bread crumbs; 2 cups tomato juice; 
level tablespoons cornflour; salt anc 
sage to taste. 
Mix all ingredients together; fill tin: 
with tight covers two-thirds full ant 
steam for 21/2 hours. Serve hot or cold 
An excellent protein food. 
VEGETABLE STEW WITH 
DUMPLINGS 
r/4 cup cream; 2 carrots, cubed; 1 
stalk celery, chopped; 1 cup fresl 
garden peas; 2 potatoes, quartered; 
2/2 cups water; salt. 
Put the carrots in the boiling water 
and let boil two or three minutes. Add 
the celery and the peas. Let boil again 
for a few minutes. Now add the 
potatoes and bring to a boil. Add the 
cream and one teaspoon salt. As soon 
as it boils again add the dumplings, 
 
dropping them in by teaspoonfuls. Keep 
at boiling point; cover tightly and do 
not remove cover for twenty-five 
minutes. 
DUMPLINGS 
2 tablespoons butter or oil; § cup 
sifted pastry flour; /2 cup boiling 
water; 2 eggs; a little salt. 
When water boils add the salt, butter 
or oil, and when the mixture reaches 
boiling point again add the flour all at 
once. Stir and boil until perfectly 
smooth and it leaves the sides of the 
saucepan in one lump; remove from 
fire. Now break an egg into this mixture 
and stir and beat until very smooth. 
Add another egg and stir again until 
smooth. Drop this mixture by teaspoon-
fuls into the boiling stew. Cover and 
let boil without removing the cover for 
twenty-five minutes. You will enjoy 
this stew. 
PLANTAIN FRITTERS 
2 tablespoons sugar; TA cup milk; 1 
cup flour; 1 egg; 1 teaspoon baking 
powder; Vs teaspoon salt; 4 ripe 
bananas. 
Mix the first four ingredients together, 
sifting the flour in with the baking 
powder and one tablespoon sugar. Add 
the plantains sliced. Mix with dough. 
Drop by spoonfuls into deep boiling fat 
and fry a golden brown. Remove from 
fat and roll in sugar. Serve. 
STUFFED DATES 
1 lb. dates; 1/2 lb. almonds or 
walnuts. 
Wash dates well and steam them a 
few minutes. Remove pits and in their 
place press a blanched almond or half 
of a walnut meat. Roll in shredded 
coconut and serve. Prunes may be pre-
pared in the same way but they should 
be soaked in water two hours before 
they are steamed. 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
This question and answer 
service, free only to sub-
scribers, is intended for gen-
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tempt will be made to treat 
disease or to take the place 
of a regular physician. In 
special cases, where a per-
sonal reply is desired or 
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a stamped addressed envelope 
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We reserve the right to pub-
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them beneficial to our read-
ers, though no names will be 
published. Address the As-
sociate Editor (Doctor Says) 
"Health," Post Box 35, 
Poona 1, and make questions 
short and to the point. 
doing all that can be done. Results of 
treatment of this condition are very 
slow and often incomplete. 
NASAL POLYPUS: 
Ques.—"I am 
sixty-four years of age and have suf-
fered from chronic nose trouble since 
childhood. Apart from this my health 
is good. There is a small polypus in 
my left nostril which makes breathing 
difficult. I had this removed once but 
evidently it has grown again. I have 
been using nose drops which give relief 
for a few hours, but I have to use them 
several times a day in order to breathe 
freely. Kindly inform me whether the 
drug I place in my nose will have any 
ill effects, and also whether you con-
sider surgery is necessary to remove the 
cause of my trouble." 
MICROCEPHALY: 
Ques.—"My child 
two years old is in perfect health but 
can neither walk nor sit up, stand nor 
speak. He has no initiative and cannot 
attempt things by himself. He takes a 
normal diet, and is cheerful, healthy and 
mentally alert. Doctors say that it is a 
case of mierocenhaly. What is your 
advice regarding his case?" 
Ans.—Microcephaly (small head) is 
a condition that is due to some improp-
er development of the baby before its 
birth. The exact cause is not known. 
It is true that considerable progress 
has been made in the treatment of 
some mental deficiency states, but be-
yond the use of thyroid and glandular 
extracts nothing has so far been devel-
oped for microcephaly. The two doctors 
who have treated your youngster are 
THE 
DOCTOR 
SAYS 
Her pupils 
ivbispered:--- 
HOW LOVELY 
ARE DER TOM9/ 
,:..:But ber dentist sai 
661 
OU MUST LOSE THE LOT t" 
Once your gums get diseased you may easily lose 
your teeth, however strong and lovely they are 
now. Take good care of your gums. Use regularly 
S. R. Toothpaste. It contains Sodium Ricinoleate 
which dentists use to strengthen and keep gums 
healthy. What is more, S. R. Toothpaste keeps 
teeth beautifully clean and white. 
PROTECT YOUR TEETH BY 
PROTECT/NG YOUR cams 
03? 
 
GUI. 4840-le 
TOOTHPASTE 
• 
22 
Ans.—Polypi in the nose have a mild 
tendency to recur. Their surgical re-
moval is the most satisfactory method 
of treating them and it is not a heavy 
operation even for one of sixty-four 
years. Nose drops, even the best, tend 
to lose their effectiveness after pro-
longed use. I should advise that you 
consult a surgeon, preferably a nose and 
throat specialist, about the removal of 
the polypus. 
HUNGER PANGS; DISCOLOURED 
GUMS; BLOOD PURIFIERS: Ques.—
"(1) When I move to another town and 
have to drink different water I become 
very hungry and feel empty all the 
time. Please explain this. (2) My gums 
have turned black. What shall 1 do to 
help them regain their former colour? 
Is Kolynos a sate dentifrice for daily use? 
(3) For several years owing to excessive 
hurry and worry I have been very weak 
mentally. When I eat more food I gain 
weight but feel mentally and physically 
tired. Please tell me of some blood 
purifier or sulphur tonic which would 
be beneficial in the treatment. of this 
weak condition." 
Ans.—(1) Excessive hunger may be 
due to any one of a number of things 
from not eating enough to diabetes. 
