THE FLOOD CALENDAR (Calculation of Hoses) Noah enters a.rk in Full Moon YEAR GOO [LUNAR YEAR~| [SOLAR YEARj (X (i) Tishri b Posh Hasha.no, 30 |PERlODS| (40 + 15 0) days + 25 weeks C (2) Hesvan ' • cM 1 6 1 3 (l7th)Rain ) 4 0 days rain (3) Kisleu 27 3 "But upon the eighth <41 T c b et_ y__ Pein helion=Jan.3 151_ Shebat \ _Winter_ _ _IG) Ajdar ) day, dark clouds over-£>C| spread the heavens. • • Soon large drops of rain began to fall." “I \ l 50 days =• 29 / 5 lunar months Solar tide (7) Nisan decreasing 1 +3 days ri 6 \, (28htsleu-29 Iyar' 30 • i (1 Ttri)Ark rests L1 3 M oon approa.ch.inq \ inclusive) (8) Iyar x 29 third, quarter, apo aee. eauator and J 19 0th day - 2.7 weeks + I day (9) Sivan 1 30 ' neaptide > Summer w __ .. ... 3 0 days > (10) Tammuz/ Aphelion = 2<^ —> _ _ \ July 4- . . l ^Tops of moun-28 tains seen ri 0 l _(i ith) Raven , 40 days 40 t h day 1 7% ay ' A ~th - f 10 weeks | Spring tide low (in Ab _ _ 30 Solar tide increasing 1 (i 8 thlDove I 19 (25th)Dove (12) Elul ( 291 I I (Encl)Dove 3 1 7™ i> | ) 7*^ ”, , k4 weeks ending on Sth Elul. 3 54 Days ( (I) Tishri RoshH.ashana, ( 27 1 60 1 st year 29 27 Noah leaves ark in seed-time and Si7 5th day of H._ 65 Days I 2 1 days = 3 weeks j — (9 Elul -29 Elul inc.) I 56 ” -8 weeks ) ( T Tishri - 26 Hesvan inc.) New Moon 36 5 Days (Civil New Year) L2J. Hesvan 3 Cj. A-vwO-J to-vc THE FLOOD CHRONICLE The flood year, as depicted in the book of Genesis, is represented by a definitely outlined calendar. This is constructed in two kinds of time— solar and lunar—and it also conforms to known positions of both sun and moon. With modern scholarship uncertainty still enters into the problem of tying the flood to a recognized chronological outline. But with reference to the flood calendar itself, it can be shown, that although different conclusions have repeatedly been drawn, yet on the contrary it would appear VW C'V'wi'L-that we have in Genesis seven and eight the simplest form of lunar calendar, and one upon which the solar year also is planted. Questions relating to the authorship of the book of Genesis are partly answered in the book itself. The fact that the months are numbered and not designated by name—not even the ancient Canaanite names of the month appear in the text—speaks for an early writer. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated that In the flood record the lunar numberf begin In the autumn with the month later denominated ‘’seventh” in biblical history. Fhilo, Josephus, mnL the Talmud each supports this conclusion. And additional proof that the flood year began in the autumn is forthcoming from instances in Genesis that relate the year to agricultural operations. (Cf. 3rd par. under 3.) But after the exodus, and at least until the establishment of the monarchy, the year was reckoned from the spring (Ex. 12:2). And answer to thie question of authorship points the finger at Moses as the early author mmhm he was an early writer. In the 4 | /I forty years during which Moses wa; leader of Israel, he wrote several books— A writings to which Jesus Himself refers (John 5:47). The second law, as re corded in Deuteronomy, was written by Moses, and this book was placed in the side of the ark of the covenant (Deut. 31:24-26). Moses also made a regis ter of the wilderness episodes, and in this memorial he was commanded to re Flood Chronicle - 2 cord the battle with Amalek and the injunction of the Lord concerning him (Ex. 17»14). After the giving of the law on mount Sinai, additional judgments and precepts were spoken, and all of these were transcribed by Moses before the people made their covenant with Jahweh (Ex. 24t4). & Moses also wrote songs. One is recorded which the people sang after they crossed the Red Sea (Exodus 15), and another, which Moses wrote just before his death (Deuteronomy 32). We also have his inspired blessing upon the tribes. 3 It is the chronology in Genesis that calls for an early writer—certain- ly not a late one$ gn ewe ^aasdwtwwb Btnmni ill* nfliMn even though modern criti- cism assigns this book to early centuries of the monarchy.^ For in-thi s •period the people of Israel were not only numbering their calendar months from the spring, but they also left on record old Canaanite names of the months as witness. Three of these agricultural names are mentioned in the reign of Solomon—Zif, Bui, and Ethanim (1 Kings 6j1,38; 8t2). Zif, signi- fying the brightness of flowers, Bui, meaning showers of rain, and Ethanim, corresponding to perennial rivers, are appropriate names for the second, eighth, and seventh months respectively. Cf. Gesenius. €$ -ttr-XAAAX. Luu , I’a The inference is therefore obvious that an author or redactor living in the early period of the monarchy essarily employ the current names in outlining flood chronology, would neo of the months in his own time; and, fur- thermore, would inevitably number the months from the spring—a Jewish cal- endar custom which has continued from the exodus even to the present day. But these calendar io features are contrary to Genesis chronology*, as will Driver, S.R., "An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament," p. 125. Seventh edition. New York, 1898. IT 1^46’. Flood Calendar * 2 ,wm written, and in it a record of our earliest biblical calendar was placed the exodus, rep- resents about the only period that would supply a current calendar in har- mony with the chronological description of the flood In the ninetieth psalm, Koses is reminiscent at seventy years of age. He looks back a thousand years, speaking of “yesterday—a watch in the night.” He thinks of the flood as a judgment from God, pleading with erring children of men to return. 