CIVIL DEFENSE EXTRA TIMER Vol. XXX UNION COLLEGE, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, APRIL 19, 1957 NO. 15 Union Has Nation's Largest CD Drill SMITH RECEIVES CD MERIT AWARD Miss Alice Smith on Friday, April 12 received from the Federal Civil Defense Administration an award for achievement in the field )f civil defense preparation. This work was in connection with the disaster day demonstration held by Union College on April 11. FIRST ALL-COLLEGE DISASTER DEMONSTRATION HELD WITH CIVIL DEFENSE COOPERATION A. C. Tilly presented the cer- tificate to Miss Smith last week after the Civil Defense demon- stration at Union College. Miss Smith is chairman of the depart- ment of nursng at Union. With the help of her staff Miss Smith or- ganized and carried out the first and largest demonstration of this type in history. Tilley is the regional admini- strator of Region VI which is com- posed of eight midwestern states. Preli reliminaries Featu re Band, MCC and Posse Thursday afternoon, April 11, despite the utmost efforts of the Union's first all-school CD mass dis- aster demonstration, the program moved forward on or ahead of schedule. Opening activities started with a parade by a color guard of the Medical Cadet Corps preceding the remainder of the Coi-ps. Imme- diately following the MCC group was the Union College marching band directed by H. Lloyd Leno and a mounted Lancaster County •sheriff's posse in full dress. Round- ing out the parade group was a fire engine from the Lincoln Fire De- partment and emergency rescue units of the local civil defense ad- ministration. The parade route, somewhat al- tered by the blustery weather con- ditions, was approximately nine blocks long. While in a stationary position the band performed four numbers, National Emblem, God of our Fa- thers, Americans We and a number in which the spectators were asked to join in singing, America The Beautiful. The college Male Chorus, under the direction of Harold Reeder, sang the Testament of Freedom. Following this the Star Spangled Banner was given by the Golden Chords Chorale. /Niter the musical numbers Union College President Harvey C. Ilart- man gave the invocation. From this point until the end of the demon- stration, the activities were direct- ed from the speakers' platform by Miss Alice Smith, chairman of the Union College department of nurs- ing and co-ordinator of the disas- ter day demonstration. A mock atomic bomb bursting over the otherwise peaceful snow that covered the Union College campus Thursday afternoon, April 11, tnrew the entire student body of over 700 students and the stall and faculty of the school into a unique civil defense demonstration of mas- sive proportions. Three Air National Guard jet planes screamed out of the cold blue Nebraska sky at 2 p.m. as a U.S. Army mock atomic bomb was detonated from the ground. The burst signaled the beginning of a demonstration planned months in advance here on the campus in which every department of the college participated. As the atomic blast faded out, student members of the physics department with Geiger counters moved out into an area cluttered with 130 students realistically made up to resemble almost every type ot atomic casualty. From a close observation post Lincoln Mayor Bennet Martin, Nebraska Adjutant General Guy Henninger, twelve high ranking Federal Civil Defense Administra- tion officials and many members of the Nebraska legislature looked on. In addition, over 1000 spectators and a group of more than 200 civil Nurse's Prep Courses Train for Civil Defence The civil defense demonstration plays a very important part in the nursing curriculum. It is a practi- cal application of the theory learn- ed in civil defense class, integrated with all the nursing skills acquired during the past three and a half years. The demonstration is the final examination for the civil de- fense class, which is a part of the senior nursing course. There are other important fac- tors involved in the classwork and demonstration. The nurse has a definite role in the civil defense or- ganization and its funetons, which are better understood as a result of the demonstration. She learns how to organize, supervise, and improvise in time of disaster. She also learns to work with profession- al and non-professional personnel, as a team, to meet the many needs in time of disaster. Counsel has been given us in Messages to Young People that we are to obtain all the education pos- sible. None can know where or how we may be called to labor for God; therefore, it is the duty of the stu- dents to learn how to improve their service to God and humanity. The demonstration also provides a stim- ulus for further study and improve- ment of our knowledge and skills. Much preparation and organiza- tion is required, by the nursing stu- dents for a project such as this. The following were chosen as leaders of the various committees: Marion Lincoln, student director; LaDonna Zempel, supplies; Ruth Kainer, casualties; Delia Henneberg and Pat Anderson, emergency treat- ment area; Mary Ellen Hoyt, mater- nal and baby care; Norma Yeager, Elvenia Prowant, Janie Belz, and Sharon Dalil, o p e r a t i n g room teams; Viola Voegele, triage; Millie Odegaard, Erma Haffner, a n d Ruthie Kainer, surgical teams. Carol Lee Norman, Zerita Hagerman, and Phoebe Springer, nursing students from Denver, also assisted in the various activities. defense officials from the eight midwestern states of Region VI were present. Via "walkie-talkie" the radiation detection students communicated to transportation groups that the area was clear of radiation. More than 100 students sped off in jeeps, trucks and on foot with litters to take the casualties from the blast area and to bring them back into the triage area where the sorting of victims took place. An Army heli- copter fluttered about the area helping to co-ordinate the opera- tion from the air. At the triage area secretarial students set about identifying the A bird's eye view of the portion of the Union College campus that was the scene of a mock A-bomb explosion. Some of the vehicles shown in the immediate foreground were used for transporting casualities and communications coordination while others served as temporary offices or carried supplies to the hospital orea. Science Depts. Furnish Sanitation Facilities In an emergency one has to use the materials at hand. This makes sanitation and water purification a problem since, in the event of an emergency, a 11 public utilities would most likely cease service. In the demonstration Thursday, these two problems were taken care