(2) Black gums usually are the result 
of taking some medicine containing 
either mercury or bismuth. Indigenous 
medicines commonly contain consider. 
able mercury. This should be avoided in 
the future. Kolynos is a safe and ef- 
ficient dental cream. (3) Blood puri-
fiers or strengtheners are legion. It is 
best not to take them just on general 
principles or because you think they will 
be "good for you." Sulphur as a tonic 
has gone out of style. If you feel tired 
all the time or rundown and weak, you 
should consult a doctor to fmd out what 
is the matter with you, rather than take 
a patent medicine which more likely 
than not will do you no good. 
INCREASE IN HEIGHT: 
Ques.—"I 
am 5 ft. 6 ins. tall and my weight is 
102 pounds. What is, the standard 
weight for this height? I am anxious 
to grow to be 6 ft. 5 ins, tall and want 
to know how to accomplish this feat." 
Ans.—The proper weight for a height 
of 5 ft. 6 ins. is 125-140 pounds, depend-
ing upon one's bodily build. I doubt that 
it would be to your advantage to try to 
grow to the height of 6 ft. 5 ins. unless 
your parents are 6 ft. or over. If this is 
not the case, attempting to grow by 
taking tonics or growth stimulators 
would be apt to upset the balance of 
one's system. 
TYPHOID FEVER: Ques.—"For two 
months I have been ill with typhoid 
fever and have not regained my strength 
and vigour yet. Please tell me of a 
suitable medicine or remedy which will 
help me to overcome the weakness I 
feel all the time." 
Ans.—Typhoid fever is still a serious 
disease and there is no really effective 
medicine to aid the body in recovering. 
About all that can be done is good 
nursing care, an easily digested, nutri-
tious diet and measures to keep the 
fever from going too high until the body 
defences finally overcome the disease. 
Avoiding the disease is much simpler 
and less expensive. There is a very 
good vaccine developed for typhoid 
fever. Your doctor can give you one in-
jection a week for three weeks, then one 
injection once a year which will prac-
tically insure that with ordinary care 
you will never get typhoid fever. Of 
course, the injections will make your 
arm very sore for a few days and you 
may have a headache, but all this is 
trivial when compared with typhoid 
fever. After one has had typhoid fever 
and is up and about again, it often 
takes some weeks or even months to 
recover one's health and strength again. 
During this period of convalescence one 
should lead a regular life, take more 
rest than usual, take a twenty-minute 
sunbath daily, take mild exercise (as 
walking) in the open air daily, drink 
plenty of pure water. (Typhoid is often 
acquired by drinking contaminated 
water. The purity of water can be as-
sured by boiling it.) It is also helpful 
to take a tonic such as Marmite or 
malt extract daily, or a multivitamin 
capsule daily. The diet should be 
nutritious and easily digested, and 
should include the following things 
every day: a. Milk—half a seer. 
b. Green and yellow vegetables, one 
serving. c. Citrus fruits—one daily. 
d. Other fruits—one daily. e. One egg 
or a serving of nuts daily. f. Dal—one 
serving. g. Whole grain cereals—two 
servings daily, wheat, red rice, or other 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
DUNLOP 
bvv u"1"ii9ad 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DC% 4 
23 
cereal prepared any way that one likes 
it. These are the essentials for a 
balanced diet. Besides these one may 
eat whatever else one likes. After ty-
phoid fever it is well to keep sweets 
at a minimum and avoid rough, fibrous 
vegetables for three months. After that 
one may include them as desired. 
that it . is too expensive. Tell me 
whether you think penicillin could be 
used to advantage in my particular case, 
and also what quantity should be ad-
ministered." 
Ans.—Trachoma is a serious disease 
of the eyelids in which granules form 
on the inner surface. If neglected, they 
scratch the cornea and may produce 
blindness. Also they may cause deform- 
ity of the lid itself. The treatment is 
prolonged and requires a great deal of 
perseverance and patience on the part of 
both patient and doctor. Penicillin is of 
no benefit in this disease. The treatment 
is long and tedious and painful, but 
anyone who has the misfortune to con-
tract the disease should go to his 
doctor immediately and continue with 
the treatment until cured. 
DISCHARGING NOSE AND EARS; 
INTESTINAL GAS: Ques.—"(1) I suffer 
from a continual discharge of the nos- 
trils, and even if the discharge ceases 
for a while I experience difficulty in 
breathing through my nose. The same 
ear uron which I had a mastoid opera-
tion also discharges every ten or fifteen 
days. I have tried various remodies for 
both my nose and ears but they have 
all proved to be useless. Please give 
your suggestions. (2) I suffer a great 
deal from intestinal gas which seems 
to be more acute at night-time. I eat 
simply. Please inform me whether or 
not by restricting my diet in any way 
I may reduce the amount of gas 
formed." 
Ans.—(1) A mucous discharge from the 
nose which continues for more than two 
weeks (the usual duration of a cold) 
may be due to allergy, infected sinuses, 
or structural deformity of the nose. It 
requires expert diagnosis to locate the 
cause and often surgery or careful 
medical treatment to relieve it. You 
should consult an ear, nose, and throat 
specialist. An otolaryngologist is the 
scientific name for such a doctor. The 
otolaryngologist can also treat your 
draining ear. Pus coming from the ear 
is always an indication of severe danger 
to one's health even though there is no 
pain. If neglected, the condition will 
eventually completely destroy one's 
hearing. (2) Gas in the stomach or 
intestines is perhaps the commonest of 
abdominal complaints, and its causes 
are numerous. The eating of certain 
foods, notoriously beans, especially if 
not thoroughly cooked, chestnuts, and 
cabbage produce- gas. In some individ-
uals other foods are responsible. If only 
one or two foods cause this, one can 
avoid those foods. But if nearly every-
thincr seems to produce gas, one cannot 
eliminate all the gas producers. Another 
source of gas is the unconscious swal-
lowing of air with one's food. Some 
people find that this is more apt to 
occur at times when they are nervous 
or excited. Still another possible cause 
for gas is any of the intestinal infec-
th,,, or parasitic diseases. Another pos-
sibility is an actual derangement or lack 
of proper digestive action of the intes• 
tinal tract. If one's gas persists in 
spite of care to avoid gas-producing 
foods and the swallowing of air, one 
should consult a competent physician 
for a complete examination and treat-
ment. 