9lt was centuries after the flood that the book of Genesis shantung unpur&aiiQo vu uno ui simvxvju.v *v* *.w «wv«>*v 3 existence of an exceedingly early calendar io record that was 'Mee ass wily st rue ted by calculation of the new moon instead of by actual observation. /A oon- .And of equal importance is the fact that the flood calendar offers proof in itself for its own particular details of construction, as will later be dem onstrated. It seems exceptional that a calendar of so great authority should lie recorded almost in the opening pages of Scripture, and yet its intrinsic merit go unrecognised. Doubtless one reason for this oversight is the repeated insistence that the l&O-day period of prevailing flood waters represents five consecutive 30-day calendar months) that this arrangement of time was solar, and that it could not therefore belong to leter Jewish cycles. Then the conclusion has commonly been drawn that the Hoachian age employed this length while of month; that*Hoah was in the ark he could not see the new moon on account of rain and fog, and that consequently he calculated the whole period of the 2 "During the earliest period Egypt was unacquainted with true writing. In the many hundreds of graves from this era not the slightest trace of any sort of script has ever been discovered. C—Steindorff, George, and See Ie, Keith C. When Egypt Ruled the East, p. 116. Chicago, 1042. ”Ko written records have been found at Jericho itself. Garstang, John, and Garstang, . J.B.E., The Story of Jericho, p. 68. London, 140. 3 The first dynasty of Babylon with its records of Ammizaduga comes after 2000 B.C. Flood Calendar - 2 Awas written, and in it a record of our earliest biblical calender was placed# The decades which Hoses spent in the desert of Midian were therefore rich in knowledge to udents of chronology# Before the flood and for some time af-2 ter, there had been no books; but there were teachers whose existence was measured by centuries# Methuselah knew Adam for nearly two hundred and fifty years, and Noah knew the fanily in which Abraham was reared# By thia means knowledge was extended at a time when books had not yet been written# And one of the earliest testimonies concerning this marvelous period comes from the hand of one who^llved Mf o«rturie. Irtw. Thi. fMt 1# of outstanding importanoe to the genesis of ancient oalendatlon, for it reveals the existence of an exceedingly early oalendario record that was con- struoted by calculation of the new moon instead of by actual observation# /A And of equal importance is the fact that the flood calendar offers proof In itself for its own particular details of construction, as will leter be demonstrated# It seems exceptional that a calendar of so great authority should lie recorded almost in the opening pages of Scripture, and yet its intrinsic merit go unrecognised# Doubtless one reason for this oversight is the repeated Insistence that the l&O-dsy period of prevailing flood waters represents five consecutive 30-day calendar months; that this arrangement of time was solar, and that it could not therefore belong to later Jewish cycles# Then the conclusion has commonly been drawn that the Noaohian age employed this length while of month; that^Noah was in the ark he could not see the new moon on account of rain and fog, and that consequently he calculated the whole period of the 2 "During the earliest period Egypt was unacquainted with true writing# In the many hundreds of graves from this era not the slightest trace of any sort 0f script has ever been discovered#*--Steindorff, George, and Seele, Keith C#, When Egypt Ruled the East, p# 116# Chicago, 1542# "No written records have been found at Jericho itself# #n—Garstang, John, and Garstang, J , The Story of Jericho, p# 68# London, 1040# S The first dynasty of Babylon with its records of Ammizaduga comes after 2000 B#C# Flood Calendar - 5 deluge on a SO-day month basis. However, this common but questionable view ia not accepted by all.4 And in addition, a second erroneous hypothesis has complicated the prob* lem of ancient Jewish time, namely# the insistence that the earliest Jewish dates were entirely based upon observation of the now moon, and that not until after the post-exilic period did calculation come into the reckoning* ^13 This assumption would place early calend&tion upon an empirical basis, in support of which there is not to be found a sufficient number of early Jewish records, such as have cane down from the first dynasty of Babylon* ,^In the Babylonian tablets and documentsy lug TniFtod lies the chrono- logical evidence that binds together historical events in the millennium preceding the time of Moses, although the result is as yet a sort of continually varying chronology* Attfr otetfy -, the-mteeessire obsiR wabfceas . < > Vomw ■ the i > mi ^-Me4 ■ to < > mfr e - eeflotdbwib iTphsaiswui Ito ttaiMetmdarMNktor VLcA 10 1b always the possibility that an unusual and soldan-ropeat- ing relationship of sun, moon and planets will become so joined to events * putablee pooord that a chronological outline is thereby established* This is an indisA therefore crux to historical research, whiohAfor some time has been interned in the field of astronomy and calendario study in addition to its field of textual crltiolsm and interpretation. The vital importance of technical science to the genesis of history and chronology has been woll put by Edward Sacham Alo.number in any chronological table can he considered correct, so long as it m not proved by computation tr be so, and even in the simplest historical narrative the editor and translator may most lamentably go astray in his interpretation, if there is something wrong with his method of research.” 5 4 Schiaparelli, G*, "Astronomy in the Old Testament,” pp* 126,127. Oxford, 1906 Schwars. Adolf, "Der Judisohe Kalendar,” p. 8. Breslau, 1872* $ Albtrunl, ’’The Chronology of -ncient Nations,” Preface, p* vi* Tr* Saohau. London, 1879* Flood Calendar - 4 ll There are only a few calendar dates in the Bible—less than a hundred altogether* And these are not evenly distributed, some periods being marked by a comparatively larger number than others* In the account of the flood and exodus, in the prophecy of Ezekiel, the post-exilic books, and the gospels, there is a sufficient number of time divisions to each period to frame the form of calendar employed* It can be demonstrated that these various calendars are all based upon the lunar month, but that they principally differ in one respect—the time of beginning the civil year* Under the administration of Moses, current time—both civil and religious—was reckoned from 6 the first month* And that this month was lunar is shown from the fact that the day ended at evening, when levitioal uncleanness ceased* This ancient chronicle covers a little more than two nineteen-year cycles, that is, to the conquest of Canaan* Biblical history does not note any further calendar-ic change until the time of th© kings, under