of by the chemistry and the biology departments of the college. The biology department dug a slit trench and constructed a san- itary latrine. In case of emergency such a latrine would help prevent the spread of disease and provide clean living quarters. The water purification was han- dled by Dr. Brown and Mr. Engel of the chemistry department. They used ordinary household supplies which would be readily available during an emergency. A city spray truck brought 1500 gallons of water which was pumped into a large, rubberized canvas wa- ter tower. Into this was put regular laundry bleaching solution, one milliliter to each five gallons. A ready - mix concrete truck brought 1300 gallons of water which was a little cloudy but in an emergency could be used if purified correctly. This water was made fit to drink by adding twenty ounces of 2 per cent tincture of iodine, which is the same strength as the regular household variety. A person can purify his own per- sonal water with these same ma- terials. Adding one drop of bleach- ing solution or six to eight drops of tincture of iodine per quart will provide pure drinking water. In some areas, dairies have put pure drinking water into half-gallon milk cartons. The Robert's Dairy brought 3000 half gallons of pure water to the hospital area and Mor- ton House Products company in addition to suppying tomato soup for the mass feeding of casualties, also supplied canned water for use in disaster relief. This provides a convenient and sanitary method but where this is not done, one can pu- rify his own water if he knows what to use and how to use it. "Water, woter everywhere, but not a drop to drink,"—ot least not until it has been purified by the improvised plant set up by the chcmistry department. After it has been made safe for drinking, Lo Merne Mosicr and Jennie Moore will use it in making tomato soup for the casualitics. "wounded and dying." Casualties were classified and sent into the emergency treatment area. "Dead" victims of the bombings were shuf- fled to one side as student nurses and pre-meds worked feverishly to bind broken arms to bodies, ad- minister a pain killer, and put the less critical to immediate work helping others. Burn, shock and blast teams of students started their work. Four surgical teams began functioning in a 200-bed mobile civil defense hospital brought in from Omaha. This was set up under the direction of Mrs. Maxcie Negley, the deputy director of Douglas county civil defense in charge of the emergency hospital. Realistically the surgical teams were headed by nurses be- cause of the absence of medical doctors resulting from the disaster. Home economics students built fires while chemistry students moved in a cement mixer filled with water from a nearby stream which they proceeded to purify. This water became tomato soup which went to hungry victims of the de- struction. From the partly constructed Pearl L. Rees hall Medical Cadets demonstrated heavy rescue of casu- alties from atop buildings. Biology students dug latrines, English and speech students set up communi- cations facilities and provided guides for the large crowd of spec- tators. Student chaplains of the religion department gave spiritual comfort to the injured and the department chairman, Elder P. C. James, prayed over a mass grave dug by power shovel in which the dead bodies of victims were buried. By 5 p.m. the emergency condi- tion was declared over. In the col- lege gymnasium the participants gathered to hold a critique in which civil defense, medical and college officials discussed and suggested ways of improving the operation of next year's simulated disaster. A photographic team from Federal Civil Defense Headquarters in Battle Creek, Michigan, who had been recording the demonstration for a civil defense training film finished their job as the simulated disaster came to an end. "The demonstration was not a 's t u n t'" declared Alice Smith, chairman of Union's department of nursing and the tireless co-ordina- tor of tlie project. "We are genuine- ly interested in seeing how our en- tire school might be mobilized to meet an atomic emergency. The demonstration also served as a miniature of the utilization that can be made of all the various skills in any community in case of atomic disaster. We arc pleased with the results." For the fifteen senior nursing students of Union the demonstra- tion had more than usual signifi- cance. Their skill in treating the casualties will determine to a large extent the grades they will receive in the course in civil defense nurs- ing, one of few such courses offered in the U. S. As a Seventh-day Adventist insti- tution, Union was seeking in the demonstration to carry out the de- nomination's belief that religion should involve physical as well as spiritual help and that both reli- gion and education should be re- lated to real situations. 2 CLOCK TOWER, APRIL 19, 1957 EVACUATION AND RESCUE: FIRST ACTIONS IN DISASTER - — - A means of rescuing and evacuating victims in time of disaster was demonstrated by this helicopter. Casualties are laid on a stretcher which is fastened to the under frame and a shield protects the body from wind and dirt. The helicopter was supplied through the courtesy of the 128th Engineers Battalion. Registration-Identification Necesities After Disaster Registration and information is not the most exciting aspect of the Civil Defense program, but it is one of the most important jobs to be done in case of disaster. It is the function of R and I, as it is com- monly called, to find out where everyone is and unite separated families in the event that some dis- aster should srike without warning. Anyone who is separated from his family should be registered. This includes all casualties and evacuees. Every member of a fam- ily with the same last name are to be registered on one card. The in- formation on that card includes the names, sex, age, and condition and whereabouts, if known, of each per- son. These cards are then filed for later reference. Under the direction of Mrs. Da- vid Rausten, who was aided by Mrs. Irma Minium and Miss Mar- garet Pederson, members of die secretarial department undertook the job of uniting families who were separated by the mock disas- ter. Their headquarters were set up in the library reference room. As information was brought in from the triage and hospital areas by foot messengers it was trans- ferred to cards for filing and later reference. These cards were again brought into action as mothers and fathers came in search of their chil- dren. The description given by in- quirers was matched