TRACHOMA: Ques.—"My doctor in. 
forms me that I am suffering from a 
mild form of trachoma and he has been 
treating the granules which have formed 
under my eyelids by first touching them 
with silver nitrate and then washing 
them with a boric acid solution. He 
tells me that it is not necessary to use 
penicillin for this complaint and, also, 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
4g4v 
tTrAgiz.., 
good poories, rub Dalda into flout, add sufficient water, 
knead tboroughy till dough is of smooth texture. Press down 
dough with •knuckles, sprinkle water, cover and put by 
for one hour. Then make into balls, roll out into small 
rounds, fry in hot Dalda, gently pressing down with flat 
,,spoon in circular motion. When bloated turn poories 
over. Remove from pan when very light brown, drain on 
paper, serve hot. Dalda poories are nourishing, 
Have you a cooking problem ? Write to : 
THE DALDA ADVISORY SERVICE 
P.O. BOX NO. 353, BOMBAY t 
HVII. 75-1/2 
Poories can be made 
from atta, maida or a 
inixture of both. To make 
7 
TUBERCULOSIS: Ques.—"My son 
contracted tuberculosis two and a half 
years ago but was pronounced cured one 
year ago. He has employment and says 
he feels very fit and is desirous of mar-
rying a young lady to whom he has 
been engaged for three years. His doctor 
advised against marriage and we per-
suaded him to postpone the event once, 
but he does not wish to do so again. 
Please give us your opinion as to the 
advisability of his marrying at this 
time." 
Ans.—It is a question whether people 
who have had tuberculosis should marry 
or not. All of them, when the disease 
is arrested, desire to lead normal lives 
again. There is always the possibility 
that an arrested case of tuberculosis 
may become active again. This is 
24 
particularly true in women who, when 
subjected to the physiological stress of 
pregnancy, often develop active lesions 
again. On the brighter side of the 
picture are the numerous cases of young 
men and women who have never had 
any recurrence after once their tuber- 
culosis has become arrested. It is im-
possible, therefore, to say whether 
patients with arrested cases of tubercu-
losis should marry or not. The real 
answer is that some should and some 
should not. I should leave the decision 
in the matter to the judgment of the 
doctor who is treating the individual 
concerned. 
7 
PAIN IN THE HEELS: Ques.-9 
have severe pain in my heels after a 
walk and sometimes when I stand up 
after sitting in a chair for a long time. 
Don't tolerate 
COCKROACHES! 
Their habita and habitat are filthy. From filth 
they creep into the home and contaminate food, 
destroy clothes, books and furnishings, and en-
danger your health. The intestines of a COCK-
ROACH breed dangerous germs. Their hairy 
and spined legs carry ,innumerable bacilli. They 
are more obnoxious than the common house-fly. 
Their presence in the home is highly undesir-
able. Be rid of them by using BLATTABANE, 
a non-poisonous, non-inflammable, non-injurious, 
odourless, clean powder that exterminates these 
pests. BLATTABANE is harmless to humans, all 
pets and plant life. 
Available at leading Chemists and Stores, in 
11/2 oz., 3 oz., 8 oz., 1 lb., 7 lb., and 56 lb. 
sizes. 
AGENTS:—BOMBAY—Whiteaway Laidlaw & 
Co. Ltd. KARACHI—J. Thadhani & Co., P. B. 
508, Frere Road. MADRAS—Aryan Drug Stores, 
2/88 Iyyah Mudali St., Chintadripet. KOTTA-
YAM—W. I. Joseph & Co. CALICUT—T. 
Hosain Sahib, Huzur Road, UPPER ASSAM—
Planters' Stores & Agency Co., Ltd., Dibrugarh 
& Branches. BANGALORE—de Souza Bros., 4, 
Hutchins Rd., Cook Town. POONA—Barnes & 
Co., East Street. In case of difficulty kindly 
refer FRUGTNEIT & Co., 16 Crooked Lane. 
(off Waterloo St.), Calcutta. 
Ask for 
BLATTABANE 
(The Safe Insecticide) 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
I...4MM% kin M gritoL 
"...AU a nativa 
FIRST STEPS 
TO SOLID FOOD. 
At weaning age, 
baby's food is all im-
portant. So give baby 
Farex with milk, it's easy to 
digest, tastes delicious, and 
;it contains all the essential 
vitamins, and minerals for 
promoting future health, 
and resistance to disease. 
Farex is a blend of three 
cereals packed ready to 
ecrvc. 
The 
Essential 
Weaning, 
Time 
Cereal 
'FREE SAMPLE" MOTE NOW FOR A FREE SAMPLE FOR TASTING TO! 
M.J. FOSTER & CO.. LTD. P.O. BOX 202. BOMSAY. 
.111.0111.1111PMMOIMPI �
 
When I get out of bed in the morning 
the pain makes me limp. Kindly give 
me the cause of this discomfort. It dis-
appears in the hot season altogether." 
Ans.—There are several things which 
may cause pain in the heels. Among 
them are bony spur on the bottom of 
the heel, sciatic neuritis, stone bruises 
and bursitis. In order to determine the 
exact cause and receive the proper 
treatment one should consult a compe-
tent physician. 
DISCOLOURED URINE: Ques.—"Once 
or twice a week my urine is whitish in 
colour. I have been treated by a 
homoeopathic doctor for a month, but 
have not benefited by his treatment as 
yet. Your information concerning this 
condition will be valued." 