whose reigns there are very few dates, but instead, long series of king lists, which, for the ministry of 7 Judah, began the regnal year in the autumn* With the Israelite kingdom, however, another beginning for the king’s reign was ordained, which^w2s based upon Egyptian influence over Jereboam, when, in the tenth century B*C*, the Egyptian seventh month approximately coincided with the Jewish 8 eighth* A departure occurs in Ezekiel’s chronology, which is characterized by a large number of captivity dates, planted upon a ’’regnal1’ year representing both the period of the captivity and also that of the captive king* With possibly one exception,^ Ezekiel’s dates all denote civil eventsj but, oon-$ "This month [Abib] shall be unto you the beginning of monthsI it shall be the first month of the year to you*” Exodus 12i2* 7 For example! The battle of Carchcmish occurred in the fourth of Jehoiaklm at the time of the Nile flood (Jer.46i2,7). In Jer.36!9, it was the fifth of Jehoiakim in the ninth month. The regnal year therefore changed in Tishri. 8 In 200 years or more back from 747 B.C., 1 Thoth would advance to the last of April—to a position nearly a month later than the average 1 Nisan. y Ezekiel 40il, where “tenth day of the month” doubtless = the day of atonement. Flood Calender - 5 13 trary to the Interpretation of some, must necessarily begin in Tishri, or tU*. else they do not conform to the chrono logical outline of Me period* The civil dates of Nehemiah and Esra are outstanding because they begin the reign ^JtZvV-Vft/xA. - T- 'cUt. 3 of a=$e*eXgja? king-3 (Artaxerxes autumn--a' f act recognised by many 10 chronologers* On th© other hand, th© regnal year of Darius I Is counted 11 from Nisan by the prophets Haggal and Zechariah* And earliest of all ancient reckonings iw the penta* teuohel flood chronicle takes its place with the various forms of calendars *1**- a0 7• Hugo Radau-- ’’Above we saw that although originally the seventh, became in later times = )b*»las first month. Butcorresponds, as regards its meaning, to SE-IL-LA; hence SE-IL-LA must have been in the oldest times the seventh, and later on the first month of the year. GAN-MAS, it was said, corresponds tp 'lY,which latter again became later on the second hence also GAN-MAS must have been originally the eighth, and later on became the second month. “While these changes took place, it happened the new months were introduced. • .Othere lost their original place, as for instance, SE-KIN-KUD and SU-KUL. The history of this latter month is especially interesting. In List A it is the fifth; in List D, on the other hand, the fourth. In the Assyrian period, or possibly before, it was even thrown together with the eighth month. • .Thus it happened that the month of 1 sowing’ (SU-KUL) became the ’child of life’ or ’true child’ (Du’uzu,yiOil ).’’—Early Babylonian Histo ry, London, 1900, 297, 298. Flood Calendar - 9 b* According to the numbering of the months as given in Table A.l, the astronomical tides harmonize with the events described* If the order of the months is reversed, the tides do not check* o* The numbering of the months as in Table A*l, is a key to the length of the months when compared with the periodsj but by reversing the order of th© months, and numbering from Nisan, the key thereby bocaaes useless, as will b© shown later* d* If Noah had left the ark in Iyar as We second month, he would obvious* ly have had to wait ct least seven months before seeding the ground* But coming forth in Kes van, he could immediately prepare for the November seeding of wheat, as is customary in the Noar Bast, and soon after, for the January sowing of b sr ley* That the seasons were fully established after Noah left the ark is implied in Gen* Bt22* e* The divine law in Ex* 12s2 that from th© time of the first passover the months were to be numbered from Abib (Deut* 16s 1), indicates that previously they had been differently numbered* And a further argument relates to the position of the Egyptian month Thoth in the time of the exodus, when it hovered around the autumnal equinox* This 20 can be shown from the record of Josephus, which states that the Egyptians called Nisan of the exodus Pliarmuthi (8th month), thus bringing the subsequent Thoth in Scptember-Octobor* An approximate result can also be obtained by reckoning back from the Nabonassar era, when 1 Thoth occurred on Feb* 26, 747 B*C* And if Hoses had projected the Egyptian schematic calendar of 30-dsy months back to the flood period, in the intervening years, the first month Thoth would have advanced past th© spring equinox at least* Consequently, the lunar calendar used by Hoses, both in the case of tlua exodus and in that of the flood, had Its new year at the of the Egyptian eco- 4 nomic scheme of counting time* By divine command Israel was evidently to bo 22 cut loose from the idolatry of Egypt even with respect to the calendar* 3* Eesgrlption of th^ Hood Calendar* In the accompanying calendar table 20 Josephus, Antt* II*XIV*6* 21 In the approximate seven or eight centuries back from 747 B*C* to the exodus, th© Thoth new year would advance toward 200 days, which, reckoned forward from February 26, would end in September* 22 Brugsch has shown that every day of the ancient Egyptian calendar was named after an Egyptian god* (”Insohriften. Alt aegypt lecher Benkmaelor,” pp* 49-51* Leipzig, 1883.) Flood Calo nd sr - 10 A*l, the numbered months, dates, and periods belong to the record e£ ^eos* The lunar names only have been introduced according to Josephus and Thilo, as previously explained* To each lunar month has been assigned a specific number of days in harmony with the lunar constant long recognised by astron* M any* Because it is Inconsistent to end bhe lunar month on the half day, alternating months of 30 and 29 days are marked off in the table* The calendar moon is thereby made to conform sufficiently with the real moon end her position in the shy* It then remains to demonstrate that the schematic periods of ffeeree* record—40 days and 150 days—are in agreement with the assigned length to each month* (Cf. Table A.2 ff*) The deluge began in the year 600 of Noah's life (Gen*7t6), and the year changed to 601 on the first dry of the subsequent first month (Gen*Bjl3)» This change of year on the 306th day of the flood is indisputable evidence