with descrip- tions of casualties to determine the whereabouts of misplaced persons. In this way families may be united in the case of an actual disaster. A few suggestions have been giv- en by those who served in this part of the Civil Defense demonstration to expedite the function of their division and to aid in the process of reconstruction after a disaster. In the identification of a person be sure to include the sex, color of hair and eyes, approximate age, height, and other identifying fea- tures. A description of an individ- ual's clothing will also aid in his eventual identification. Often a number is inscribed on the back of an individual's watch which can be very helpful in the identification process. Above all, individuals are warned to remain calm in emergen- cy and to strive for the utmost ac- curacy in identification. Traffic Control Aids Rescue Work In a time of disaster such as was simulated on Thursday, transporta- tion and traffic control are of ut- most importance in the evacuation of the disaster area and in the care of casualties. Handling the job of traffic in this demonstration were approximately 30 men under the direction of Mr. Dean W. Tebo, the traffic coordinator for the Lincoln civil defense area. Assisting Mr. Tebo in handling and organizing the auxiliary police force was Mr. George Lewis, a member of the staff at Union College. Members of the auxiliary police force were stationed at various points on the perimeter of area. These outside men were responsi- ble for routing the incoming traffic to the appointed parking places, which were manned by a troop of Boy Scouts from Lincoln. The effect of the weather was great, in so far as the attendance and mobility of the various vehicles used in the rescue of the casualties and transporting them from the blast area to the triage and emer- gency hospital area was concerned. The mud and snow made it vir- UNION COLLEGE Prepares for Disaster April 11, 1957 Patriotic Numbers Union Co||ege Band The Testament to Freedom Men's G,cc C|ub Posting the Colors Medical Cadet Corps The Star Spangled Banner Union College Acapella Choir Invocation President Harvey C. Hartman Introduction A|ice E Sm;th Air Raid Alert Lincoln Fire Department Notrie from Omaha Filter Center Ground Observer Corps Bombing Run Air National Guard Bombs Away y s Army Radiation Detection Physics Department Field Men and Litter Bearers Medical Cadet Corps of Union College Identification of Casualties Secretarial Department Care of Casualties in: Triage Emergency Treatment Area Emergency Hospital Nursing and Pre-Medical Students Mass Feeding Home Economics Department Chaplain's Service Religion Department Sanitation: Water Purification Chemistry Department Food Preservation Biology Department Biological Warfare Exhibit Biology Department Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department Heavy Rescue Physical Education Department Publicity English and Speech Departments Evacuation of Grade School Education Department Reception Center Dorcas Society of Seventh-day Adventist Church Heavy Rescue Demonstrated The heavy rescue team, consist- ing of several physical education students, litter bearers and heavy duty equipment, evacuated pa-' tients from the construction area of the new Bees hall dormitory. Heavy rescue is the name given to the removal of debris, fallen tim- bers and parts of building that trapped men, women and children on or in buildings. Heavy rescue differs from light rescue only in the fact that heavy rescue has to do with casualties in and near build- ing, while light rescue deals with casualties in open territory. Two general lifting devices, the "shear legs" equipment and the "tripod" device were demonstrated. The "shear legs" is a device consist- ing of two poles or fallen timbers lashed together at the top. It is braced by guide wires, and with a -Ori. a Pictured above is one of the several methods of heavy rescuc used to remove injured victims from a partially de- molished building. block and tackle is used to raise flooring, fallen partitions a n d caved-in buildings that trap indi- viduals when a bomb explodes doing its damage. The "tripod" equipment is con- structed in the same general man- ner, except that it has three poles lashed together instead of two. This rescue equipment is used chiefly to raise patients out of holes in floor- ing or in roofs. tually impossible for the trucks, jeeps, and other rescue equipment to drive into the triage area, and disperse their casualties as was originally planned. Instead, the trucks had to drive up the heavily- mudded roads and unload their casualties from the road, thus caus- ing other vehicles to wait behind them. Because of this hindrance the registration and diagnosis of these patients was slowed down somewhat. This re-routing and handling of the trucks as they came in were part of the duties of the officers stationed in the disaster area. Another part of the work of the auxiliary police was keeping the spectators out of the restricted area during the arrival of the casualties on the scene. As the time came for the spectators to make their guided tours of the triage and hos- pital area, they pressed toward the muddy road and the officers on duty had a task keeping them back and out of the way. In the discussion which followed the demonstration, it was pointed out that in the short time of training and discussion of the traffic prob- lems which was given to the auxil- iary police on the morning job these demonstration, that the job these men were given was handled with the utmost of efficiency considering the weather. Mr. Tebo stated that the traffic control men were to be congratulated on their efforts for making the demonstration a suc- cess. Other disaster equipment con- sisted oi lowering mecnanisms such as a rope tied in a tasnion that con- structed a crude basket. Placing the victim in tnis rope basket, and using a ladder as the fulcrum the patient is lowered into the awaiting stretch- er or the Jitter bearers. Ladders were used quite exten- sively, as tne rescue squad strapped the casualty into the ladders used as stretchers on which to lower the injured victims. They also used the regular army stretchers in get- ting victims down from a partially demolished building. Special constructed Willys and GMC trucks were brought into Lin- coln from Philadelphia for this civil defense demonstration. "Much time, thought and work went into this phase of rescue which in time of a real disaster will save many lives that would otherwise have been lost," stated an observing spectator. The captain of the Omaha