Ans.—Volumes can and have been 
written on the coloration of the urine 
in health and disease. Briefly, the usual 
colour varies from the colour of water 
to a dark yellowish or even orange, 
depending on the concentration of the 
urine. Normally it should be colourless 
to straw-coloured. A white coloration 
may be normal, especially if the individ-
ual is a vegetarian. White coloration 
of the urine accompanied by burning, 
pain, frequency or urgency, should al-
ways be investigated by one's doctor. 
the. Publishers of this Magazine 
insure their Motor Cars and 
Property with: 
The National 
Employers, 
Mutual General 
Insurance 
Association 
Limited 
Head Office for the East: 
32, Nicol Road, Ballard Estate, 
Bombay 
Telephone: 22823 
Telegrams: "AUTONEM" 
Chief Office for Northern India: 
6g, The Mall, Lahore 
Telephone: 3516 
Telegrams: "AUTONEM" 
TIIE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN. JUNE 1948 
THE THE NUL WINginsill 
Alio HE RAW RP 
FOR Si AUK klitrof AND KOHN ViS 
Vol 25, No. 6 �
POONA �
June 1948 
Published Monthly by 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN 
PUBLISHING HOUSE 
Post Box 35, Poona 1, India 
E. M. Meleen, Editor 
J. B. Oliver, M.D., Associate Editor 
W2 - 
HOW T 0 ...riZg.-T-C-1-1 OUT 
Don't let bread and flour rationing worry 
you. You can make your flour ration go 
much further by adding a little Brown & 
Poison's Patent Corn Flour to your mixture. 
Add one measure of Corn Flour to every 
lour measures of wheat flour, mix thoroughly 
before adding any moisture then handle as 
ordinary flour. Patent Corn Flbur is un-
rationed and is available at all good shops. 
CORN PRODUCTS CO (INDIA) LTD POST BOX 004 
BOMBAY. 
THE 
FLOUR 
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Published and printed by L. C. Shepard, at 
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AIR TRAVEL AND HIGH BLOOD 
PRESSURE: Ques.—"I am sixty-five 
years of age and have high blood pres-
sure. In view of this is it safe for me 
to travel by air?" 
Ans.—Many people with moderate or 
mild high blood pressure can and do 
travel safely by air. The only danger is 
the elevation above sea level with the 
resulting thinning of the atmosphere. 
If you are comfortable and can breathe 
easily at a hill station where the eleva-
tion is 5,000 feet you will be comfort-
able on most air travel. You can always 
enquire from the air lines booking 
agents as to the maximum altitude 
to be encountered on any flights nu 
anticipate taking. You should also con 
stilt your physician as to whether your 
particular case would be adversely 
affected by the altitude of the flight 
contemplated. 
(Continued from page 28) 
A healthy nation is largely a 
question of money. Health has to be 
purchased with money. Like all other 
good things it cannot be had for the 
mere asking. A nation must be 
healthy to become wealthy and it is 
only wealthy nations that have at-
tained to high standards of health. 
Judicious expenditure of wealth can 
create health. The absence of health 
inevitably leads to absence of wealth 
of the nation as of the individual. 
Every one should remember that the 
"first wealth is health" and that 
"within human limits health is 
purchased by communities." 
Medical and Public Health De-
partments are accused of being mere 
spending departments and the Indian 
Civil Service officers of Government, 
who are the guardians of the purse, 
have not shown much practical sym-
pathy except in theoretical apprecia-
tions. Capitalists and bankers, indus-
trialists and organisers of big con-
cerns have given proofs of a better 
Please change my address from: 
41. 
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(Please use block letters) 
• Name �
 
3 Street �
 
Town or P. 0. �
 
District �
 
To: 
Natne ....... .... ....... . 
s. 
T-$ Street �
 
^11 
4 Town or P. 0. �
 
District _ �
. 
(If possible please send a wrapper) 
26 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
There's DANCER, 
from dirt and fern's :nerv
y 
water tap you touch / 
11,45% yoarsel/ or_4`6w ii/th 
LIFEBUOY SOAP 
27 
Where children 
are concerned 
A perpetual source of anxiety 
to parents, where the children are 
concerned, is the problem of 
protecting them against infection. 
A problem, further compli-
cated, by the fact that bravery or 
indifference often leads a child to 
ignore little cuts or abrasions, a 
potent source of deadly infection. 
For this reason it is very essen-
tial to train and encourage chil-
dren to report every little spot 
or break in their skin. or to 
apply Dettol' themselves. 
This is a routine easy to 
achieve, especially with 'Demi 
the safe, gentle and pleasant 
smelling antiseptic that is both 
used and recommended by the 
medical profession. 
ATI.ANTIS (EAST) LTD. CHETI.A RD., CALM'S& 
Al 
appreciation of economics—savings 
and dividends—than those who have 
guided Public Health in this country. 
I earnestly hope that the truth of 
Col. Russell's statement, that in no 
sphere of human activity can richer 
dividends be earned than by judi-
cious investment in the preservation 
and promotion of the health of the 
people, will be fully understood. 
Cruel catastrophies, harrowing 
horrors of famines and highly spon-
sored appeals for the treatment of 
the sick have proved successful in 
arousing public sympathy and in the 
collection of the necessary funds. But 
the voice of the appeal of Preventive 
Medicine seems to be a cry in the 
wilderness. Philanthropists have 
come forward to endow beds or build 
wards or dispensaries, but I am yet 
to hear of a single endowment by 
any one in this country for an Insti- 
tute of Preventive Medicine, the serv-
ices of which are non-spectacular. 
Preventive medicine, though despised 
today in India, will be enthroned in 
its proper place tomorrow. Our phil-
anthropists will, I hope, bear in 
mind the saying of Sydenham 
that the .effect, even the slightest re-
duction in the incidence of sickness, 
suffering and death, must always be 
a matter of greater felicity than the 
riches of a Tantalus or a Croesus. 
The Bhore Committee Report is 
now before the popular Govern-
ments. Let us wait and see how far 
the recommendations of this expert 
body will be implemented. The re-
port cannot be shelved. 
In implementing the various rec-
ommendations of the Committee, the 
authorities should show a sense of 
values and put first things first—In-
dian Medical Journal, February 1948. 
REASONS FOR THE BACKWARD STATE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN INDIA 
RAO BAHADUR DR. T. S. TIRUMURTI. B.A., M.B. AND C.M., D.T.M. AND H. 