that the calendar was intentionally based upon both the lunar and solar years* For, by adding the 46 days in Tishri and Hosvan before the rain began, to 303, we Insert on page 10 Other early instances in Genesis for an autumn new year are (1) in Gen. 26:12, where Isaac sowed a field in Philistia, and "in the same year" received a hundredfold. In the Near East, seeding is in the fall, and harvest is in the summer. In order therefore to have both the sowing and the harvest all in one year, the new year obviously must have come the first of Tishri. \,2) Again, in Gen.47tl8 the year had ended, and the Egyptians came to Joseph "the second year," seying, "Give us seed that we may live." And Joseph did so (verse 23). Hence the new year must have come just before seeding, that is, in Tishri. month as 29 1/2 days + 1/33 dsy* or 29*530303 days* ho was a wreez astronomer, but based his calculation upon Chaldean astronomy* ("Eleroenta Aatrono-miae," ch* XVtTI* Tr* Manitiua. Lipsiae, 1398.) The synodic constant of modem astronomy is 29*530688 days* Flood Calendar « 10 A.l, the numbered months, dates, and periods belong to the record eg’-Meoee* The lunar names only have been introduced according to Josephus and Thilo, as previously explained* To each lunar month has been assigned a specific number of days in harmony with the lunar constant long recognised by astron-2S any* Because it is Inconsistent to end the lunar month on the half day, alternating months of 30 end 29 days are marked off In the table* The odan-dar moon is thereby made to conform sufficiently with the real moon end her position in the sl;y* It then remains to demonstrate that the schematic peri* ods of record—40 dsys and 150 days—are in agreement with the assigned length to each month* (Cf. Table A»2 ff*) The deluge began in the year 600 of Noah’s life (Gen*7|6), and the year changed to 601 on the first day of the subsequent first month (Gen*8il3). This change of year on the 308th day of the flood is indisputable evidence that the calender was intentionally based upon both the lunar and solar years. For, by adding the 46 days in Tishri and Hesvaa before the rain began, to 308, we get 354 deys, which represent the number in a comon lunar yearj while, by adding to 308 the 57 days from the change of year to th® time Noah left the erk, we get 365 deys, which correspond to the solar year* Thus we have the earliest historical records for the length of the lunar and solar years, and at the same time the earliest precedent for beginning the Jewish civil year in the autumn*. Let us examine with further detail the outline in Table A*l, particularly with respect to the length of the various months* If the lunar portion of the flood period had been a leap ye tar, then it would have contained 13 months, and the 13th month would have boen introduced eitheas as an additional Alar If Adar, then Nisan in which the ark Even in a late century B*C* Geminus computed the length of the synodic month as 29 1/2 days t 1/33 day. or 29*530303 days* He was a Greek astronomer, but based his calculation upon Chaldean astronomy* (MElementa Astrono-miae,n ch* XVIII, Tr* Kenitiua* Llpsiae, 1398.) The synodic constant of modern astronomy Is 29,530588 days* Flood Calendar - 11 rested would necessarily have boon ntafbered the eighth month instead of the seventh* And furthermore, in event of a lunar leap year, Noah must have left the ark on the 27th day of the first month, instead of th© second, if he to carry out the obvious intention e& marking off the 365 days belonging wore to the solar year, fhu-concrtuaion- is therefore fawintont that the length of lu« nor year in Column ”a’‘ is common lunar, and not a leap year. But in eveiy lunar cycle, the moon’s position is such as frequently to de mand an additional leap day, thus making the lunar year 35b days long. And in such a oase the extra day is customarily added to Hesvan, which then contains 30 dsys. The question at once arises whether Hesvan in which the rain began had 30 days. The following table answers this question, and shows that the additional dsy in the flood calendar would have brought confusion into the figures of the writer of denesis. Table A.2 false Arrangement for Hesvan (2) Hesvan 16 » Days in Hesvan before rain began. 30 1 ~ Rain on 17th « 1 calendar dey. 13 « 40 days (?) (4) (6) (6) (7) (8) Kisleu __ 26 ° 4 « J Remaining days in Kisleu. Tebet 29 Adar^ 29 ~ <^a^S schematic 30-dey periods) Nisan 30 Iyar 29 28 1 = One day belonging to Iyar, but not to the 150-dsy period. Dfmpns t ration. In the foregoing table, the 30 days in Hesvan make the 40-day period end on 26 Kisleu, and the 160 days, on 23 Iyar. Hence, the remaining 4 days in Kis leu must be added to the months 4 to 8 inclusive in order to complete five 30-day periods, which are the equivalent of 150 days. But Tebet, Adar, and Iyar can be allowed only ono extra day each, for no lunar month ever equals more than 30 days. Therefore, an additional doy in Heaven finds no month in the 150-day period to which it can be added, and thus it would bring confusion into the figures of Koses. Accordingly, th© two periods— 40 days and 150 dcys—exactly lock in place the length of each month. Flood Calendar - 12 Hence the consistent conclusion that the lunar portion of the flood year was a oomron lunar year, equaling 364 days, and not 335 days* And with the understanding that Tishri is the first month, the lunar year would obviously have to begin with Tishri, and end on the last day of Elul* This is in harmony with the change of year recorded in the text* Lunar calculations are the most exact of all ancient forms of oalendation* And a lunar calendar, like evejy other form, has to give account of every day brought into existence by the revolution of the earth* In this twentieth oentujy it is frequently argued that somewhere in the dim past (sic!) a day was lost* Astronomers deny this assumption* But in addition, the lunar reckoning Mw in Genesis seven and eight also denies the challenge* Another important constant is also present in Column wb" of Table A*l* By subtracting the balance of 13 days in Hesvan from the combined periods that equal 190 days, an equation can be fonned as follows! 