Fire Department was the director of the heavy rescue squad and spent many hours of teaching, instructing and demonstrating to the students who participated in the rescue acti- vity. Children Evacuated Over 100 children were evac- uated from the elementary schools of Union College Thursday in the civil defense demonstrator!. At the sound of the first siren, the college- owned bus transported the pupils from the school on olst and Calvert to the Seventh - day Adventist' church. The annex ot the church on 49th and Prescott was set up as an emergency center tor the evac- uees. On a repeat trip, the bus trans- ported the children from the cam- pus elementary school to the cen- ter. Students from the education deparment ot the college, directed by Mrs. Autumn Miller, aided in the evacuation. Many of the pupils in Grades 7 and 8 participated in the demon- stration as casualties or as messen- gers. The children were released from the emergency center after an hour. The elementary faculty and the stu- dent teachers were in charge of the groups during the hour as a demon stration of one essential function oi a disaster that they are profession- ally prepared to cope with. Amateur Radio Club Directs Activities Via Radio-Telephone Co-ordination between the many different strategic points set up in the College View civil defense area was provided by the Lincoln Amateur Radio Club. Ten walkie- talkies were used by men whose main job in the rescue work was to find and report casualties. These men would call in to one of the five mobile units in operation when a casualty was found, and litter teams were sent out to bring the casualty in to the triage area. The co-ordinator between the mobile units was a base control center set up in a converted school bus owned by the Lincoln Civil Defense Ad- ministration. In case of an attack where tele- phone and radio stations were des- troyed, the only possible way res- cue operations could be co-ordin- ated would be through the efforts of amateur radio "hams" such as those used in this demonstration. These "hams" have transmitters and receivers set up in their private cars, and are constantly on "stand- by" in case of just such an emer- gency. Within one hour after an attack, complete radio communi- cations could be set up to guide and direct rescuers. Besides the five mobile units in use in this demon- stration, there was one "ham" at his home in downtown Lincoln, cover- ing that area. These mobile units can sometimes be identified while driving, through the call letters on the automobile license plates. Call letters of the mobile amateur radio hams participating in this demon- stration are WORYG, WOJD], WOEDI, WOBTG, WOOWR, and in downtown Lincoln, KODOM. The base control center on the bus has the call letters WOFTR. Helping out in emergencies is old stuff to these "hams" who par- ticipated. They were on hand in Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1949 when a Hood struck that city taking out radio stations and the telephone company. They set up communica- tions for the whole disaster area. They were also 011 hand in Hebron, Nebraska, in 1955, when a tornado struck, and in Crete, Nebraska, in 1951, when a flood paralyzed the town. LITTER TEAMS DO VITAL FIELD WORK Following the oil clcar from the radiation monitoring teams, litter hosten to the devastated area as directed by the communications control Dorcas Exhibits Local Disaster Preparation The Dorcas Society of the Col- lege View Church opened their welfare center to demonstrate the part the church is prepared to take in any disaster. The society under the direction of Mrs. E. B. Ogden exhibited the stockpile of clothing, blankets, and food that is stored in the local church annex. The stock- pile has been established on a per- manent basis and is drawn from to aid victims of any type of disaster. Also exhibited by the Dorcas Soci- ety were disaster kits that had been prepared for members of the church. One hundred and fifty of these kits have been completed and have been placed in homes and business places in Lincoln. The Dorcas Society has been a leader in providing aid to those who have suffered sudden disaster. Recently new departments have been created within the society to enable more efficient service to bo rendered. CLOCK TOWER, APRIL 19, 1957 3 MEDICAL CARE: NEEDED IMMEDIATELY AND BY MANY Triage Area Located out in the open, triage personnel waded in mud and water to perform the very important du- ties of sorting the casualties into priority treatment categories. As the litter bearers brought the wounded into the area, which is the initial receiving station for ali incoming casualties, a crew of three qualified persons, Viola Voegele, 1A. E. Firth, and Gaylord Wheeler, quickly surveyed the severity of tne wounds, pronounced the clas- sification, and secretarial students tagged each accordingly. Litter bearers then moved the victims to the treatment area. The priority of treatment in the time of a mass disaster such as the simulated bombing here is almost exactly reversed irom that prac- ticed in smaller scale disasters. In order of treatment preference these categories are: 1. Minimal care. These are cas- ualties with minor injuries that can be speedily treated to put those per- sons back into production and car- ing for others. Young able-bodied men are first considered, for the work that they can do is important. 2. Immediate care. This division includes all those who must be treated immediately to be saved. Hemorrhage, sucking chest wound, and respiratory difficulties are in- cluded here. 3. Delayed or deferred care. These are severely hurt and must be hospitalized but can wait for treatment without serious effect. Broken bones, lacerations, and 25- 40% burns come in this area. 4. Expectant care. Those persons who will require complicated and prolonged treatment are given care as time can be afforded, made com- fortable and left until others are cared for. Emergency Treatment Area After being sorted in the triage area, the mock-casualties were tak- en to the Emergency Treatment Area. This area consisted of two tents. The personnel for these tents were freshman and senior nurses, pre-med students, secretarial stu- dents and a dentist. The first tent was the holding area. This was used for expectant casualties and deferred casualties. The expectant casualties were the ones who were not expected to live and the deferred casualties were ones who could live for a few days without any medical care. Ambula- tory patients were also treated here. These patients could be treated and sent back to help care for the