Retired Principal, Stanley Medical College, Madras 
T
HE study of Public Health in 
India and in the other pro-
gressive self-governing countries is a 
study in contrast. It is very depres-
sing but interesting to compare the 
progress made in Public Health dur-
ing the last one hundred years of 
British administration in India with 
that in England during the same 
period. It was about one hundred 
years ago that the first steps were 
taken to organize Public Health meas• 
ures in England. It is stated that the 
stimulus for it was an epidemic of 
cholera. Chadwick and Symon and 
the Victorian Sanitarians, who 
planned the broad lines for the 
progress of public health, will ever 
be remembered. Compare the or-
ganized medical profession of Eng-
land which has become the all 
powerful social service organization 
of that country today with the state 
of the medical profession in India. 
It is surprising why a people who 
have been able to do so much in 
their own country for the progress 
of Public Health have failed miser-
ably in India. 
What is the reason for the marked 
difference between the Public Health 
progress in England and that in 
India? In the opinion of General 
Megaw, who was the Director of the 
Calcutta School of Tropical Medi-
cine and later D. G.. I.M.S., in Eng-
land, sanitation has achieved its vic-
tories not merely by the preventive 
measures taken against disease, but 
also because the public co-operated, 
and an improvement in the economic 
standards of living was taking place 
at the same time as the work of dis-
ease prevention; whereas in. India 
the progress in Public Health has 
been poor, because it was difficult to 
pour the new wine of scientific sani-
tation into the old bottles of an-
tiquated customs and superstitious 
beliefs. 
But General Megaw's reason by 
implication condemns the Indians as 
a non-co-operating uncivilized peo-
ple. It is, however, gratifying to see 
that his statement is flatly contra-
dicted by no less an authority than 
Col. W. G. King, the best part of 
whose service was spent in laying 
sound foundations of Public Health 
in this Presidency. which brought 
him into intimate contact with the 
people; he says: "The average edu-
cated Indian is not only capable of 
grasping the benefit but of re-
ceiving, with very much gratitude, 
health education by practical demon-
stration of sanitary works of the 
community." To condemn a people 
without educating them and provid-
ing for them sanitary amenities is 
most unbecoming and unkind. 
It cannot be doubted that educa-
tion is the most desirable ally of 
sanitation, though it might be con-
tended, not without some reason, that 
the educational policy of the alien 
government has not pursued profit-
able paths. This is realized by the 
present popular government and the 
people. They have awakened to a 
consciousness that all is not well 
with education in this country and 
that it needs a re-orientation and re-
form in all its branches. 
PLEA FOR A PLANNED PUBLIC 
HEALTH POLICY 
Dr. Jameson has said that a serv-
ice like the Indian Medical Service. 
which is based essentially on the 
military needs of a country, in which 
promotion goes by seniority and a 
Director-General holds office only 
for four years, is hardly flexible 
enough for modern civil adminis-
tration. He says further, "One looks 
almost in vain for evidence that 
Public Health problems are really 
the concern of those connected with 
the Central Government of India.... 
India, contrary to the experience of 
most great countries of the world, 
seems to feel no need for a strong 
Department of Public Health in its 
Central Government." In the dis-
cussion on Dr. Jameson's paper, Col. 
Megaw observed as follows: 
"I think throughout the paper, 
there ran a suggestion that the Pub-
lic Health Officers belonging to the 
Indian Medical Service have not or-
ganized a co-ordinated policy of 
Public Health for India. They cer-
tainly have not done so; but the 
reason is not lack of will nor lack 
of energy, but the fact that the ad-
ministrative system in India has de-
prived them of even the limited in-
fluence, which they once had in the 
affairs of the Central Government. 
... Jameson points out that the 
Indian Medical Service- has been al-
lowed to develop especially along 
clinical rather than Public Health 
lines. But 'allowed' is not the right 
word; the service has been 'com-
pelled' by force of circumstances to 
develop along clinical lines. The 
members of the Indian Medical 
Service are recruited to do certain 
work which is allotted to them; 
they have not been engaged to frame 
the administrative policy of Gov-
ernment. Members of the service con-
sider that a great pity but the fact 
remains that they have not had much 
to do with the administration and 
practically nothing to do with the 
development of policy." 
In the above discussion Sir Mal-
colm Watson has said that the Gov-
ernment itself has never put the Pub-
lic Health of the people first and 
that the fault lay primarily not with 
the officers of the Indian Medical 
Service but with the Civil head-
quarters and the Military head-
quarters. 
But things changed subsequently 
with the Indian Medical Service but 
not with the Indian Civil Service. 
We must reckon with the fact that 
"Preventive Medicine" has come to 
occupy a higher place in other pro-
gressive countries than that assigned 
to "Bottle Medicine." "Medicine" is 
defined as "the art of curing, pre-
venting and alleviating disease.' 
This is due to a general realization 
that the physician should be equally 
interested in both curative and pre-
ventive medicine. The example set 
by such eminent persons as Dr. 
Jameson, Col. King, General Megaw, 
Col. Russell and others should be 
followed by the members of the 
medical and health services. The pro-
fession and the public should realize 
the fact that the most essential factor 
in the development of Public Health 
is the question of cost. To the ques-
tion of Sir William Osler why 
malaria should not be stamped out 
of India as it was done in Panama, 
Sir Leonard Rogers is prepared to 
have pointed out the impossibility of 
doing so. because in most municipal-
ities in India the whole of the work 
—teaching, hospitals, schools, roads, 
sanitation—had to be paid for out of 
an income of two or three shillings 
per head of •the population. 
(Please turn to page 26) 
RIMISTERED No. B-1886 
ORIENTAL WATCHMAN 
JUNE �
SUPPLEMENT �
1948 
HOW PHARAOH HQNOURED JOSEPH 
B
REAKFAST was over in Expedi-
tion House at El-Amarna. Go-
ing out into the central court, I 
found awaiting me a donkey and 
driver, summoned by my host, the 
director of excavations, to take me 
over the ruins of the city of Akheta-
ten. 
The sun shone down from a cloud-
less blue sky as we passed through 
the portico of our Egyptian mansion 
and set off, picking our way round 
piles of debris left from earlier ex-
cavations. 
Ringing the little plain on which 
Er-Amarna stands is a semicircle of 
cliffs forming the edge of the high 
eastern desert; and, as at Beni Hasan 
farther down the Nile, this rock face 
is honeycombed with the tombs of 
priests and nobles of the ancient city. 