6 lunar months 88 177 days *•* 1 mean month = 1/6 of 177, or 29*6 days* These 29. B days represent the mean calendar length of the lunar month* Therefore, on the calendar, two months » $9 days* And because the month must necessarily end on the even day at sunset, alternate months of 30 and 29 days are the best answer to the moon's varying but exact motion* And this AaJ-JjJLuv QpUAiMuvO fact Meras evidently intended to stress, and he accomplished his purpose by 4 introducing the two periods, which absolutely fix the order of the series* For if the order of the months should be changed, as given in Column Wbw, and the 30-day months replace the 29-day months, and vice versa, then an extra day appears for which there is no month to which it oan be added, and yet be in harmony with the periods* This is a very simple, but wy effectual check* And furthermore, on the basis of the mean month = 29*6 days, the length Flood Calendar - 13 of every month in the Genesis calendar can be ascertained# For example, 8 months from Tishri to Iyar (inclusive) = 8 x 29*5 days = 236 days# How add up on Table A.l the months from Hesvan to Iyar, and get 206 days. Subtract the two results and get 30 days for Tishri. Thus is it proved that the arrangement of the months under the 190-day period is unchangeable, and it therefore becomes a pattern for the simplest fox® of the lunar year such as we find in Genesis seven and eight. It is a 354-day year, alternating 30-and 29-day months. In Column "b” of Table A.l, the solar year is also outlined as heretofore described. A period of exactly 365 days extends from 17 Hesvan, when the rain began, to 27 Hesvan, when Noah left the ark. These two limiting dates mark out a precise solar year during which the flood prevailed. The differ-24 once of 10 days between the two limiting dates is sufficient evidence that Hoses actually intended to leave on record the length of the common solar year as a companion constant to the common lunar year. Schiaparelli is one of few who have taken note of this coincidence: we cannot doubt that this writer Ufososf knew the year of 365 days. In fact, he makes the flood begin in the 600th year of Noah’s life, on the seventeenth day of the second month> and the definite drying of the earth and the end of the flood he puts in the 601st year of Noah’s life, on the twenty-seventh day of the second month. These months are certainly those of the Jewish calendar, that is to say, lunar periods. The flood would therefore have lasted twelve moons and eleven extra days. It is hard not to recognize here the intention of making the flood last for an exact solar yearj for if 354 days be assumed for the duration of 12 moons (they amount in reality to 354 days, 9 hours) the total duration of the flood comes to 365 days.” Consequently, the calendar in Genesis is also an acknowledgment of the length of the solar year. It is indeed thrilling to find these astronomical constants in the biblical text. They represent very ancient computations in calendar science. They would appear to have been introduced early in the 24 Actual difference between 12 moons and a solar year is 10.875 days. 25 Schiaparelli, G., "Astronomy in the Old Testament,” p. 127. Oxford, 1905. (The exact solar constant = 365.2421987 days.) Flood Calendar - 14 pages of Holy Writ for the express purpose of pointing to the fora of calen-Ct**. dar to be used in biblical chronology* Another significant feature pertaining to the Genesis calendar is Noah’s week, which probably began when Noah entered the ark on 10 Hesvon. It would be a cons 1st ant conclusion that the patriarchal week always began ths same aa at creation—and the same as has persisted even to the twentieth centuiy. Pos sibly Noah would intern his family at the beginning of the week, while the rain commenced on the eighth day after (Gen. 7il0). But in any event, it is significant to note that if the successive days of the flood year be marked off by sevon-dey weeks on the lunar calendar in Genesis, every dote but one (first of Tammuz) will coincide with the first dey of Noah’s week. This calculation is of value, for it indicates that the seven-dey week is an historical institution in actual practice in very ancient times. It also assists in cataloging the flood as an historical event—not a legend. The identified seasons of the flood calendar together with the recorded dates moke it possible to discover both lunar and solar tidal influence in connection with the resting of the ark. It is hard not to recognize this portrait char act erSoMe in Moeee’ Genesis chronicle. Aside from the moon’s A phases—new moon and full moon—upon which every lunar calendar is based, seems to have introduced into this hfat first calendar at least one tying relation to the moon’s orbit. This has reference to the resting of the ark over the peaks of Ararat on the 17th day of Nisan. On this day the moon 26 was nearing her last quarter when tidal influence is small. The lunar tide 26 “Neap tides occur at quadratures.”—Barlow Bid Bryan, Mathematical Astronomy, p. 386. London, 1934. "Spring tide occurs about the full and change of the moon, neap tide oc- curs at the half moon, and the range at springs is usually about three times as great aa that at neaps."—Darwin, George, The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System, p. 159. Boston, 189% tfThe neap tides, at; the first and last quarters of the moon, have the smallest range,—usually rather less than half that of the spring tides."— Russell, Dugan and Stewart. Revision of Young’s Manual of Astronomy, p. 292. Boston, 1926, Flood Calendar - 15 has the smallest range when the moon Is gibbous, and also in apogee, that is, farthest from the earth* And the lunar tide is least narked by violent cur-rents, when, in addition, the half moon is on the equator* In face of these faots, it does not seem irrelevant or absurd to reason that divine guidance, in arresting the arte, would allay the wind and choose positions for both sun and moon most conducive to a quiet haven—one free from swift tides and vicious currents* The 17th dey of the lunar month, being in dose proximity to the last quarter, is therefore a significant date. And if, at this point of time or soon after, the half moon were in apogee, and also on the celestial equator, the moon’s tide-raising force would be the least in range, and the diurnal inequality, zero* This position of the half moon in the last quarter of Nisan, together with the