other casualties. One doctor was in charge of this unit and he gave the orders to the freshman and senior nurses. Casualties needing emergency care were taken on to the next tent. Patients suffering from shock were kept warm with newspapers and old clothes and their feet were ele- vated by using chairs, bricks and tree stumps. Pressure dressings of sheets, pil- low cases, and towels were applied to hemorrhage areas. These dres- sings were held in place by hose, belts, and old rags. Burn patients were treated by applying dressings to some and others were treated by die open-air method. Casualties with extremities blown off were rushed immediately to the emer- gency hospital. Also there was a surgical team who Iigated blood vessels, performed tracheotomies, and took care of sucking chest wounds by covering them with wax paper, bread wrappers and plastic. The supply area was centered in the corner of the tent. Two barrels with planks laid across them were First In Blast Area: Radiation Monitors A scene from the operating room of the Emergency Field Hospital show a surgical team headed by a nurse preparing for emergency surgery. In time of disaster the type of surgery is limited only to the simple ond emergency type and the other members of the teams would often be dentists or others instead of doctors. A realistically made up casuality, John Klaren, was one of the many academy and grade school students who participated in the event as casualities. These victims exhibited all types of injuries from the simplest burns to having parts of the body blown away and other major injuries. Separating the cases into these categories involves considerable « care and the responsibility is great for if the severity of a case is mis- judged and the personnel in the treatment areas spend too much time on an expectant care victim, several lives may be lost. Or in another case a patient requiring im- mediate care must receive it im- mediately and if classified wrong, the delay may again cause death. Color Guard Provided by Medical Cadet Corps Carrying the national and school flags, the four members of the color guard of Union College's Medical Cadet Corps led the parade as it made its way through heavy mud past the reviewing stand on the cast side of 51st street. These mem- bers were Corporals Jerry McMan- us, Ted Wick, Don Bunch and Al- lan McTaggart. Following directly behind them was the platoon of MCC under the command of first lieutenant R. M. Reynolds and cadet second lieu- tenant Bob Whitsett. • The platoon marched with the parade from the corner of 51st and Bancroft, up 51st to Prescott, and up Prescott to the gymnasium. ^ They were dismissed from ranks as the parade turned back north through the campus on the college used for a table for medications and the stove used for sterilizing the syringes and needles was a tobacco can containing pariffin - soaked cardboard, and another can was put over the top of this. The sy- ringes and needles were put in a kettle and a spoon was used to take them out. A common clothes- pin was used to handle the syringes. The stove used for sterilizing the bandages was a metal barrel with a grate on top. To sterilize band- ages, a pressure cooker was used and a yeast can with holes cut in the bottom and other such things, were used to dry the bandages. Twigs, newspapers, cardboard, sticks and other stiff tilings were used for splints. Intra-venous stand- ards consisted of broom and mop handles. road. The band closed in behind the color guard and the parade north to Bancroft, making a right turn there and again on 51st street completing a nine block parade route and passing again in front of the reviewing stand. Halting there the color guard posted the the colors on the platform. All members of the platoon parti- cipated later in the rescue and evacuation work where most of them acted as litter bearers in the "devastated" area or emergency hospital units. Emergency Field Hospital A 200-bed civil defense emergen- cy hospital was a special highlight and a luxury to the first annual civil defense demonstration Thursday. 1 he hospital, which was trans- ported to the disaster area from Omaha, is the first and only unit in Nebraska. Although the total unit is composed of equipment and facilities for 200 casualties, only one-third of the unit was utilized in ratio to the size of the simulated disaster. The original cost of the hospital was $26,000, the commun- ity (Omaha) paying $13,000 and the state matching that amount. Three semi-trailer trucks arc re- quired to transport the 315 boxes and crates in which the equipment and facilities are packed. This type of hospital was first used in Korea, and then adapted to fit the needs of civilians. Casualties are first received in the triage or sorting area of the hospital from the emergency treat- ment area. Here they are checked for identification, personal charts are made out, and articles are placed in a personal effects bag for each casualty. Also, the first permanent dressings are applied to severely burned casualties. Here the casualties are sorted as to whether they require surgical treat- ment or whether they be placed in non-surgical wards. Casualties re- quiring surgical or operative pro- cedures are transferred to the oper- ating rooms. This particular area contained three separate surgery units staffed by three surgical teams. Each unit consisted of an operating table, anesthesia equip- ment, instruments, lights and the necessary linen and apparel. Each team is headed by a professional person depending on available per- sonnel, whether it be a doctor, den- tist, veterinarian or nurse. The sur- gery here is not definitive surgery, but purely life-saving in nature, such as amputations, removing large foreign bodies, compound fractures, and internal abdominal injuries. Narcotics and pain-re- The radiation monitor group was the first on the field after the sim- ulated atomic blast took place. There were three teams of field- monitors, each armed with a survey meter and a walkie-talkie, to exam- ine the area. These teams reported directly to a mapping officer and to a dosage officer. The mapping officer constructed an outline map of the areas of dangerous radiation and reported to the field-aid men when an area could be safely en- tered and the amount of radiation to which casualties in a given area had been subjected. The dosage officer was responsible for seeing that the field-monitors and field-aid men were not exposed to an over- dose of radiation in their work. The principal difficultes experienced in the demonstration were caused by the communications