In the cliffs on the north side of the 
W. L. EMMERSON 
city were the tombs, among others, 
of Huye and Meri-Re, superintendents 
of the royal harem; Ahmose, a fan-
bearer to the king; Meri-Re, a high 
priest; Penthu, a court physician; 
and the chief temple administrator 
by the name of Penehsi. 
Away to the south were more 
tombs, including those of a police 
officer called Mahu, and Eye. 
My guide, who was also the keeper 
of the tombs, unlocked the iron 
grilles as we traversed along the base 
of the cliffs, and for several fascinat-
ing hours I studied the records of the 
lives of these worthies of El-Amarna. 
One of the largest and probably 
the most important of the tombs is 
that of Meri-Re, who was high priest 
in the great sun temple of Aten, as 
well as fanbearer on the right hand 
of the king, royal chancellor, sole 
companion, hereditary prince, and 
friend of the king. I entered the rock-
hewn doorway between two figures 
of Meri-Re, crossed a little ante-
chamber to another door beyond, 
flanked by figures of Meri-Re, this 
time with his wife Tenre, and reached 
the main hall. There, on the south 
wall, I came upon the picture which 
I especially wanted to see. 
Meri-Re is being invested in his 
important office of high priest. Pha-
raoh and his wife, with the little 
princess Meritaten, are leaning over 
a richly decorated balcony at the 
"window of appearance" in the 
palace. This balcony evidently served 
somewhat the same purpose in Pha-
raoh's day as the balcony at Buck-
ingham Palace does today. Here the 
king appeared to his people on im-
portant occasions, and here the 
chief officers of state were invested 
with their authority. 
Meri-Re is depicted below in two 
attitudes. In the first he is kneeling 
beneath the balcony before being 
invested, and in the other he is dec-
orated with gold collars. Four 
scribes are reporting the proceedings, 
while servants, ushers, and fanhearers 
stand around waiting for Meri-Re to 
betake himself to his chariot, which 
is pictured below. 
Beside the picture of Pharaoh is 
his speech, in which he says: "Be-
hold I make thee high priest of the 
Aten ... doing it for love of thee. 
.I give to thee the office, saying, 
`Thou shalt eat the provisions oti 
Pharaoh thy lord in the temple of 
the Aten." 
In another picture on the east wall 
of the main hall, Meri-Re depicts 
another ceremony on a later occasion 
when Pharaoh rewarded him for his 
services as high priest. This time the 
king says: "Let the superintendent 
of the treasury of golden rings take 
the high priest of the Aten in Akheta-
ten, Meri-Re, and put gold on his 
Joseph Before Pharaoh. 
neck to the top of it, and gold on 
his feet, because of his obedience to 
the doctrine of Pharaoh ... for the 
Aten in Akhetaten, filled with all 
things good, and with barley and 
wheat in abundance." 
These pictures and inscriptions 
make vivid the honouring of Joseph 
with a similar gold chain, or collar, 
for his neck and a gold ring on his 
hand, and Pharaoh's pronouncement 
concerning him: "Thou shalt be over 
my house, and according unto thy 
word shall all my people be ruled." 
Genesis 41:40. 
Meri-Re was by no means the only 
one to receive this signal honour of 
the "gold of praise." Other dignitar-
ies of EI-Amarna also recorded this 
great day in their, lives with many 
additional details which give still 
more local colour to the Bible story. 
Eye, the- vizier of Akhenaten, 
whose tomb, if it had been finished, 
would have been the finest in El-
Amarna, received "the gold" on the 
occasion of his marriage to Teye and 
ordered a spirited record of the cere-
mony to be painted by his tomb 
artists. 
Surrounded by fanbearers, Nubian 
soldiers, and palace servants, he and 
his wife are seen standing below the 
"window of appearance." On the 
balcony, Pharaoh, reclining on cush-
ions, is in the act of casting a gold 
chain down to Eye. The queen and 
the royal children are assisting in 
the ceremony by throwing down gold 
bracelets to the distinguished pair. 
Spectators look on with keen in-
terest, while the servants of Eye 
dance for joy. Small boys rush back 
to Eye's house with the news for 
those who had to stay at home. One 
little fellow cries out as he reaches 
the door of the house: "They have 
been made people of gold!" 
The whole scene is one of joyous 
excitement and conjures up a vivid 
picture of the scene at the time of 
Joseph's exaltation. 
Huya, superintendent of the 
harem, records that he also received 
"the gold" from Pharaoh at the "win-
dow of appearance," and there was 
another Meri-Re, whom we may call 
Meri-Re II, a royal scribe and super-
intendent of the royal harem, who 
also proudly refers to a similar 
honour. In Meri-Re II's picture I 
was interested again to note that two 
princesses, Meritaten and Maketaten, 
were present with the king and his 
wife Nefertiti. As the king and 
queen lean over the balcony to pass 
their gifts to Meri-Re II, the prin-
cesses hand more gold ornaments to 
the queen to pass on to their father. 
Fascinating indeed are these individ-
ual touches which the various 
receivers of "the gold" get into their 
pictures. 
When Joseph Received "the Gold" 
These various paintings clearly 
reveal that the conferment upon 
Joseph of "a gold chain" and "ring" 
(verse 42) was not a spontaneous 
gift on the part of Pharaoh but a 
recognized official ceremony, an 
honour much sought after by high 
officials of ancient Egypt. 
The conferment of "vestures of 
fine linen," along with "the gold," 
was usually reserved for priests; but 
the gift to Joseph was quite in ac-
cordance with Egyptian practice, as 
a vizier held the priestly dignity of 
"father to Pharaoh" (Genesis 45:8) 
as well as the civil posts of "court 
chamberlain," or "lord of all his 
house," and "supreme administrator 
over all the land of Egypt." 
Eye included among his titles 
"father of the god," that is, of Pha-
raoh, while Rekh-My-Re, vizier of 
Thutmose III, called himself "second 
of the king," which was precisely 
Joseph's position as second ruler in 
Egypt. (Genesis 41:40, 43, 44.) 
The fact that Pharaoh, according 
to the Bible account, conferred "the 
gold" with his own hand shows that 
Joseph received the supreme honour 
of which the dignitaries of El-Amar-
na were so pardonably proud. 
The tomb paintings of these in-
vestitures revealed that the "window 
of appearance" was built into an 
ornamental bridge connecting two 
portions of the palace; so, descend-
ing from the tombs, I returned to the 
ruins of the ancient capital on the 
plain below to try to find its precise 
site. 
Crossing the remains of several 
roads which ran north to south 
across the plain, parallel to the Nile, 
I came out on the road nearest to the 
river, which has been named "King's 
Way" by the modern excavators. On 
either side of this road were the 
government buildings of the city. To 
the south were the royal magazines 
and stores, the university, the civil 
servant's quarters, and the police 
barracks; and to the north, the temple 
and the royal palace. 
I found the outlines of the palace 
which lay, as the tomb paintings 
showed, on either side of the King's 
Way, and was able to determine the 
approximate position of the three-
arched bridge over the road connect-
ing the royal residence on one side 
with the storehouses, gardens, and 
private chapel of the king on the 
other. 
Standing there on the King's Way, 
where the crowds once surged to get 
a glimpse of Eye and his wife, or 
some other notable personages as 
they stood awaiting the arrival of the 
royal family, I reconstructed that 
interesting ceremony of "the gold." 
And travelling back still further in 
time, I pictured the momentous oc-
casion when the young Hebrew slave, 
who so short a time before had 
languished in prison, was honoured 
with this same "gold of praise" and 
exalted to a position second only to 
Pharaoh in the land of Egypt. 
IS PEACE POSSIBLE? 
T
HE most priceless commodity in 
the world's mart today is peace. 
Its cost may seem to class it as a 
luxury, but it is no luxury; it is a 
vital necessity that all of us must 
have if our planet is to continue on 
its way. Without it we shall have 
world-wide depression and finally 
world ruin and destriction. Never 
2 
WILLIAM G. WIRTH 
was peace so imperative as now. 
Peace is not merry the concern 
of the White House and the State 
Department in Washington, of Stalin 
and Molotov in the Kremlin, of the 
Quai d'Orsay in Paris, but it is a 
matter of utmost importance to every 
citizen in every country of the globe. 
The atomic bomb has seen to that. 
Therefore, it behooves us to give it 
personal thought. The question is 
inescapable. Is peace possible, or is 
it not? The searching query will not , 
down, Have we reached world's end 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
Guns on a Battleship: While Men Prepare for and Glorify War 
There Will Be No Peace on Earth. 
or not? Surely none of us can dis-
agree with the grim observation 
made recently by Chancellor Robert 
M. Hutchins of the University of 
Chicago that our most important 
problem these days is not whether 
civilization will progress that we 
may live better, but whether civili-
zation will survive that we may live 
at all. 
It must be obvious that to prepare 
the way of peace we must remove the 
causes of war. If we can do that, 
peace will then be assured; if not, 
vain will be all the endeavours 
through well-meaning persons or 
organizations, whether political, eco-
nomic, social, or religious. We shall 
still have war, and more of it. Let 
us look into these causes to see what 
the possibilities are for their removal. 
Nationalism heads the list. By this 
we mean belief in the sovereign, in-
dependent right of every nation to 
conduct its own affairs, external and 
internal, without interference or 
restriction from any other nation. 
The difficulty comes, however, in 
the fact—and bear in mind that we 
are dealing with world peace—that 
every other nation feels the same way 
about its sovereign rights. Other 
nations, too, glory in their traditions 
and national ways. But it must at 
once be evident that this attitude of 
national separatism cannot be main-
tained if there 'is to be world peace. 
For the common good, nations must 
be willing to surrender a goodly 
share of nationalism for the success 
of collective internationalism. 
Pope Pius XII spoke truly when 
he told Associated Press represent-
atives in Rome on March 11 of this 
year, on the eve of his eighth anni-
versary as pontiff, that nations must 
surrender some of their sovereign 
rights if lasting peace is to be 
achieved in the world. It is plain that 
by "some" he referred to the right 
of a nation to wage war in opposi-
tion to the opinion of the rest of the 
world that it should not; the right to 
make its own laws when those laws, 
as in Nazi Germany, were harmful to 
international law; and perhaps the 
right to set up its own government 
and rulers, when that government 
and those rulers, as again in the case 
of Nazi Germany, would be a menace 
to other nations. 
But are any of us so gullible as to 
believe for a moment that there is 
any nation on the face of this earth 
that is, or will be, willing to give up 
its right to wage war, make its WTI 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 1948 
laws, set up its own government? 
Such sovereign rights are too deeply 
ingrained in nations to be sur-
rendered; and as long as national 
governments hold tenaciously to 
them, lasting peace cannot be 
achieved, as Pope Pius avers. Na-
tionalism is too selfish, too egotistic, 
too fearful of what other nations will 
do, to yield any essential sovereign 
right. 
What makes the matter more dif-
ficult is that nations, as with individ-
uals, are controlled and directed by 
fixed ideas and idiosyncrasies. Amer-
ica, for example, takes pride in its 
conception of democratic freedom; 
Russia glories in the so-called "dic-
tatorship of the proletariat" and 
Marxist communism. It is unavoid-
able that such ideologies clash, that 
the two nations find it hard to get 
along. 
This nationalistic tragedy is made 
more tragic as the years go by, be-
cause of the fact that this world of 
ours is steadily shrinking in size. 
Aeroplanes, rocket and otherwise, are 
shrivelling our planet to small pro-
portions. This should bring all na-
tions closer together. Proximity in 
distance ought to stimulate 'proximity 
is mutual relationships, as Wendell 
Willkie so well brought out in his 
best seller, One World. The very fact 
that our various avenues of world 
life crisscross among the nations 
ought to drive home to all govern-
ments the need for reciprocal unity 
and fellowship, but it works in-
creasingly the other way. This very 
inter-relation only the more arouses 
the nationalistic spirit to resistance, 
to competitive rivalry, to mutual 
antagonism. 
Add to this the patent fact that so 
strong is this nationalistic feeling on 
the part Of the separate governments 
of the world that it blinds nations to 
the fact that other policies, other 
methods, other ways besides their 
own might be. for the good of the 
whole. Their way of life is right, all 
others wrong. 
It reminds us of the fable that on 
one occasion an angel was sent to 
the earth to see what could be done 
to bring about peace among nations. 
When the angel came to the first na-
tion, he was assured that that govern-
ment wanted peace, but that all the 
other nations wanted war. The angel 
so recorded it in his book. When he 
called on the second government, he 
met the same smug attitude. This 
government also pronouncedly stood 
for peace; the difficulty was with the 
others, who were wickedly deter-
mined on war. Again the angel re-
corded it in his book. He received 
the same response from all the other 
nations. When summoned to give his 
report, the angel declared that all 
the sixty nations of earth wanted 
peace, but that 3,540 of them wanted 
war. 
Our world is suffering from what 
the doctors call "circulatorTfailure": 
its lifeblood of peace that needs to 
flow from continent to continent, 
from east to west, from north to 
south, cannot get through because of 
the selfish, egotistic nationalisms that 
plague our sphere. No wonder Sir 
Arthur Keith, the eminent British 
anthropologist, wrote in the New 
York Times Magazine of October 2, 
1932: "It is the spirit of nationalism 
more than aught else which has 
frustrated the application of Christ's 
doctrine to the affairs of the world." 
If that was true then, how much more 
is it true today? 
3 
DISCERNING THE TIMES 
T
HE late Sir James Jeans during 
his lifetime made a number of 
frank admissions on behalf of his 
fellow scientists. It was he who ex-
pressed the conviction in his book, 
The Mysterious Universe, that the 
worlds in space appeared to him not 
so much as a vast mechanism as a 
"great thought," the grand design 
of a master "Mathematician." 
Again, it was he who asserted that 
the world as we know it could be 
understood only by the assumption 
of a "creation or series of creations" 
at a time "not infinitely remote." 
It is with more than interest, there-
fore, that we pick up his final and 
posthumous work, The Growth of 
Physical Science, and read the open-
ing sentences: 
"We look on helpless," he says, 
"while our material civilization car-
ries us at breakneck speed to an end 
which no man can foresee or even 
conjecture." 
The reason for Sir James' final, 
almost despairing word he goes on 
to explain: 
"The last hundred years have seen 
more change than a thousand years 
of the Roman Empire" largely as a 
result of the "applications of physi-
cal science ... through the use of 
steam, electricity, and petrol, and 
by the way of the various industrial 
arts ... almost every moment of our 
existences" has been profoundly 
affected. But unfortunately, while the 
spectacular advances of science "in 
medicine and surgery may save our 
lives," their employment in warfare 
"may involve us in utter ruination." 
When Mr. H. G. Wells spoke even 
more grimly in his last book, 
A World at the End of Its Tether, 
some put it down to pessimism of 
senility, and they may say the same 
about Jeans. But the lie is given to 
any such suggestions by the fact that 
there are plenty of other people 
among the leaders of thought today 
and in the prime of manhood's 
vigour, who are saying the very same 
thing whenever they get the opportu-
nity. 
Professor Herbert Dingle, only the 
other day, in a lecture at University 
College, London, asserted that 
"science has progressed like a ship 
with an all-powerful engine" but 
with "no compass or rudder or 
steersman, measuring its progress in 
4 
knots and not in terms of approxima-
tion to a desired haven." 
The atom scientists themselves, 
have chosen as the symbolic design 
for the cover of their Bulletin the 
hands of a clock pointed to a few 
minutes before twelve, and the most 
notable of them, like Professor Urev, 
have confessed themselves to be 
literally "frightened" as to what will 
happen when the midnight hour 
strikes. 
The fact is that today the scientists 
have turned preachers and are de-
scribing the very situation in all its 
tragedy which the prophets of old 
foresaw in the "last days" at the 
"time of the end." 
Declared the prophet Daniel, 
"Many shall run to and fro, and 
knowledge shall be increased" 
(Daniel 12:4), and never has this 
prophecy been fulfilled as it is being 
fulfilled today. 
To this prophecy Jesus added, al-
most paradoxically: "And there shall 
be ... distress of nations, with per-
plexity; the sea and the waves roar-
ing; men's hearts failing them .or 
fear, and for looking after the things 
which are coming on the earth." 
Luke 21:25, 26. 
Incompatible as these two specifi-
cations would seem to he, they have 
synchronized in our time. Never 
has there been so wonderful a time 
as that into which we have come, yet 
never has there been a time when 
existence has hung by so slender a 
thread. Surely this is sufficient evi-
dence, apart from much more that 
could be cited, that we have indeed 
reached those "last days," that "time 
of the end," of which prophet and 
Master-prophet spoke 'so long ago. 
Unaided man in this crisis of 
history may have to confess himself 
incapable of even conjecturing the 
possible outcome or guessing at the 
destination. It is reasonable to ex-
pect, however, that the Book which 
could so accurately predict the crisis 
would be able also to make known 
what would emerge from it. 
And it does. 
Left to himself, the Bible declares 
man would encompass his utter and 
final destruction, committing suicide 
in a welter of universal strife. But 
God has no intention of allowing 
either evil men or angels thus to 
bring all His plans and purposes to 
nought. 
Says the prophet Isaiah: "God 
Himself that formed the earth and 
made it; He hath established it, He 
created it not in vain, He formed it 
to be inhabited." Isaiah 45:18. 
So, the Bible tells us, God intends 
—very soon—to step in and to 
bring out of sin's destruction "a new 
heavens and a new earth" of His own 
righteous and enduring design. 
Into that new creation He will 
gather all whose hearts are toward 
Him; but from it He will exclude 
all that is of rebellion and sin. lf, 
therefore, the apostle Peter in his 
day counselled urgently: "Be diligent 
[literally, make haste] that ye may 
be found of Him in peace, without 
spot, and blameless" (2 Peter 3:14), 
how much more need is there of 
haste today when, as the signs indi-
cate, the Conqueror and King is "at 
the door"?—English Present Truth. 
THE ORIENTAL WATCHMAN, JUNE 19.13 
By Science Men 
Discern Many 
Things But Not 
the Signs of the 
Times.