decreasing solar tide in the immediate subsequent summer months, would result in a lowering of all the tides until the earth reached aphelion* Under these conditions, an even flow and ebb of the astronomical tides hitherto would prevail during the summer, thereby enabling theAstonn-tossed ark to move about in a small compass until finally surrounded by the mountains of Ararat* The following Table A*3 demonstrates how the tides of the flood year would be identifying in character particularly during the summer season, when the solar tide was on the deoreasei APPROXIMATE DATING OF THE MOON’S ANOMALY IN THE FLOOD YEAR Tishri 16 = Perigee Adar 5 « Perigee Tishri 30 « Apogee Adar 18 » Apogee * * • Neap tide near Rain on 17th ^esvan 13 » Perigee Nisan 3 » Perigee lies van 27 = Apogee Nisan 17 » Apogee • • • Neap tide near Kisleu 12 = Perigee Iyar 1 = Perigee Solar tlde do_ Pe rihe 1 ion Kis leu 25 » Apogee Iyar 15 « Apogee creasing (ca) Tebet 9 = Perigee Iyar 28 = Perigee s ln tldea lwj Tebet 23 = Apogee Sivan 14 ® Apogee 1 Shebat 7 » Perigee Sivan 28 « Perigee Anholirm Neap tide Shebat 21 « Apogee Tammuz 11 « Apogee ^pnexxon 27 w?he fROt that the range of the two successive tides is not the same is of greet importance in tidal theory; it is called the diurnal inequality of the Flood Calendar * 16 0x1 17 Nisan, the spring tide of full moon was already sever al days in the past, and the noon was approaching noop tide in the last quarter when the “ark rested#’1 About the time of the Sivan conjunction, the solar tide reached an all low for the year, waking the accompanying spring tide lower than usual# The earth was in aphelion about the time the peaks of Ararat appeared# But if the months of the flood calendar should be reversed, and made to t* * "CIa*- vvfc $ begin in the spring with Nisan, then, according -te-MeeW, number^ the ark would have rested on the 17th Tishri, and in the immediately ensuing fall and winter, the tides —both solar and lunar—would have had the most extreme 28 range of the year# On the contrary, with a fall-beginning calendar, the tides occurring in early summer after the ark rested, had the least range, and were most free from violent currents—and this at a time when the ark was still drifting about# In other words, by divine arrangement, the most pro-pitious season of the year was oho sen for the arrest of the ark# A And again, it is hard not to reason that in the afore-going manner the as tronain io al tides performed their part in a conspiring effect upon the envelop of water covering the earth# This tidal argument brings agreement between the events described and the behaviour of both sun and moon, while it assigns to the flood year a definite astronomical character# Furthermore, it also demonstrates how the hand of God works in harmony with Hi3 majestic forces which hold the universe together# 4# The Genesis calendar is seemingly an historical document of rare antiquityj for it ties together the patriar- chal age and the centuries of Israelite slavery under the pharaohs, when the tide♦ Darwin, George, Hie Tides , p# 165# “When the declination is zero, there are two equal tides daily# “—Russell, Dugan and Stewart, Revision of Young’s Manual, p# 293# *The diurnal inoqualityconforms to the theory in vanishing when the moon is on the equator, and rising to a maximum when the moon is furthest north or south#“—Darwin, p# 159# 2$ “Both the spring and neap tides • « « are on the whole most marked when the Sun is near perigee, i.e# about January#”—Barlow and Bryan, p# 386# In postdiluvian centuries, sailing was dangerous in the Near East after the month Tishri# (Cf. Aots 27i9#) Flood Calendar - 17 autumn new year of the sons of Jacob belonged to the same season as the ^gyp- tian Thoth new year. Obviously, had to choose VW (JLzy between these two forms of calendation in order to construct the- record isUteaal&. Let us sum arise A x its various features of importancei a. In this Genesis chronicle the dates in themselves are of telling sig- nificance* Noah and his family went into the ark a full week before the rain began* It was on the tenth day of the second month, and throughout the week Noah completed his preparations in the piercingly clear light of the full moon. Five months later the ark rested. In the last quarter of this seventh month, the winds and tides have censed their violence, and the ark is moving about in a quiet haven of water over Ararat* When the patriarch finally leaves the ark, it Is close to the end of the month, and the moon possibly three, days go by ore the homed noon slowly sets on the rlzon after the sun* In this series of dates in Genesis, all the is new* Two western ho- phases of the moon are involved. A calendar based upon the moon reveals -^asy astronom- leal events that would pass wholly unnoticed by, the wandering year of Egypt or-l^ the later Julian scheme of measuring time* b* Of essential importance are the nature and character of the Genesis calendar* That this instrument was calculated, and not based upon new moon observation seems incontrovertible, tar thero is no direct evidence that any atu written sources were sUftmt-' command. Swthormese-. if the months had been originally determined by consecrated and observed moons—fourteen in number- then they would most likely not have presented a regular series of alternate 30- and 29-day periods. And hereby is lifted an uncertainty which has hither to challenged the whole problem of the ancient lunar month, namely, what hap pened to the calendar when the moon was not seen? Every scripture date is an answer to this question, for all the dates in the Bible respond to calculat- h < $ rxuuu uaicouw *» xo ed new noons, as the synchronisms reveal, and is now further supported by the reckoning in Genesis. • c. Of groat interest to astrononjy should be this very early record of indisputable solar and lunar constants—the mean length of the lunar month and in organized Israel year, and the moan length of the solar year. The original Jewish calendar A was founded upon both forms of year. Its months were detorained by the course of the moon, while the lunar year itself paced along with the sun's motion by means of the harvest festivals. The festal season remained stabulized in tween Jewry until after the time of Hillel II. In the mediaeval controversy beA the