problem. Two members of the radiation detec- tion team check radioactivity in advance of the litterbearcrs. In the background is the smoke from the bomb explosion. The radiation dangers in an atomic blast are principally in the area of primary radiation near the explosion and secondarily from the radioactive fallout. The primary ra- diation is extremely energetic and deadly but an area is contaminated by it for only a short time and the lieving medications are given as indicated by the doctor. The surgical patient is then trans- ported to the surgical ward of the hospital where he receives post- operative nursing care. These parti- cular wards contained SO cots—40 for surgical cases and 40 for non- surgical cases. One nursing station and two supply tables were impro- vised with wooden crates on which were kept wash basins, emesis ba- sins, pitchers, linen, and bed pans. Hand-operated suction machines, thermometers, sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, medications, in- travenous solutions, dressings, charting equipment, and shock blocks are also among the equip- ment provided for the wards. Three nursing teams supervised the care of these patients. Food from the mass feeding division was provided for the casualties. Special and extra supplies were obtained from the Central Supply area which had a nursing team in charge. In addition dispensing sup- plies and sterilization of operating room instruments and linen packs were also done here. Another feature of the hospital is a limited laboratory service. It is equipped to do urinalysis and cer- tain blood tests (hemoglobin and plasma protein). Universal donor blood is given to all casualties as contamination is small. The radio- active fall-out is spread over a large area and continues for some time but is rather weak and not serious if the danger is known and sensible precautions are taken. The students of the physics de- partment were instructed in the use of the instruments and aided in the field by Mr. T. C. Clieuvront who has charge of radiation prevention in the state civil defense organiza- tion. As a result of the work done by the group Mr. Clieuvront has asked that a group trained in the use of the instruments be main- tained at Union College. A com- plete set of instruments for the use of this group will be placed at Union College by the civil defense organization. In the event of an atomic disaster this group will be ready to move in and aid in the radiation detection work. Disaster Demonstration Recorded in Official Film Memories of Thursday's mock Doom's Day may soon fade for many but Battle Creek headquar- ters made certain to capture for permanent file nearly .1000 feet of movied action. From nearly every angle and fa- cet of Thursday's rapid-fire expos- ition, the special equipment of the Federal Civil Defense Administra- tion pictorially recorded for three hour simulated disaster, demolition, and distress. Then climbing into the transparent cab of an Army helicop- ter, the civil defense photographer went air-born for aerial views of the enlarged area under mass dem- onstrational conditions. The film is to be edited by civil defense officials and will be there- upon used and circulated by the there is no typing or cross-matching clone here. The hospital pharmacy contains antibiotics, narcotics, and drugs needed in surgery, and tetanus anti- toxin. A portable X-ray unit is also in- eluded in the hospital. The entire hospital is able to run independently of community utili- ties through use of its own genera- tor and water tank. Gasoline lan- terns provided additional illumina- tion. throughout the hospital. Improvement needed as demon- strated from usage of the unit in- cludes more satisfactory physical organization of the hospital, a larg- er and more organized isolation unit, and an area designated as a holding area for waiting surgical casualties. It must be emphasized that the care given during the three-hour demonstration would be the care actually given during the first 24-4S hours. Also this hospital would in all probabilities be located approxi- mately 25-30 miles from the Emer- gency Treatment Area (first-aid station). Although this is the first hospital purchased by Nebraska, civil de- defense officials have as their goal a total of 75 complete hospital units for use in time of disaster. federal administration for further training and demonstration It was not immediately known whether tile film would be returned here for viewing. Food Specialists Provide Casualities with Meals War! Floods! Tornadoes! These and other mediums of disaster not only destroy life and property but paralyze transportation and utili- ties; providing pure water and ade- quate food are also problems that confront the population. The home economics depart- ment, under the supervision of Mrs. Vernon Dunn, demonstrated meth- ods of mass feeding. Using an im- provised fireplace made of bricks and iron grating, food for the 130 casualties was prepared. The food tent consisted of three main parts. Number one was an improvised place to wash hands which consisted of a hole in the ground used as a drain to pour water used for washing. Number two was a place where the food could be heated, which in this case was tomato soup. Number three was a table for the preparation and serving of the food. In this demon- stration the food supplied consisted of only the first necessities needed to sustain the casualities until fur- ther supplies could be obtained. There were tomato soup, served in paper cups with wax paper wrapped over the top, crackers in small cellophane containers, and purified water to drink. Mass feeding of not only the casualties, but the homeless people in general, is a very important part of civil defense. Feeding can be and, in time of disaster, will be set up to handle the thousands of per- sons who will be wanting and needing food. 4 CLOCK TOWER, APRIL 19, 1957 3 By the Way Activities Open with Musical Numbers Some of the 130 mock casualties mode up by the senior nursing students os they await the arrival of litter bearers who will transport them first to the Triage area where they will be sorted according to the seriousness of their injuries and then sent on to be cared for at the hospital. By Sally Nugent To my right were the bleeding legs oi the French boy—I did not move so that I could see his face for 1 felt that it would mirror the pain in my own. It was difficult to re- main propped on my elbow, and 1 do not even remember when 1 top- pied over on my sparse portion of stiff straw. 1 rubbed the pale frag- ments between my fingers while attempting to focus upon and an- swer the questions that mush- roomed up to fill the large, cold expanse of my mind. This mind was very isolated, blurred, lonely from cold and pain, from smells and sights that it could not cog- nizantly bear. Ludicrously one thought permeated the chaotic state of it again and again like a purposeless, hut determined inebri- ate: "1 would vote—I'd go to the center and register and vote— if I ever got out of here." The "if" em- braced a serious condition. The "if" was not a very hopeful one. The "if" of ni)' life or my death was spread about my abdomen in an awful manner and the minutes of my hopefulness were pounded off by stretching-bearing feet that seemed so slow, so fumbling—always one mutilated body away from me. I heard a curt, "DOA, Mac, but slip him on gently," and realized that the French boy's legs hadn't moved for some time. With nau- seating effort, I turned my head and watched a stretcher-bearer tie a small rectangular tag on the dead boy's wrist—DOA, Dead on Arrival. Absently I wondered what had happened to his cat; a few hours before he had found a kitty and played with it as we waited for the rescue squad. He had extended the yellow ball of fur with a priceless and painful smile, saying, "Here, hold it. It's warm; it'll keep your hands warm." We talked a little then, out of the cold dusty hayloft, talking to chase out the nightmares that came instead of sleep, the pain that came instead of rest. "Did you have a cat back home?" I asked him because he seemed to handle it familiarly. —Back home! What was back home to me? When was it? What were my possibilities of ever get- ting back home again? I drifted then, out of the cold dusty haylift, and I was bumping along on a a stretcher at last and the move- ment that eddied and swirled the stinking river of the dying around me was better—better than lying still and growing weaker. My eyes were closed; yet I knew where I was. I felt, rather than saw, the men who carried me. They were so much moving muscle, each on the end of a stretcher pole. They had mouths that grunted and voiced an occasional order, and feet that bogged in the slush, slipped, recovered, stepped, bogged again. Warm clouds of blankets descended—or was it a coat prof- fered by kind hands? Then 1 was on a helicopter, strapped and protected from the wind. They could have saved them- selves some trouble. . . . The motor of the plane went fast- er and faster and the moment be- fore it seemed the whole thing must fly to pieces—it lifted and Hew. Nose into the wind it went, over the white patches bordered by barbed wire fences where the bomb had not flattened or destroyed them. "Disaster," I thought, "this is dis- aster and it is neither dramatic, heroic or exciting. It is frightening, unbearable, destructive chaos. Yes- terday's world of complacent citi- zens who might occasionally have discussed survival kits, first aid classes, or civil defense were an atomic bomb away, and today my stomach was a mound of useless blood and tissue, my hands too weak to continue their protective vigil there." "Disaster," I said with a thick tongue, and it was only a three- syllable word. But die wounds were real, the cold was real, the horror of a small cream-colored tag around my wrist was more real than a mountain of words like those spoken unemotionally,. . yesterday. Laughter, a tattered emigrant stumbled through the dark forest of my mind. I heard a morbidly ridiculous mistake: "Might as well leave this one by the pit; DOA." All my noise was not loud enough to be heard, but I tried, "I'm all right, I'm all right! I can get up with a little bit of effort. . . I can get up! I want to go back, back into yesterday, back to a warm cozy place, back to be interested in pol- ities, to vote, I'll register and vote, I'll go home and vote and talk to my mother. . . Mother, I want a glass of water. . . I can't sleep, Mother. I don't want to go to sleep. My wrist. . .Mother? Help me, there is a string around my wrist." (ft Iflcf awe r EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ASSOCIATE EDITOR . ASSISTANT EDITOR . ASSISTANT EDITOR . SPECIAL REPORTERS EDITORIAL STAFF CARLOS SWANSON — MERLIN REEDEll — JOYCE DICK ART DICK MARION LINCOLN, RUTH KINER, MILLIE ODEGAAKD. LADONNA ZEMl'EL, VIOLA VOEGELE, DELLA HENNEBERG, SALLY NUGENT, DON NELSON, BOB CONWAY, LOREN DICKINSON, BOB ROMANS, DUANE BUTHERUS, LARRY HENDERSON, PIIIL FREI- TAS. JERRY McMANUS, MARILYN HARPER, DICK MILIIOLM, JACK HARTLEY, BOB SCOTT, SALLY SAT- URLEY, GEORGE SIIARPE, JOAN JOHNSON, DR. A. E. SMITH, II. P. FORD BUSINESS STAFF PRESIDENT AND BUSINESS MANAGER CIRCULATION MANAGER _ ASSISTANT CIRCULATION MANAGER SECRETARY TREASURER . ADVERTISING MANAGER FINANCIAL ADVISOR _ . . CLEO JOHNSON ROB IOIINSON LOLA CLEVELAND SALLY CROZIER WAYNE SMITH ROBERT E. FIRTH Second class mail privileges authorized at Lincoln, Nebraska, April 1011, under Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. Acceptcd tor mailing at spe- cial rale of postage provided in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917. Au- thorized June 17, 1921. Subscription price, $2.00 per year. Published bi-weekly by Union College Press, 49th and Bancroft, Lincoln, Nebraska, during the school year except during holidays, registration periods, f.ivl examination weeks, and every month during the summer by UDion College. with Loren Dickinson What hasn't been said in this is- sue thus far just didn't happen. To three ot my friends of wnose ver- acity I am dubious——who claim that they react this thing first oil, go elsewhere for the actual factuai. J hese be the only lines that support any bias. This edition could well go on record locally as a journal- istic hallmark. We pause first where credit is due. Miss Smith refuses to toot her own horn; we'll do it for lier. To tell her that the entire exhibition was a huge success is an under- statement. Downtown the next morning CD people gave her a special award of recognition and achievement. The next morning triencl Martin, who engulfed the clays activities from the mayors chair, put $100 in check and sent it Union's way. Officials, national, regional, local were profuse with praise, or as one of CD's ranking women officials said, she had seen nothing so amazing since the A- blasts in Nevada, thanks to Miss Alice Smith if there is anybody who'll be prepared for civil disas- ter, it'll be the students and staff of Union College. You heard many low moans and groans from casualties, but sure e- nough if they weren't real. A chuck- le came from the observers and photographers in the disaster area when one chilled-to-the-bone high schooler whose thoracic lay bare with a "gruesome wound" chatter- ed, "Why didn't you bring stretch- ers instead of cameras?" The free ride, attention, hot soup, and fi- nally warm tent just wasn't worth it, they said! How so many strings could be pulled into one four-hour bundle was in itself an organizational won- der. And the only real obvious hitch of the entire clay was when the bomb preceeded the bombing run. (A matter of the right cue at the wrong time.) The Union College Marching Band at the end of their parade route await the posting of the colors by the color guard of the Medical Cadet Corps. Despite the cold and mud the parade program proceeded according to schedule. Students Conduct Tours For Visiting Spectators Thirty-five girls under the direc- tion of Miss Hilda Fern Remley, clean of women, were organized to guide the spectators through the various treatment areas and demon- strations set up at the civil defense drill. Approximately twenty people were assigned to each guide. At each station the guide introduced the directors of the specific area of demonstration who then explained the function of their area. Each guide's responsibility was to make sure that every person was aware of the job being accomplished at the respective station. Observers estimated that be- tween seven and eight hundred of the many spectators present took advantage of the guided tours and the information and explanations offered by them. It was the objective of these guided tours that the spectators would be able to get a first-hand view and to see what could happen to them in a future disaster and what could be clone for their wel- fare and preservation by proper, adequate and conscientious prepar- ation. Mass Grave Portrays Grim Realities "Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear 110 evil, for thou art with mo . . ." I11 time of disaster the question often arises, "What can a minister do?" Elder P. C. James, head of the religion department of Union Col- lege said, "In a disaster such as was represented here, it is the purpose of every minister and every Chris- tian to demonstrate that religion can be practical." In "Operation Disaster" the ministerial students of Union College conditioned them- Norman Wagness, Don Hensel, William Sierra and Sherwood Jones worked in the emergency hospital area, carrying litters, sorting pa- tients, and offering words of en- couragement. There are always those 111 disas- ter for whom there is no hope of physical recovery. It was with these, the dying, that Leslie Bietz and Boh Chase carried on their work. Reading such Scriptures as "The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want . . ." (Psalms 23) and "God is our refuge and strength, Elder P. C. Jarncs, conducts the mass burial service held at the end of the demonstration for those who served os the imaginary victims of an atomic disaster. The buriol served as a fitting but grim climax to the afternoon's activities in that it helped to drive home to both spectators and participants the seriousness of the possibility of a mass disaster. selves in the art of "practical" re- ligion. "Stepping in where they were most needed and doing the job that needed to be done, were their first attentions," he stated. When physical aid had been ren- dered, "practical" religion was com- bined with spiritual care. This was done by speaking words of en- couragement and by quoting Scrip- tures that bring life and peace to the soul, that give people a will, a desire to live. This was the work carried on by a number of the up- per division ministerial students. a very present help 111 trouble." (Psalms 46), they sought to en- courage those who were laid aside and classified as "expectant" care. Climaxing "Operation Disaster" was the stark, real portrayal of what would take place at such a time, the mass burial of the dead. Elder jarncs conducted the last rites before an open grave, offering a solemn prayer for guidance and help not only for this occasion, but for the realization of the need to prepare individually and collective- ly in case of a disaster such as was simulated Thursday. Officials Discuss Event, Air Critical Views Lincoln Mayor Bennet Martin, along with civil defense directors on national, regional, state, and lo- cal levels, lauded the students and faculty of Union College Thursday for their school-wide demonstra- tion of emergency disaster care. As guests of the college, the dignitar- ies had a ringside view of die exer- cises. "1 want to congratulate Union College on the fine program in which it participated this after- noon," stated Mayor Martin. It certainly brings a great honor to Union College, and especially to the city of Lincoln." Mrs. Gene Wood Fuller, national director of women's civil defense activities, declared, "1 have seen many tests of this sort, and, next to the atomic test in Nevada, I have never seen anything more dramatic. I've learned a great deal from it." "A demonstration like this makes people civil defense - concious," Lancaster county Civil Defense Director Richard A. Vestecka, as- serted. "The casualties were very realistic. It was well clone." Following the demonstration the officials met in the college audito- rium for a critique of the exercise. Every phase of the operation was evaluated, and suggestions for im- proving future simulated or actual disasters were given. Katherine Sullivan, assistant chief nurse for the Federal Civil Defense Administration, suggested ways in which the casualties could be better cared for, particularly in inclement weather such as was ex- perienced during the test. She ad- vised the use of more blankets in place of the paper type that was used. According to Dr. Wayne K. Tice, Civil Defense Medical Officer for Lancaster County, better coordin- ation was needed in the transpor- tation and sorting of casualties. Also noted by Dr. Tice was the need for some kind of identification for the litter bearers and others aiding in the disaster. Emergency communications were for the most part adequate, stated E. S. Kuhlmey, communications of- ficer. However lie felt more train- ing in the use of the "walkie-talkies" 011 the part of the students would have speeded operations. These suggestions will aid in the planning of future demonstrations, not only for the college, but in the nationwide training program. Dem- onstration Director Alice Smith de- clared at the conclusion of the cri- tique. Above is pictured a portion of the Lancaster County sheriff's posse which appeared as one of the units in the parade that opened the afternoon's ac- tivities.