various Jewish sects, one Yefet ben 'Ali the Karaite challenged the op-posing Rabbenites that they had changed the seasons of the calendar. A r lTMF" d. Another feature of consequence pertaining to ancient chronology comes to light namely, that there are apparently two ways of numbering the lunar months in the pentateuchs one, from Tishri, as in the Genesis computation—a method followed by the Israelite slaves in Egypt j and the second, from Nisan (the Abib of Moses), after the exodus, and continuing to the present day. e. The Genesis calendar presents about the earliest precedent for beginning the civil year in the autumn. There are also arguments that the creation of the world occurred in this season. When the year's harvests were over, Moses speaks of the "going out of the year," and of the "revolution of the year,” even though the calendar had already begun numbering its months from the passover month. With the exception of the records in Haggai and Zechariah^ the civil Jewish year would appear always to have changed its date in Tishri throughout biblical history. f. And still another value in the Genesis chronicle is of material oonse-the quenoe to A chronology of history. For in this oalendaric reckoning there oo-29 Birnbaum, Philip, "The Arabic Commentary of Yefet ben ’Ali the Karaite on the Book of Hosea,” p. Philadelphia, 1948. Flood Calendar - 19 ours so exact an astronomical description of the flood year, that, in event of its approximate century being identified, the year itself can oentainly be dated. And why should not the investigator have as much confidence in the chronological records of Genesis as in the monuments upon which he pins his hope o and courage in the serous conquest for uncovering truth? The harmony between these two lines, representing both the most anoient events of history and the youngest science of discovery, is not fully established) and frequently they appear wide apart in their witness. But, in turn, the Bible is in reality the basic field of inquiry, and at least one grounded upon indisputable internal evidence when understood. To Job, wisdom was a mine for silver and goldj to Jesus, a field with a hidden treasure—one to which at one and the same time the simplest way of life and the highest avenue of scientific even endeavor have relation. Many times one does not* see evidence in a humble garb when seeking attestation in the skills of science. But both are indispensable to the discovery of truth. Moon’s Anomaly Bate ActA. 26 ,-2404, 6:30 p.rn. G, GT = -2500 + 96^ U 6 „ 3.5 x ’ A 31 5 Arq. D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 16 17 18 19 -2500 s.v. 1996 JJ 6-221 — i Per. -Periods Sums Arg. 7 I 33 72 73 74 76 77 — 2500 S.V. 1 996 U.S01 2— - _ — — 0?27 Adj. — I Sums Tab Arg. at Date V alue 7 I 33 72 73 74 76 77 Tab A rg. at D ate Value 1 5 1 5 16 1 6 17 1 7 18 18 14 14 21 21 22 22 Sum Sum kC _9(C X8 Tab.l 4 -200) k (Tab.14-200) = ’oust.) 9(Const) Za » Eg Tab. 24 Arg. ” Parallax — ” ” Parallax — I.F< =Tab. S3 VI Date = I 900 4-2A03.7 ~ -4-SQg.T_.______ 7 Per. = 7X270.95 = 1896.65 Arg. — 1896.654-__________T_____________ k = .--0000248 X -4^03/--' - 4- . I OST IT NISAN (cir.) Hate April 2.1 , ~24 285 6:3 0 Moon’s Anomaly v cL h y o.m. G.M.T. = —2,500+72'y III 6.5 = -2500+72.305 Arg. .D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 16 17 18 19 -2500 s.v. cl 26. <12341 .0082 ^>.4864 22 JET 9 0 29-5306 04 9 6 + .002 51^6 1 -- -27 _ 9 5.73 ± -2 .72.08 - -42 53.74 - -43 53.98 - -22 99.20 4 -17 . 6_-10 _. - .02 63.457 - .430 _4-8S.._. + -03 6.71 - -04 51.0 ± u2 1972 1 1 1.27_| — I Per. 4.738 34.133 1 1.400 121.77 71.40 23-80 33.25 3.18 _ 1.06 65-42 83.43 27.8 1 . _5842 _ 24.03 8.01 9 2.43 30.81 32.02 „ 26,99 9.00 LT,23 23.25 7.75 187.490 54-000 18.000 47.80 26.07 8.69 2G-Q0 9.20 . 144.7 7.5 0 -Periods 1 -156 -116 - -248 - ■128 - r260 -100 -48 —. 251 -51 -38 - 76_. . Sums 1 J 20.5500 61.3357 11 &.3 ry 17.42 0.52y i6.arz £4.47Z 67.38" 6-31 7 71-5 IT7 36.42 3 1.47 v 19-67. Sum 1 8.55 15 Nisan ' Arg. 7 1 33 72 73 74 76 77 - 2^00 S.V. 6.0 J 4490 - 23.90 26.5 7943 — 1 -58 1 8.0 81 55 0.5 6-4 10.0 47.0 2.5 0.4 ,4^5 26^6— 4 10.18 ~J_3-7 . — 1 .2 -3.8 . 4 1 .2 1972 6.0 29.32 1 5.0 2.36 o v r\ -vzi **A 2.0 155.9 0.0 5 0.6 3.0 30.8 . 8.0 27.0 1 II 01 28.0 148.0 ■ 22.0 80. 1 5.5 1 4.0 5.0 138.0 3.0 41,0. 4.0 II .0 .. 10.0 20,0 0.27 1 1 8.8 52-92 58.9 149.6 38.3 3 1.8 35.1 Adj. + .5 - 220. -59. — 1 2.0 _j + 1. - 1 9 6. -31-5 - 4 .5 -1 68. 09- 7.5 43 6.2 th 5 “ 277. 1 3.0 _±75x7_ -1- 1.0 - 1 42. -- 7.0 _ 5- -20.0 - 22. 4 -5 — 65- Sums 1 3-0 1 75-18 5.5 6.13 27.5 62.37 8.0 159.2 14.0 33.7 2.5 55.2 3.0 ' _22 31 2 2 •S9 JJ _LI 444 In 1 42.66 13 20 164 1 65 1 66 13 20 149 154 1 58 — Tab. 24 Arg. Sum 8 1 1 792 778 Sum 889 869 00 (X o ” Parallax 54Z 13 " . ” ” Parallax 54z4a" I.F.= +.I( — 2 I.F.=4.10 - 2 k(1st sum -59 5) = 1 0 k (1st sum-59 5) = 0 I.F.= 4-L0 Tab.23 VI Date = 19 004 2427.7 = -4327.7 XAk -~h • 1073 7 Per.= 7X270.95 = 1896.65 _ 2 Er - sum TOO Er = sum 867 17 NISAN 15 NISAN Ar$. = 1 896.654 k= “ .0000 248 X D =24.5502 C 21 NISAN) 71 33 72 73 74 76 77 1 15^ 32 1 48 26.0 80 iq.5 14 9.0 1 38 7.0 41 8.0 1 r.o 14.0 20 Sum 17.0 175-1 q.5 6.13 31.5 62.37 a.5 qe.a 2.5 49.7 6.5 55 7.0 22.9 D=£L_551 — I I Sum ■ -< * ' > x..i i i<-.i I I 5th. Day V Tab Arg. 240 Date 245 25.0 1 61. . f 08 1 1 6 1 25 ? 1 12 29 35 43 17 237 234 230 4 0.5 60 58 56 5 1 6. 20 22 T1 6 24 15 15 I5 7 67 2 1 I Sum 471 461 494 10 72 1 IS _L! 5_ I I 7 11 36 21 21 2.1 . 1? 31 7 8 q 20 1'53 148 I 46 Q T i vn 765 773 788 I.F. —4.10 4 1 k( 1st sum -595)=-* % - sum .761, V Tab Arg. at Date Value 15 17.0 I75.I+.5 7321 . 16 q.5 6.IS I SI 6 _ IT SI.5 62.4+M 7469. J_8 2.5 9 6.2 255 IP 2.5 49.7 276 2.I 6-5 55 58 22 7-0 22.9 Sum I 6742 ACTab.iq-aoo) 9 (Const.') S 9 In 76 I .E9 (7520 Tccb.24 Arg. ” ” Parallax 55' w" .112-thi Day V Tab Arcu . 21.0 Date 21.5 22.0 I 61 100 96 94 ? 1 12 30 26 23 17 250 246 244 4 0.5 66 66 65 5 1 6 1 0 1 1 12 6 24 15 15 It 7 - 2 2 S1L1 i. 473 462 455 IO 72 1 1 6 1 14 1 (2 I | 36 P 1 21 21 IP 31 2 3 4 IS 20 (66 166 1 68 Stem 778 766 757 T F = 4.10 4 1 k C 1st sum. -595)= 13 = stvm. 754- V Tab Arg. at D ate Vctlus. 15 14.0 175.14.5 2456 16 6.5 6.13 36 1 17 28.5 62.4+1.1 6 8 52 „ 18 9.0 159 .a 6 12 IP L5,0 33.7 392 . 21 3.5 55.2 3 22 4-0 22.9 1 0 Sum LQ_6S6._ kCTg±>J_q-aOQ) . 21 9 CConstt.) q 754 ’ 1 1470 Tab. 24 Ara. ” Parallax S3 64' 13 9 . _ n q > 6" 6 • 6 H 13% C 9 CL^ | & 7 G 7 *t 2- H~1 X Guoa . - X 3 o I b‘ B 0 ✓ Ho * X 9 3 <8 5 G • G 7 0.H H III 7 C 7.7 r_i_£__X 5 3 3 5 3 H • 5 9- *sox I I 9 ) if. 5’9 . 3X » I 3 7 G - 3 3 I 5 . -x I • 3 3 ___> I 3 ^11.00 7^9 1 3 • o o l H M % 7 • 7 1 J L> (t 5" O . 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GU» K. 1 H ->XLtr 6 b~ '■ i G 3 - ) 6 i o 7 3g 3 I 7 5 ■ <| o % i X >5 3 7 I 5< 05' • XS _______■ i 3 ___________ I 1 I '36 % 4 _ YVL«^" 7. 3 G F, H.^.e.T, FA c*-^ 8 "—• ) h 'V'G^ixxAX- ,\ cx^a. %b“ - t -vxLv^w V 1H & X M M G t>" THE FLOOD CALENDAR -----------—— ---------(Calculation oF Moses) Noah enters ark in Full Moon 1LUNAR YEARl [SOLAR YEARl iPERiODSl (40+ 150) dccvs 4- as weeks OG b c (1),_ Tishri Posh Hashana 30 (2) Hesvan rl G 29 ll 3 17th Pain (3) K isleu '2,7 | 4-0 days rain o v‘ L3 "But upon the eighth day, dark clouds over- (4) Tebet 29 spread the heavens. . . / Soon large drops of / 1 (5) Shebat 30 rain began to fall." l 50 days = 5 lunar months + 3 days (28 Kisleu-28 Iyar inclusive) (6) Adar 29 (7) N isan Posh Hodesh H 6 3o{ । (13 IS) Iyar_ 29 17th, Ark rests I A 0 t h day = end of 27 weeks + I dav (9) 5 ivan 30 1 [ , (IQ) Tammuz. ^Tops oF mount 1 ( ► 10 weeks 2qka tains seen ’ l 40 davs > r _OD Ab zl 0 r — 3ol 1 I ith Paven i 1 4-0 th day 1 1 (12) Elul i 8th Dove I 19 25th Dove 2 _____- 354 Days £1) Tishri PoshHashana. 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'd^ anolent roont, Jost, and Mommsen are “based upon the method of coinput&jting the reigns of the Roman emperors. Certain coins issued in the fourth consulate of . 85 Nero (60 A.D.) read Tribun. Potest. VII* If 60 AJO* was the 7th year of Nero, then his 12th year roust have been in 65 A.D. Josephus twice states T . t 86 that the Jewish Revolt broke out in Nero st-12th year, and he gives the date 87 as 17 Artemisins, the Syro-Macedonian name for the Jewish spring month Iyar* Cestius was fighting with the heavy 12th legion, which necessitated a periodic retirement from battle* Commonly, the "rests” took place at week ends, when the Jews were not supposed to fight* But at the very outbreak of this war with Rome, the seditious Jews fought on their Sabbath day (II*17*10)* When Cestius finally reach^Lydda, he found the city empty of its men, for the whole multitude were gone up to Jerusalem to the feast of tabernacles” (II.19*1) This is what followed: "But as for the Jews, when they saw the war approaching to their metropolis, Ithey left the feast, and betook themselves to their arms; and taking courage greatly from their multitude, went in a sudden and disorderly manner to the fight J with a great noise, and without any consideration had of the rest of the seventh day, although the Sabbath was the day to which they had the greatest regard; but that rage which made them forget the religious observation (of the Sabbath) made them too hard for their enemies in the fight*" Thus, according to Josephus, the feast of tabernacles coincided with the J ewish Sabbath lunar the year 65 A.J^i From Table II, theAcalendar data for the year 65 A.D. are as follows: 1 Nisan = Thursday; therefore 15 Tisri = Saturday. (For this reckoning, cf. Table V.) This synchronal dating could apply either to the first or eighth day of Tisri; but it is probable, as Josephus suggests, and as Cestius also discovered, that the Jews went up early to the feast to arouse their brethren on account of the approaching Roman army, and that they left on the first Sab- bath to attack Cestius at Bethhoron about eight miles -ta-^he northwest of Eckhel, "Doctrina Numorurn," VI, p. 264; Cohen, XXXII-XXXIX; Mommsen, "Staatsr-recht,” pp* 752-754* 86 Josephus, "Wars,” 11.19*9; II.14.4. Whiston. Cincinnati, 1844O 87 88 Josephus, "Wars," 11*19*2* .J. lkA-e.4 Jerusalem. 3. The Year in John 5.—By the same method of reckoning as the foregoing, the feast date in John 5 can be computed. The Sabbath healing of the impotent man on a Jewish feast represents the basis of the calendar problem. The solu-tion is simple. If the incident occurred on a 14-Nisan SabbathA then 1 Nisan would be Sunday (TableIV)j But if the incident occurred on 15 or 22 Tisri as the Sabbath, then 1 Nisan would have to be Thursday in that year. We know that the feast date in John 5 must have occurred between the first passover 2^ and the feast of the Jews in John 6* which itself was without doubt a spring by both Mark and John. uU festival on account of the abundant green grass described* By consulting Table prospective \ I d^ing; the crucifixion period, .we find twoAdates : a. 28 A.D. — April 15 — Thursday = 1 Nisan b. 30 A.D. — March 26 — Sunday = 1 Nisan. The first date—1 Nisan on Thursday, 28 A.D.—would be followed by a Sabbath —30 A.D.— feast of tabernacles on 15 and 22 Tisri (Cf. Table V). The second dateAis al together out, for it occurred after the feast in John 5. Hence 28 A.D. must be the year to which the feast in John 5 belongs. And it could a passover festival, for in the whole crucifixion period, there v** year on Sunday except, thethe- 30 A.D. not have been is no 1 Nisan There are ten or twelve important synchronisms in Ezra and Nehemiah* from that which one is selected that aids in establishing the yearAthe wall was built. 4. Nehemiah Finishes the Wall.—The regnal years of the fifth century B.C. are fully established by the double-dated Assuan papyri. Nehemiah speaks several times with reference to the 20th year of Aratxerxes, and it is known at—onne that this year, according to Jewish counting from fall to fall, coin-cided with the Julian year 445-444 B.C* In the spring of 444 B.C., Nehemiah came to Jerusalem, and was eventually appointed governor by the people, without doubt the same year. Then he built the wall in 52 days, finishing the work » OX. 4 •. lO • on 25 Elul^ Ths problem summerof the is to demonstrate whether the wall was built in theA year 444 B.C., or in the following summer* (For this problem of. Table IV.) K The Fifty-two Days 444 B.C. : S Ab S S 3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-S S '. Elul 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - 24 - 25 - 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 - 30 - 1 - 2 -S S 3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-S 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - 24 - 25 (Tues) Demonstration 10: