Sc a calamo & ab operis typographicis 6.d. torib.Scn£r Regulates ,qux cum concunentib. id eft Epaftis Solanb. i8.b.maior. plufquam 26. zo.b.ea. xxu. jo.b.erit.proinde oftauus. 61 . d. tyranno. (ex dies de 360. 62 .d. num. xxnx Martij. 6j.b.Zodiaci. Lunxxvim Item Sccbac^ijtf. 66. b. dum.Pcntacteris St Trieteris. 84.a.rafter. 5. 22. 15. 86. b. 7. lulj. 87.3. zz.Iulj. po.a. datuseft. data eft. 92. mali. Sccbat Syriaco. Eft 16. cmbolimxus communis. 108. c. dccurfu.84. embo-lifraos. 119. a. xquinoftij. autum-nalisCxfariani. u^.Gcatur. nxnna. 121. rum. 4105. d* ita in- zoi dn lined xi anni lege. 29. 18.726. 204. a. Dionyfiano: neo-mcniaAb^i ifet'air. 223. Hadar. TltUlftU: Tafchfchas. Z26.c.xandri. 1906-z6i.c.Iudaicum.vi.Ofto-bris. 219. b. loco Chrifti. 140. ibid. DAMASCENOR.VM RECENTIOR.VM. 231. a. jEgyptij.w^a eos quadrantes,akcri voca-bant. zjo.b. Mctonis.xxiv. 272. c.tequinoftium.pe-riodus minor. 2-78- b- if>id‘ c.dccactcris. exaftis decern. 285. fupra annum x J. lege xv April. 294. a. interuallum. anni 4046. 303. a non fit. in 325 fit. 312. c fyzygiis. Nifanin. 31 j. c. 6xCoA>j. anno 1614. 53 i.c.tur.6zi annos. 358. calcm.calem dc. 341. b. quod non. qui non. 372.0. lanuanum. lanua-rium St Fcbruarium fuifie. 374. a. ati. ttM 37J. d. ludaico. dele verba DANIEL ET. 1 377.d.tatis.feptcmdccim. 381.3 luliano. lulianx. • 389 c. faciunt.profcfti. 398.aJianx.418. ! 40I.a. tCS. fiopx'/iotf. 4O5.caetcndis lib. fccudo. 417.2. mum. tonus. 4Z2.b. tci Scar/or . auu⁢. • 4z8.1ubebat. ibid. in. i2i.mcnfis.Mi.793. item-. momenta V> 123. ltne.111.lege 6.15.391. ibid. hn. 27. lege: 4.1 2. 957. lined 18. lege 5.10.466. 124.linea n^.lege 1.2.149. ijj-.c.anno. xvi.Iulj. i,6.a Ict.aufera 1489400. 14 0.3. nono. Dulhagia. 158. c. viccfima. viccfima primatenus. 159- a. prclicndit.76. anno. 160. b. quahs. St quantus. 166. c. cxcufis. Vanonis libris legitur. 169.fi. Pocnicaegiftc. lyz.c.cim.anm luliani. i78.c.ite.Craftinafiradiis. 179. c cmm.adcamrcm. 181. ante. 1461. ita corrigito. LIBER PRIMVS. 465. b. magnx. deduftus, 481. c. eft. tres folidos. 500 a.lianus.lianusz8. 504. b. qui. Sat^dpcuoi. 523. Sabbatum. dicitur. 5 29 ! nobis videtur, ignoramus, 8c remotiorum ac reconditionin'! indicium |1 promitrimus ! Quis eorum Daniclis Hcbdomadas interpretandas futeepib, fulccpit, qui inteitixfuxlatebram non quxfiuerit, 8c reges Perfidis, qui nunquam in rerum natura fuerunt, non commcntus fir ? Quod fi Danielem accuratiflimc legiflcne, cis ad negotium cxplicandum noir aliis regibus Pcrlidis opus fuiller, quam iis, quos Herodotus, Diodo-rus,& omnis Grxcorumantiquitasnouic. Sed quo non progrefla eft author? Bcrolbs,Mctafthenes,& nclcio quos Catoncs, ac Plulones confultint, qui ante hos centum annos exofticina nclcio cuius indocb & impudentis prodierunt. Et lefe Criticos in remporum notations profitcntur,quibustam fgciligenere,tam pueriliter vnus homo orio-fus in tanta luce literarum quotidie imponir. Cuius hominis inlcitiam ft nihil aliudjcerte illud argucre poflir,quod Metafthenem pro Me- g j gafthenc pofuit. SiIotephumGrxcc,autStraboncm,aut Athenxum legiflet, is Mcgafthenem vocari deprehendiflet, quern Metafthenerm vocat. Si Grxce teifler, nunquam in ilia lingua reperiri, ne-quehanc compofitioncm in eadem probari intcllexiltet. Vt igitur ij rclipilcant, qui 8criouos reges in Perfidc crearunt, 8c Aflucros Pri-fcos, Aflucros Longimanos, Aflucros Pios, duos Cyros, & nclcio qua: I alia fomnia Annij Vitcrbienlis in medium producunt, primum vno verbo indicabo fontem erroris eorum:deindc qui medicina huic mor-I bo fieri poflir, doccbo. Quod igitur in veri inueftigatione cos ratio fi]gcrit,duasfummas caufas repcrio: vnam, quod vctcrum tempora-ciuilia,annorum, menfium formas, ftatus, ac genera ignorarunt: alteram, quod c haraderem, 8c notationem ci anno,qucm fibi propo-fueranr,non adhibucrune. Ex vtraquequidem caula remporum con-fufio manauit,(cd diucrlb gencro.Ex priorc caula ignoratus eft annus, mentis Sc dies multarum nobilium epocharum. Huius enimrci co-gnitio pertinct ad tempus ciuilc nationunu. Ex altera caula Palilia, vrbis Romx nunc tertio anno Olympiadis, nunc quarto attribuun-rur. Item Confulatus Bruti nunc inhunc, nunc in ilium annum-. Olympiadis confertur. Vt igitur nouam rationcm emendationis rcm-। porum incamus,duo iliaprxeipue nobis dilcurienda flint:ledprius ; de omnium nationum temporibus ciuilibus: quam aflequi pcrdiftici- le eft, nili prius tempore in fua principia, hoc eft ab annis, periodis, menfibus in vltimum terminum, dies, horas, ac terupula refoluro; Nam qui ante nos hancprouinciam aggrefli flint, fi modo hanc no-ftram,nonaliam aggrefli lune, ij latisde tempore,, 3c eius natura-dilputarunc,. Sed hanc dilputationerrL melius interpres fibi vindicaflcC. Neque, vero nos id agimus, vt3 definiamus tcmpuscflehoc lecundum Pcripatcticos, aut illud lecundum Stoi-cos, ant* Acadcmicos. Qui iftis definitionibus din immorati flint’, 8c hac fola, teientia- Chronolomx Icribcndx modunr termina- A i runt, 4 loSEPHI ScALIGERI DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM. 5 runt,illi facis verboritm quidem, fed rcrum nihil definiuerunf. Ne- j quidtamena^gW<$JTO;rranligatur, dccreui lingularum, vel minima, rum temporis partiumprius confpedum aliquem dare, quam ad de. fcriptioncm iVog/xZw temporum ciuilium, Sc eorum methodum ag. grcdiar. Incipiam igitur ab vltimo termino, a die Icilicct, Sc eius partibus, hoc eft hora, Sc (cr-upulis. Ab hora igitur, fi libetj, princi-pium efto. DE HORIS ET PA.RTIBVS DIEI RE L I Q_V IS. Veteribvs ftatimab initio hasdieipartes,quas Horas vo-camus, in vfu non fuifle, argument© fuerint prifex locutioncs, quibus dies nonin partes fecatur, led adionibus quotidianis diftin-guitur: vtcum f&Avw vefpcram vocabant,nimirum,vt pocta inquit, \Dtmeret emerita cum iuga cPbabw equu. Item quod tempos ante-meridianum defignantes diccbant tzX vel TrAnSaow? con-uenientibus fcilicet co tempore in Comitium viris: vt Hcfiodus dicib, cm cltyi&ilw Actoi ctyaciv. Quod tamcn longe aliter in-terpreres Grxci illius pocta: exponunb. Aiunt cnim Hcliodum in-tellcxiile de triccfuna menfis Lunaris:SC fenfum lociHcfiodci clfc pcrinde ac ft dixillcb,Quando homines veram njiaxata Luharcm agunt, Sc non fccundum vliim politicum,fed fecundum inotum Lu-nx. Quod tamcn nobis valdc coadum videtur: Sc mentem Hcfiodi hancfuillc dicimus: t^axala efle valde idoncam rebus gerendis ea. hora, qua homines ad ins in forum conucniunb. Quae lane interpre-tatio melior vulgari. Sic ctiam paulo poftdicit, m ttA««,1o-quensde vndccima: cuius partem defignat, cum dicit w Quod nos interpretamur iam adulto die,. Sic Homerus meridiem, defignat,a; oTrhwafa. Porro neque hoc verbum, && id,quod nunc,valcbab. Scd tempus aduum quotidianorum illo notabatur: vt cum diccbant Latinis vero Tcm- I peftas diccbatur. In LegibusDcccmuirum Atticisfuit: Sol oc ca-svs svprema tempestas esto. Neque rede quidamhincJ expungunt tempestas. quod svprema abfolutc diccrctur,vb apudPlautum,. Nam plane in legibus Solonis, vnde illudcaput tra- I dudum, Icriptum fuib,o mAi^c® toIf opb syasn Stoicus '■ IcriptorapudStobxum loqucnsdeSocratisiudicio capitali: TgzJy dbvl S7nC*,(C 8 T tIw ■ ESXATHN HPAN dkh HAIOS EF1I TQN O P fl N, a’?A’ ^3-afa-ty 7^^. Idem ccnfeas de vctcribus Hebrxis, I qui I ^qtii dieinullas alias partes, qdam mane,meridiem, Sc vefperam no-ranb. & ica dies diuidittir Pfalmo l v,commare x v 111. Sic Homero, n fztSv nuct/?. Scd hie dies intelligitur Lux, exclufa node,. Nam totum Hebrxi in quatuor partes diuidebanr,quas Vi- gilias vocabant. Prima vigilia crat a vefpere: fecunda a media node, tertia ta mane,, quarta a meridie,. Alioqui nomen hoc nytf quohodie horam deiignant, nc,notiim quidem illis crat: quod apud Daiiic-leni aliud fignificab. Pofterorum inuentum eft Horologium,St quibus dies per lineas,Sc interualla vmbrarum diftinguebacur. vnde prodiit locutio ukutTrou; tncici^ pro hora coenx. vel siJexa^ w ^:w:quia notis literarum flngulahum horx diftinguebantur. Te-B ftatur Sc Epigrammatium de Horologies ‘ j (jciT abra<; . • ypxcLfMctui ^vvfj^cbi Z H 01 Nam ante, Z, I, crab A, B, T, △, E, $•. Arabibus,Perlis,Sc reliquis Orientis genribus non horologiis, fed TABVLA C0N. naturahbus matutini, me- mTEwosm- ridiani,&vcfpettini tempo- ns interuallis diem notate, ctiam hodie cofuetudo maneb. Aftronomis propria, eft diuifio diei in fexagefi- Oftcnt* 1 V c mas primas, fecundas, ter- tias, Sc fie deinceps. Artifi- cibus computi annalis in. horas, punda, oftenra, mi-nuta, partes. Hora eft pun-dornm 4. minutorum 40. partium 4% momentorum i76o.oftenta autc funt arbi-traria.quibus libcb aliarum diuifionum in ilia refolutis. Orientalibus vero Compu-D tatoribus compendiofa ho-rarum refblutio eft. Noil, cnim in fexagefimas alfem, diuiduntjfedin 1080 partes, nuto horario refpondeanb. Hac diuifione hodie ludxi, Samaritani, Arabes, Perfx, 4i 1 6~ W sr I IO1 I-20 ?0'" 40* 6o* 7°- i So i | 9° ' I0°, I 200 j Jco‘ I 4°o 5=0 6oo 7co 8 oo 9 CO iooo tabvl’a con-V1RTINDI SEkACE-finaas tn oftenta. iixnf Osw. QiltnUk 0' f IO'" 0 1' 0 3-2 4/r o’ 6' 4=’"' 0' 2" 0' 64^ 0' 10’’ 0 o'. 3" 0 972" o' 20' ■ : f • 0' 4" 216" d t6' 40 0' 1 5" * wo' 0 20'' 0 °' 1 6" 1 1' ^4 0 b" 20 0' ; 7" 2 108' d 26" 40 0' j 8' 2' 432' o’ 3°" 0 0' 9 2 7)6" . d 3*" 20 0' to7 20' 1 •y 0/ l‘ 6" 40 ' 0' 6Z. 0' 1 4' 0" 0' 30 9' 0" I n" 20 0' 40" i 1 0' d 46" 4=' 0' jo" 0" 20* 0 1' 60" 18 0" V 53" 20 2' 0" 36 0" 4 26' 40 3' 0"' 54' 0' 5' 0' o' 4 0 7'-' 0" f' —:—t- 20"' 5' 0' ™°_ o' i f 6" 40' 6 1 0 0” 108 d 16' 40'' 0" 7' 126' d 11 I?" 20" 8 0" »44' 0". ^7 46'' 40"' 9 0' 162 d' 20J 0 ' 10' 0" 180 d' 5 5" 20"' 20' d. 360 0' 44' 26' 40" j 30' d‘ 54°' 0" So 0" o' 40' 0" 720 0" O' 33* 20'" 1 jo' 0" 900' 60' 0' 1080 _£ 1 A 3 SCalix 6 loSBPH I SC AUG ERI & alix Oricnxis nationcs vtuntur. Quorum urtexagefimas, & contra. texagefimarum in hxc conuertendarumu Tabellxs duospOi fuimus. • <• , •• jj ' j- D E D I E B V S. -*T?/O quod eftlpatiumvigintiquatuorliorarum^Da* - A J hiel ckganter vocat iga any quafi dicas initio diei ciui* Its fumtoludaite ab eo tempore,quod proximo Solein occafuiufequi^ tor. Nam illdddnteniallum^uatcnus vigintiquatuor horarum eft, naturalc eft: quatenus altttd atque aliud initium habet, dicitur ci uile^ Atticis & ludxisab occafiiSolis: jEgyptits Sc Romanis a mcdianoda Chaldxis Genethliacis ab ortu Solis: Vmbris ameridie iilitium ftp B mentibus. Dierum notations duplices:aUttecundum numerum, Sc ordinemivt prima, tecunda, tenia menfts. aut tecundum ittmvijuu, qua dies alicui rci cogpomines. vt dies menfts Perfici funt cognomines regum priteorum, Sc dies menfts Mexicanorum animalium, aut alia-rum rerum, Sc htyofjtywqjEgyptiorum nominibus fingulorum Deo-rum vocatx. Sc dies fefti, vt quinquatrus, Quirinalia* Sc ab euentu,dies Allienfis,Regifugium. a ftellis, dies Septimanx* Ecclcfta Romana vOcat ferias. quia veteris anni Eccleftaftici initium a Pateha. Et Pateha dicebatuf annus nouus, vt etiam hodie ab Eccle* ft AnrioJki./l aConftantinopolitana autem wwiju.©* ab eadem mente. 1 llius autem Hebdomadis dies omnes teptem erant q feriati, vtteftis eft Hieronymus, Sc alij vetercs. Hine J ' ’ir,v ’L quarumbebdomadum dies etiam Fcrixvocarentur, nrxcipuo quo-dam principis teptimanx PatehalisaufpicioBC omine. _;ona n> primus omnium Tlu>Tyaxd?a, hluj £ isow vocauit, cum antea ftn eftef prima menfts. Heftodus: sun n )i iZiqui ig&rifjidQ. Dieidiuiftofumma abadibus quotidianis, in faftos, nefaftos, atros, religiofos, intcrcifos, iuftos: vtGrxcis (catenae, vcl, vt alij, ctvw/u,oi(nlu.s^t^^}^n(p^c$a.ef sof&oifMu;. aut ab xquatione annul temporis,Solaris, Sc Lunaris, in frivols n^s^s^TrcixIds^a^inpiots, i^oAi/u.ou;ii7roiyof^ja^ . o 4 nans . 6 J—133’7 A~~ 7( TVRCICjE HEBDOMADIS SEC DIES. 7^, jacket Rwfduiemi Ruz> fiwni T^tfZ, t^eharmi Rmz> pengemin Ruz fchefmin T^uZJjaphthemi. fNDVM PLANETAS. mya ■ »tfnx npnj ♦m® maib n»- ’DJIIK T3 3Kre nr rrw ma ixm <—133(7133 n nl 1 m o ,n j't’r’V « C c [ Cur autem dies cognomines Planctarum non ftquuntur ordincm &C fitum liderum,quorum cognomines funt,vt ftilicct poll diem Saturni non fequatur dies louis, fed dies Solis, hxc caufia eft. Scptem Plane- | cae percirculum fccundum ordinem fuum dilpoticee xquabili intcruallo conftituunL feptem Triangula ifoftele ad peripherram, quorum bafts fqntlatera Hepcagonicirculo inftripti', vthabesin circulo propofito, ad cuius peripheriam feptem errantes funtJ ft-cundum ftriem fuam fitx.conftitucntcs tri-angulaiftfceleijjy-W no.GW- ?us2.s?j> ?oi). In quibusTriangulis dexter angulus ad ba- fimeftprima ftellaTrianguli,ftcundain angulo advcrticcm,tertia. angulus finiftcr ad bafim: ita vt omnis ftella anguli dextri habeatop-poficarrL DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. I. ? pofitam ftellam anguli in vertice, ftella autem anguli a Venice ftcllap anguli finiftri ad bafim fit oppofita. Sequentur igitur fcfeomncsle-ptem Plancta: non per ftriem fuam,, ftd per interualla laterum, qua: verxfunroppofitiones. Sit igitur Triangulum oHprimum ordino. o in angulo bafts dextro praribrt. ftquetur Luna ei oppoftta in vertice-, earn oppofitus Mars in angulo finiftro bads.qui quidem Marscum in Triangulo ©w, ftniftrum angulum bafts occuperjn triangulo moc-cupabit dextrum bafts angulum, habens oppofitum MercuriumD, Mercurius autem oppofitum louem in angulo finiftro. qui luppiteF facietangulum dextrum in Triangulo m, habens oppofitam in vertice Venerem, vtea oppofita eft Saturno in angulo finiftro. Sed an-। B gulus illerurfus erit dexter in Triangulo ^oj. Etficerogatifunt ft-ptem planetx in totidem dies, quas Ecclefia Romana vocat ferias. Hxc eft vera harum appellationum ratio. DE MENSIBVS. Ex diebus Huntnw/uafa k. 6/uLa.Stg, qua: norationes & epochas temporumconftituunf. Primum erJ^uaex diebus .dicitur Se-ptimana, res omnibus quidem Orientis populis ab vltima vfqueanti-qu irate vfitata,nobis autem Europa:is vix tandem poft Chriftianift mum recepta. De ea iam didum eft. Turn Rom anorum ctyJoa;: cui C fucceffit hebdomas noftra. Nam nono quoque die Nundinx eranL. &C fpatium illud in Kalendario vetere Romano notatum eftliteris ab a ad h, vt in noftro Kalendario Hebdomas notata eft ab a ad g, in-clufiue, vt loquuntur. Mexicanorum Tgxaxcwlixcfe ftquitur. Quod enim fpatium nobis ftptenis diebusjllisfiniturteruis denis. Ita lu-dxorumeft , vetcrum RomanorumMexicanorum Proximum ab hoc dierum eft Mentis: qui& naturaliter,Sc ciuilitcrfumitur. Naturalis mentis & ipft duplex. Autenim Lunaris,autSolaris. Rurfus Lunaris triplicis generis: aut quatenus Luna ab codcm pumfto Zodiaci profeShu, ad idem, reuertitur.qui dicitur item quod inter- D uallum minuseft,quam viginti odo dierum: maius quam viginti ft-ptem. Secundum genus eft eiufdem fideris a Sole profedi ad eundem reditus. Ha:c dicitur o-gA^w?. Tcrtij generis menfis eft ftcun- dus dies pworJa,qux dicitur Ocxci?, Secundum Sc tcrtiiim genus intemporibus ciuilibus locum habent. Nam Athenienfts^ ncomeniasfuas putabanL: hodie vero Hagareni (pC odauum Odobris. Eamque diei intercalationem a Se-leucidarum temporibus vfquc ad imperium Conftantini Sc infra reti-nuerunt Iudxi:quam vtique fimui cum anni Calippici forma a vido-ribus Syromacedonibus acceperant,. Romani Atricos fecuti brumx fideresonfedo intercalabant-, qux ipfis Olympiadum myfteria voca- hantur. Nani Sc AtticiSc reliqui omnes Grxci annum SolaremirL j . k ------------------- W»VJ yi, hor. 7 4- attribuentes. quod a temporibus Selcucidarum ad hanc vlq. diem ludxi conftanterobleruant. Itaque vm lulij crant &&&* WMjVii Odobris vn lanuarij vm Aprilis in/M&ct soqm. Qua re cum legis &C nullas alias intellige prxter has. quod 8c quoque intel- ligendum,. Hxc ludxi Tckuphoth vocant,. Germani,Celrx, Saxoncs, inter xxv Sc xxvi Decernbris intercalabant: quam nodem, vocabant mvdranecht. Tartan hodie inter vltimam lanuarij, Sc Kaleridas February, quas Kalcndas patrio fermone, Fcftum Albo-rum vocant: quia albis veftibus cam diem colunt*. Denique quanuis Q Lunari anno, aut alio longe diuerfd a Solari vterentur, ramen tacita, quadamobferuatione poft dies 1460 vnum diem intercalandum efio fentiebanc. Ncquc cnim aliter Hebrxi quatuor Tckuphas fuas tueri potuiflent, nifi quadrante poftquartu quemq. annum rationibus accedence. Et fane vnaquxq. Tckupha eft dieru 91, horarum 7 4* Vnde quatuor tantxTckuphx hunt dies 365 -L Difplicuit tamen hxc qua-! drantisobferuatio Grxcis Aftronomis, propter caufam admodum fu- !• tik'ITL *7 tilein SC puerilem, qua Solis quanticatem ad Luna: ratiocinia exige-bant, Sc cum vtriufque fideris exadum motumadhuc non tenerenc, B ex Lunx comparatione Solares rationes eliciebant,. Itaque tantam, cenfuerunc Solis quantitacem, quantam fummam dies periodi in annos periodi diftributx relinquebant,. Metonis periodus eft dierunu 6940. Diuifa per 19 annos relinquic quanticatem anni Solaris Me-tonici die rum. 3 6 5. icrup. diurnorum 15 ± Calippi periodus dictum, 17759 per 76 annos diuifa relinquic modum anni Calippici Solaris dierum 565 -L qualis eft annus nofterlulianus. Periodus Hipparchi eft dierum 111035, annorum, 304. Sed negledis illis 4, treccntefima, pars diei detrahitur de quantitate, anni Calippici Solaris, vt fiat annus Solaris Hipparcheus dierum 365. hor. 5. 5 5'. 1 z". qux chain, fuit fententia Ptolemxi. Itaque ex fententia Hipparchi Sc Ptole-nixi annus Tropicus, eft annuslulianus, vel Calippicus nonadeci-nia parte difterenrix enneadecaeteridis Lunaris Sc lulianxdiminutus: qui eft vcrus annus Rabbi Ada:de quo alibi. Philolai Py thagorei ma-gnus annus dierum 2.1505-4 per 59 annos diuifus conftituit modum, Solarcm dierum 365. Ocnopidx annus magnus dicrum 11557 itidem per 59 annos diuifus dat modum anni Solaris dierum 365 cum parte dicrumduum Sc viginti vndefexagefima.. Harpali odacteridc per 8 annos diuifa remanet modus anni Solaris dierum 365 4- Annus magnus Democriti dierum 19950 -4 per 81 annos diuifus relinquit an-. num Solarem dierum 365, cum quadrante 8c centefima {exagefima-quarta parte vnius diei. Denique nullus vetcrum non putauit rationes Solis ad Lunam exigendas efie. Et quocieftunque ex certa col-ledione dierum vtriufque (ideris rationes congruerent,dics illi per tot, annos diuifi, quot ex ilia fumma dierum conftitui potcranr, vifi funt, illis certain anni Solaris quantitatcm'dcfinire pofic. Sapicntiores vero, quanuis incomprehenfibilem illam exiftimarct, tamen pro vero quod proximum putabantamplcxifunt, dies trecentos fexaginta quinque cum quadrante, qui eft modus anni luliani. cuifingulis quadrien-niis exadis vnus dies accredit,, fed hie annus comparatione Aigy- . ptiaci eft Solaris: comparatione autemTropicieftxquabilis. Maior I $ enim eft vera anni rations, (crup. horariis 11'. 6". 4 o '. lecundum, GelalxamformarrL,aut, io'. 44‘. fcro, vt Alfonfini docent,. Ne-q tic, Prucenicx rabulx multum abludunt,, qux conftituuntmotturb xqualem Solis ab xquinodio. Dieruni, 3 6 5. Hor. 5. 49 . 1 46'. Itaque hinc nalci potfiinc, aliquot genera anni Solaris. jEquabi-lis, vt lulianus. Tropicus, vt Perlarum Gelalxus. Rurfus Tropicus ! aut xquabilis, aut cxleftis. JEquabilis Tropicus, cuius quantitas I Tropica eft, partes autem, hoc eft menfes, xquales 8c ciuiles: vt is, B 3 quern jo IOSEPHI SCALIGERI quemmododixi,Gelalxus. Dcfcriptus eft enim menfibus xquali-^ busyomnibus tricenum dierum,cumcpagomcnis appendicibus,qua: in communi anno funt quinque, in cmbolimxo fcx. Cxleftis Tropicus, cuius partes in naturalia Zodiaci icgTncnta tributx funt. Rurfus annus Solis xquabilis in ciuilem 86 cxleftcm diuidi poteft. Ciuilis, vt lulianus Romanorum, Syrogrxcorum, Grxcorum Elkupti. Cxle-ft is, vt Dionyfianus Ptolcmxi Phila del ph i. N am 8c is quoque qua-drantem Canicularem quadriennio exado accipicbaf. Finis veto omnis periodi is eft, vt caput recurrat 86 reuoluatur in idem princi-pium,quam Grxci vocant: qux quidem pellum iuerit tandem, non ieruata veri anni Tropici menfura. 86 quia annus lulianus fuam tuerinon potuit, manifeftum eft Kalendas lanuarias ab v 111U parte Capricorni, in qua ftatuerat eas Cxfar, in vicefimairL primanu fere tradudaseffe hodio. Scdnihilo commodius epocha in enneadc-caeteride fcruari poteft. Nam enneadecaetcris Tropica eft velocior Limari horis plufquaim duabus. Contra enneadecaetcris luliana; maior Lunari hora vna, 86 lerup. plufquam 17. Cum veto peccatur vtraque ratio no, Tropica 8c!uIiana,Luna, cuius rationes media: funt, inter illas duas, fines epocha: fux tueri non poteft: vt in cyclo Diony-fij Palchali accidie, cuius ncque rationes ad cnncadccactcrida Luna-rcmcolledx funt,neque epocha ad Solis motum caftigata: led eius formapotius tota mere Calippica eft. ita vt eius ftatum poft trcccntos annos variareneccfle fie. Quarevtepochasfuasleruarentilliveteres, £ immanes periodos cxcogitauerunc, qualesillx Calippi, Philolai,De-mocriti, Ocnopidx. Sunt ctiam periodi, qux omnem modum cxce-debanc. Et cum im omnibus illis orbibus annorum prxeipuam. vtriufquefidcrisrationcm haberent, tamcn nclcioquxconfidcns cos inceflcbat opinio, nonlblumvtriulquo fideris,led ctiam omniunu illo circuitu fieri. Sic Harpalus 86 Eudoxus pu-taruntin fua Odaetcridc omnes 86 in orbem red ire. Idem ctiam cenlet fieri Aratus in Mctonica cnncadecaeteridOjEudo-fuum fecutus, qui in fabrica Sphxrx fux earn planetarum 8c in-errmtium harmoniamin corum orbibusoftendit cflo,vt fequento refticutionevtriufquc fidcris, ncceftario 86 omnium inerrantium rc- D ditiim contingcre concludcrce. Proptcrca tot Sphxras a^p^com-mcntuscft,quotnarrat Ariftoteleslibro xi uty tol (pwnxa'qucrm confulas licce. Quin ctiam Calippus alios orbes prxter Eudoxurru addidit,caratione,vt^xara$-a.w idv tpouvoufyjw adftrucrct, to. ,vt Ariftotclcs de ca rc feribens pronuntiauit. Itaquc w nomine intelligendum ortus, 86 occafus •nJv cfcrAWy, non autem t&'f Kq rag hoc eft fignifi- cationes DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. I. 19 cationes corum: quas in orbem redire cum Luna 86 Sole in enneade-caeteridc Meto quidem,Calippus,8c Hipparchus putarunc, 86 aliis perfualerunt, donee deprehenib vero anni Tropici modulo vitiurru fiarum periodorum caftigatum eft. Cicero quoque apud Macro-bium, fexto derepublica, annum ilium immanem,quern ex tot millibus annorum fimpliciumcomponit,non alitcr in orbem reditururru cum omnibus errantibus 86 inerrantibus cenfet, quam li eademdefe-&io Solis in eodem loco, eodem tempore fiat,: quanuis defection cs cyclo enneadecaeterico recurrant non raro. Er tamen ea eclipfi putat non tantum Solis 86 Lunx,fed etiam quinque errantium ad eanderm inter lecomparationem, confe&is omnium Ipatiis, reditum fieri, quo 3 eadem cxli pofitio, fiderumque,qux ab initio maxime fuir,rurfus exi-ftir. Quare ecliples ad earn rem notabant veteres, vtetiam excogitarint. vocabant. Eorum vetuftilfimus fuit । dierum 6585 -7, qui fiint anni Arabici 18, fyzygix 7. in genero vero funt fyzygix 115. Qu a mob rem in fecundo libro Plinij perpcram legi-tur hue culpa ipfius Plinij, fiue librarij, defedus luminum ducentis viginti duobus menfibus rediro. Hipparchus alium lon- ge maiorem excogitauit dierum 116007, fyzygiarum 4167, anno-J rum Arabicorum 555cumfyzygiis7: annorumlulianorum }44CurrL dicbusj6i. Quxfunttolerabilesperiodi. Namacauffis naturalibus, nempe a defedionibus Luminum proficilcuntur. quemadmodurm |C etiam enneadecaetcris Lu naris,8c Cyclus Solis: quorum ilia Lunani, Soli reftituit, hie Solem Septimanx. 8c prxterea pcriodus Mexicano-rum conftans annisLii,qux reftituit eft ipfis viccm noftrxHebdomadis. Ncque alia fuit pcriodus magna Perfa-rum veteru,quam Salchodai vocabant. Sunt & alix,(ed ciuiles,8c In-didio-,Alix inanibusconieduris infiftunt,vtDodccaetcris Chaldaicx I Gencthliacorum, item Heracliti, Lini,Orphei,Dionis,8C Magorunu quorum pcriodus ad motum oftaux (phxrxcompofita eftannorurrL 360000 a conditu Mundi, vt iphputanc. quorum annorum hie eft centies odagies quater millcfimus, lexcentelimus nonagefimus quar-I tus. Sed longe ilia S inarum prodigiofior,iuxtaquam hicannus Chri-gD fti 1594 eft a conditu rerum odingenties o&agics quater millefimus, feptingentefimus leptuagcfimus tertius. Bonziorum vero laponen-fium pcriodus annorum 470 defiuitcum anno Chrifti 1561. 8c 1561 coepit Icqucns. ciufquehiccft vicefimus currcns. Ea vertente icelera> exftirpatum iri: rcliquum tempos omnia pacataforccredunt. Taceo diuerfasChriftianorum,Iudxorurm,Samaritanorum de conditu rc-| rum opinioncs: item Romanorumluftrum quinque annorum,fecu-lum centum 8C dcccim. Sunt 86 periodi Computatorum: vt ludxx B 4 anno- DE EMENDAL. TEMPORVM LIB. I. il 1O 1OSEPHI SCALIGERI annorum 6916, quxconftatcyclis Lunaribus $64,Solaribus 147, pe-4 riodi^magnis Dionyfianis 15. Habetquc tot cyclorum teptimanas, quot dierum teptimanx font in anno Solari: tot periodos Dionyfia, nas, quot menfes annus embolimxus: tot cyclos Solares,quotcycles Lunaresmagnuscyclusludaicus. Itaque elegantiftima eft, & artifi-ciofiflima. eiufquc hie agitur annus 5554, anno Chrifti vulgari 1594, Etinibit 1595 annus eiuldem proximo autumno, vndc omnes epilo-gifmineomeniarumludaicarum. Periodus Dionyfiana Sc ipfa ad annalem computum pertinet, annis conftans 551, dudo intefe vtro-que cyclo. Verx quidem period! magnx caput incurrit in annum, primum vtriufque cycli, pertinetque ad methodum Lunx Si Solis.Sc locum habet dumtaxat in anno luliano, hoc eft in eo, cui prxtcr 365 B dies quadrans attribuitur. Itaque eius initium eft a Kal. lanuariis im anno Romano: in anno Conftantinopolitano a Kal. Septembris. im Antiocheno a Kal. Odobris. in Alexandrine ScSamaritanoab a. d. 1111. Kal. Scptemb. Periodus veto Dionyfij pertinet ad methodum* neomenix Pafchalis, initio fumto ab anno primo natalis Chrifti, vr ipfe quidem putabat: item ab anno decimo cycli Solis luliani, Sc ab ea neomcnia, cuius quartadccima dies proxime poft x x 1, aut in x x 1 Mattij conficeretui?'. Hadenus a minimis initiis ad fumma temporum incrementa, quam opaSa. Grxci vocant,Chronologum* perduximus, Sc cum in confpedu totius antiquitatis collocauimus. Supereft nunc, vt qux carptim Sc obiter perftrinximus, ca vberius C fuislociscxplicentur. Refomamus igitur cos annos, ex quibus tanquam dementis, ad tot tamque diuerfa genera annorum progreflus faduseft. Ex anno Grxco, qui eftxquabilis minor, omnes anniLu-— - -- nain rormas propagatas clle vidimus: vt ex ^gyptiaco3qui eft xqua-bilis maior, omnes Solarcs. Non igitur confute, Sc per faturam hxc tradanda, ted fuo quxquc Sc loco Sc ordino. Quatuor igitur libris quatuor genera anni fumma explicate dccreuimus. Primus erit do annoxquabili minoro. Eo enim omnis Grxcia via tarn diuerfis generibus, quam multx fuerunt eius terrx nationcs, Sc 7to?uTactf. Itaque ea erit rcliqua pars huius libri. Secundum locum fibi vindicat annus Lunaris,quiaex illo priorc deriuatus. Tcrtius libercomplcdetur anni p xquabilis maioris formas Jkopj^Sc difterentias. Quartus illius anni traduces & propagines pertequetur, diuerfa nempe anni Solaris genera, Sc mutationes. Hxc eft pars prior, quam initio huius diatribx Chronologo promifimus,deannorumSc temporum Ciuilium generi bus. Altera pars eft de charadere, qui neceifarius eft notandis temporum interuallis, qux tequentibus libris tradabimus, item diuerfis computis nationum annalibus,de quibus librum fingularcm ad cal- ccrm A cena opens adiiciemus, non tanquam appendicem, ted partem vrtaim .operis. noftri. Quis igitur fit vfus charadcris temporum, docet nos pionyfius ex£phoro,qui cum annum ekcidij Troite ex Olympia*-dumepochanotare non pofier,cum iscafosaliquotfcculis aiitiquior fit prima Olympiade, dixit id accidifle eoaniio Attico, quo viginci /gfexflai annum explebanF. Statim peritis anni Atricifobole- bat, quo anno id accidere potuerit*. Sciebant enim queries inquaif*-tointeruallo annorum id fieri police. Excmplo Ephori auc-Qionyfij . erit nobis character excogitandus, quo animus ancops in iriiub con-ftitutus quxfitum ad fontem manu dcdiicftur. Erie igitur primunb totius inftituti noftri fundamentum annyslulianus, quern 'fingimufc 3 antemultamillia annorumTuiffo. Charaderes veto illi duos dabi-mus, cyclum Lun# Dionyfianum, cuius hie eft annus x vrn. & cy--clum Solis lulianum cuius hodie annus v n currite Tertium ttianv, vbi ratio temporum patietur, Indidiones non alpemabimur. Nam, qui his charaderibusfemel vti inftiterint, illi, quae fit conftantia,6cfi-des illius methodi pulchcrrimx in ratione temporum, experientur. Si quis hoc anno Chrifti 1594. incertus, quot annos natus fie, tamcn & maiorem fe quadraginta nouem annorum,& minorem quinquagin-taiexfciat,is imitatur imperitiam Chronologotum Grxcorum^qui circiter illius,Sc illius rcgis tcmpora i llud,8c illud accidifie dicunc,annum vcro certum non dcfiniunt. Sed cum idem adiicit natirtn fc No-C nis Augufti,feria quinta,, is addit charaderem cerrum & indubita-tum,quales font viginti rsfecfcd ntuApoui Ephori. Nam fcria quinta noil potuit incurrere in Nonas Augufti,nifi cumliteraDominicans eft C. Ante 49 autcm annos id accidit anno Domini 1540, cyclo Solis nono. Itaque hoc charaderifmo conftantiffimeaffirmamuseoanno homi-ncin natum ,.Sc proximis Nonis Augilfti lulianis illi quinquagefi-mum quintum natalem initurunb. Idem vfus cycli Lunarisadhibi-tacaftigatione,vt a prima Olympiadc ad annum Domini 1400 tot; I dies neomeniis adhibcas^quoties 504 annos reperies. Exemplum,. hie eft annus a prima Olympiade 2.570. In quibus annis fepties re-pcritur numcrus 504. feptem igitur dies neomeniis hodiernis adii-D ciendi. Verbi gratia, anno primo cych epadx font xi. nouilunium. Martij xvi 11. addiris vn. dicbus,nouilunium}vclpotiusconiundio luminarium erat in xxv. Marti] anno quarto ante primam Olympia-dcm,aut quintodccimopoft candcm primam Olympiadcni.?6C de-inccps ad 304 annos. Sed ab hoc fxculo noftro poft 150 annoS mi-nuendxerunt neomcnix totidem diebus, quoties 5C4 anni reperien-turpoft annum Chrifti 1700. & forralfe ci tins. Sed quia nullamepo-cham vctcrcm ccrtiorem Oly mpiadum capite habemus: illud autem, cum, I0SOHI SCALIGER.I cum vccuftate comparatiwnouitium rile vidctur: imitiles eruntcha- 4 jactcvcs cyclorum & Indidionis, mfi aquadam rcmotifiima epo. chaioiciumtempomminftituamus. Excogitemus igitur periodunu qua: 8C vtrunquccyclum, 8c Indidionem conrincac quodfict.fi pc. hodum Dionyfij Exigui quindccics mulciplicemus: qui ficnt anni 7980. Ita periodus ilia incipier ab anno primo rum vcriufquo cycli, cum Indkftionis: 8c proindc eiufdcm vkimus annus defimt in vltimis vtriufquecycli, 8C Indidionis. Scd annus Chrifti, vt vulgo putamus, ^67 dcfmec in vkimum vtriufquc cycli,8clndidioms. Ergo deducts ^67 de 7980 annis,relinquetur epocha anniante vulgarcm Chrifti, nempe 4715. Ira vt 47x4 fit primus annus Chrifti vulgaris cyclo Solis x^Luna: z., Indidionis 4, a Kal. lanuarij: quamuis 8c indidio B autumnoproxime antecedent!, Cyclus autem Lunx Marrio fequenti cxpcrit.Quare annus iftc, qui ex errorcvulgi putatur 159-4, eft 6^07 pcriodihuius, quam lulianam vocamus, quod ad lulianam anni for-mamaccommodatafit. IdeoGjoy diuifis per 18, per 19, per 15, habe-bimus huius anni 6507 pcriodi Juliana:, vcl vulgaris Ch rift i 1594, cy. clunv Solis (optimum a Kal. lanuarij: Luna: decimumodauum a Martio fequentc: Indidionis (eptimum Cxfarianx quidem ab ante d. vmKal.Odobris antecedents anni 6jo6:Pontificix veroaKalendis lanuarij anni propofiti 6507. Non prxdicabo laudes huiufce periodi. Chronologi 8c aftrologi,qui omnia difputare volunt^ non poterunt' cam(atis laudarc. Qui igiturcclipfes ex TabulisPru- ( tenicisputaro volcnt,ex anno periodi lulianxauferant 1408.8CCUITL refiduo totoexccrpant tempora epochs:diluuij. Exemplum: Eclipfis Lunaris accidit in.Scptcmbri anno Olympiadico 446, qui eft annus periodi lulianx 4383. Dedudis 1408, remanent, 1975. Excerpo pri-mum 1900 ex epocha Dilmfij: deinde 75, ex filo annorum expanforum. Poftremo menfes vfque ad Scptembrem,. Et reliqua vt ex me* thodoPrutcnkxL. Qui omnedubium ex temporum ratione tollcre, volet,, vti debet hac periodo, fine qua nihil vnquamcerti in notatio-ne temporum adferre poterir. DE ANNO jE Q^V A B I L I I Md N O R E GR^CORVM. Cv m quidamvcterum,vtMacrobius 8c Solinus,annumGia?co-rummcrum Luna rem fuillc prodidcrinc : neque folum in ca, hxrcfi fuerit vir eruditiflimus Theodorus Gaza, fed 8c vetuftiflimunb (criptorcm Hcrodotum opinionisfux teftem adhibeat: equidem non, temere ab eius audoritate difcedcndum efie cenfuiilem,, nifi homi-nerm DE EMENDAT> TEMPORVM LIB. I. 1$ ^ncmclariftimiimr atque:vtriufquhdmgu2B vindicem in temamfefta, piicrilitercrralfedcprchendifieim/Is igfou tt probet menfes Gritco-rutu Lunares;j8talternisplenos 8c cauos finite, hxC verba ex Herodo-to prod licit, ffiojufatofyt trta: afo ioi/W ’hwurfctg qgy (e ultiw ,Videamus,an vera ficfdmmi viri fententia: 8c dies viccfies quinquies mille ac duccnros pet fcptua-gintaannos paniamur. Prodit modus vriius aimiydi&trccthrifexa-ginci,. Perpcram igitur Lunarem annunrd^finittptui'us men^Lom-nesifocrunt folidt Duodeciin enim mealies omiwi annum habuifle, prodit Herodotus, non,-vt'4pfe vtilt, akemidplkinos $ gCtfiuos. Sedcum ea fuerit Gazxfententia,-mirumjiioncoikencumi, fiiifle homincm, vnum Hcrodoti teftimbnium cortha fo prqdajjilfe,, inifi 8c Ariftotcljs akero ex libris locociiiagnam'iwwiartb .cxiftimationviwa: feciffcc. Scribit enim Ariftotde$’Oo',kjWemUp(e Gazu adducitjoco, snoq tuv xttu^p tIutum nyuA iviciMS\ : En quiikpiiey t kxn dicsreft annus foli- dus Grxcorum, hoc eft tbridem diemm, quot iam pofuimus exHero^ doto, nempe c c c l x. Idem chain Cleobuli xnigma canitj-quod ex ipfo Gaza confeflioncm-cxprcfleric,. Ideiufmodi efti ' »7;_ > . Ek o 7WT^.7ro«J«c 3 9! ixarw • ruinu ’7 ’ 7ioufa TtMwfy -<>Pf ■ Xi:iJ 2 cd iCLini . re «(Tcq 047^^. p j;sL' jEnigma quidem: fed ciufmodi,vt ex eo vel pucri diumenf/Annurm I Grfctorum habuilfe menfes- omnes: Sed ciarius Pip niuty acfinc vllo amigmate,: Nallr, inquit, arbitral p&ires /latuat di-I cat^ quam ‘Demetrio Tbalereo &Menu. Siquidem c c c l x flatue-re, qu aimox lac eralter wvL^ nondmn annohunc numerum durum exce-deniej^ Cuius loci Pliniani Varronem interpretem dare poffumuSi qui apud Nonium fcribic DcmetriumPhalereum tot ftatuasadeptum fuillc, quotluceshabetannusabfolutus. Quare modus anniGracci fuitdierum ccc lx. Nonfeitur fuit Lunaris. Laertius deSolono fcribitx hZiwt re rd; xj QiXrwbu) ctyiv. Ergo tern- ponbusSolonis nondum Graxorum annus crat Lunaris. Alioqui ft annus Lunaris fuilfct,, quomodo conftaret id, quod fcribit Plutar-chus,(cilicet defeclionem Lunarem,,qux praxeftit cladem Periarumu adGaugamela, incidilfe in nodem myfteriorum Atticorum, hoc eft ek ? Nam (i vicefima Boedromionis confeduiiL. eft plenilunium, fane fexta, hoc eft ixr« f fuit nouiluniuhij. Non igitur Lunaris fuit ille Boedromiom. Idem Plutarchusin Camillo Lose phi scali geiu harrarn anni kooj in hoc anno Chrifti 1594: quern Muharram fupr^ 4 bftcndimusincurrere in Tifri Judaic urn 5355, cuius Tifri charadcrem fupra cxhibuimus 3,904.1a Tabula annorurri colledorum accip^ numcrum proximo minorg,quam 1001 anni prxterfti: Hoc eft nume-rum 840. quo de iooidedudo,fiiperfunt i6i.dcquibus iterum dedu. dis proximo minoribus 150, fuperfunt 11 prxtcrki expaftfi. lam tolligecharaderes annoru 840,150,11. hoc eft 7,9,360.4,1,710 3,9,792, quicompofiti fimul hunt 7,10,791. His aggerecharaderem Radicis Hegirx 4, ft nu Confurgic neomcnia Tifri 5,3,904^ cum tamen, vt diximus,Muharram vnodicterius fecutus fit. Sed fi vis ratiocinio-rum Arabicorum ^tftTfaunt perfpiccre, hoc potesitx. Hoc anno Chrifti 1594 fyzygix Septembris cogruit neomcnia prima anni Indo- B rum 1690. Ex epilogifmo Arabico debebat efle feria-vi in vi Se-ptembris. ex epilogifmo autem fupcrioris Tabulx,fiuc Iudaico,qui idem eft, debuitcontingete feria v, Septembris quinta-. Sed primus Muharram Indicus incidit in feriam vi, Kal* ipfis lulianis, vtiqueci-tins vno die, quam xquum erat*. Igitur eandem periodum efle opor. tet annorumIndicorum 86 Arabicorum:fiquidem amborum cadent feria fexta eft initium. Abicdis omnibus 110 de 1690, remanet deci, mus annus, cuiuscharader vnitascum icharadere primx Triacon-taetcridis compofitus dabit feriam tertiam anni Indorum propofiti 1690,Septembris 3. Sed quia coniundio pfimi Muharram luliani incidit in Sabbatu, propterea addatur vnitas Tunc eflet neomcnia anni C 1690 in quarta Septembris vno die citius,quam Tifri ludaicus.CauiTa eft,quod in annis Arabicis 1690,101 omittuntur de rationibus Lu- nx, quot anni prxterierunt. Dudis igitur annisprxteritis 1689inn, fiunthorx 18,82.8. hoc eft fere 19 horx. Procmptofis igitur fere vnius diei fada eft in pcriodis Arabicis,a Kal. lanuarij 1 ulianis ad hanc vfq. diem.ln 1160 enim annis Arabicis,iufta vilius diei fit Vro- pterea vt dixi, ftudiofiores Muhamedani,fiue Muflulmanin vtuntur cpilogifmis iis,quos habes in Tabula propofita,vt manifefto extant in meoKalendarioPeriico: in quo menfes duodecim pofiti funt primo ordine-, fed cum epochs. Nam primi menfis charader eft 4,1,86. Reliqui Vndecim per adiedione 1,11,795. hoc eft vnius lyzygixcom- D pofiti funt*. Sccundo ordine funt viginti anni expanfi.Sed primi charader eft 1,1,160. Deinde reliqui 19 per adiedionem 4,8,876. qui eft charader vnius anni,crcteunt. Tertio ordine funt anni colledi per 3,8, i4ocre(centes,qui eft charader viginti annorum Arabico-rum. Sed primi anni charader eft 5,14,586. Ita & menfes 8c anni tarnexpanfi,quam colledi habent Radicem fuam. Quod fane mi-rum eft: cum vna epocha, fiue, vt vocant, Radix, fatis fit cuiuis anno- runt DE EMEND'AT. TEMPORVM LIB. IE I4j rumcollcdioni quantumuis immani. Hxc ego non intclligo,quem-admodum multa alia, qux funt in eo calendario. vt neque id, quod magis miror, nempe quod in Calendario anni temper digefti funt per* I9,i(quc annorum riumcrus Vocatur ,hoc eft periodus Lunaris, Scd anni illi, quorum priiili charader eft, 5,14,586, quique per adie-dioncm viginti annorum crcfcunt,voCanturquoq. IgdL,. quafi tani xx anni, quamxix fint periodus Lunx. Hxc ego illis, qui meliorc in-genio fiint,inueftigandarelinqud.Eft autem Kalendarium illud impe-diriflimis charaderibus exaratum; vt non nifi peritiflimos admittance DE CYCLO iVD^EORVM KARRAIM. B HebrzEORVm, & Moficolarum fumma te diuifio eft in eos, qui obferuant,& eos, qui ab cis alicni funt. SAirtpaw funt teita & traditibhes Magiftrorum. Qui ten-dioncs Magiftrorum tequuntur,edrum duo genera extant in yEgypto in nnmerdfam plebemdinufai eaq. inter fe neque cultu numinis, neque fide diueria, ted rituurti tantum aliquot, 86 ledionum annuarunu ccconomia. Alteri eorum dicuntur Arabice !, Damateeni fiue Syri. Alteri Grxci. Scd 8c vtrique appellationi- bus etiam Hebraicis diftinguuntur. Nam Damateeni D’Sn-^h id eft C Ifraelitx, velHebrxidicuntur. Grxci autem , Babylonij: qui antiquitus a Ptolemxo Lago in ^Egyptum tradudi funt,8c fub Phila-delpho Biblia tantum Grxca inSynagogis experunt legerc, qux iuflu Ptolemxi coadi funt vertereradeo vt pauci inter illosHebraicc feirent. quod non inuitus crediderib, qui Philonem eximium ludxum ex ipfiusmet teriptis Hebraice ncteifle cognoucrit.Grxci vero vel cur dicantur, nunc ignorare non poteft, qui fciuerit eos Grxce tantum Biblia legere telitos.Babylonij autem,funt cognominati, quod fint ex reliquiis eorum,quos ex Chaldxa in patriam reduxit Efdras: tametfi nihilominus Babylonierites. erant etiam alteri. ted cognomine He-btxorum fiue Ifraelitarum diftindi, quod temper Hebraicis ledioni-p bus operamdederunt, Syros cognominarunr,quod ex Syria recenter* poftexcidium Hierofolymoru (ub Romanis Imperatonbus in ^Egy-ptumfponte,an viimmigrarunf. In Adis Apoftolorum non temel vtrumque genus diftinguitur tS&iMN (c Mwistb appellations. Ifti meri ludxi funt*, neque inter fe vlla capitalia odia exercenf, eo-rumque vnus eft computus anni, quamuis in ledionjbus & precibus immane quantum diterepent. Alterius generis Hebrxorum, qui Magiftrorum teita auerfantur, alij legem tantum ampleduntur, nemp& / « DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. IK 144 ; lOSEt’Hl SCALIGEki nempe Samaritx,di] prxter Legem rehqua etiam | vno nomine dicantur *hpp id eft ledio, vel Textus: propcerea ex iftii all] didifunto^i?,! deft Ledi0narij,Sciipturarij,T»Maiirij,Vtaltei^ qui fcriptaRabbinorum non minors rcucremja, quarnLegemipfam fcquuntur^didi funt our? Rabbmiftx,Magiftial^v abalterisitavocatur |I Sed pauci fum-Karj^^ pro portions Rabblnijm, qui per totam Europam diHqftfun^ Jfti4 quamuis meri ludxifunt, tameninexpiabilia qdia irnajc, s^rcent* ncque ab alterutris exprimas, vtalteros faltemalloqua^tf*. ifti Karraim de reliquiis veterum Saddukxorum.. Quia igitur vtri-que nullum inter fe commercium, nihil commune habcnt$prxter Bibliorum textum,ifti Karraim,ne cum ludxis faccre videantur,ra- B tipnem neomeniarum diuerfam a ludxis habenr ,cum ludaria coitu lumiharium,i!lineomenias putent. Quare corum nco mcnix purxputx Arabic# funt, menfium nominibus tantum cum, ludxis conuenientes. QuJ igitur Arabicas ncomenias tenet, is.tenct oc neomenjas Karraim: & ex Laterculo neomenia: Muharram,men. fem Pafchalem Karraim cum Lunatione Dionyfiana comparare poteft. Quare id docere,hoc diet adum agere. Porro horum Karraim fynagoga etiam hodic eft Conftantinopoli. Alix funt in Paleftina,. DE CYCLO TESSARESK2EDECATITARVM ET VETVSTISSIMORVM ASI/E CH RI S TI A N O R V M. q In primordiis Ecclcfix turn Apoftoli, turnqui cos centum annis poftea fequutifuntjPafchafemperludaicecelebrarunt, vt teftan-turEufebiuSj&c hiftoria vetusEcclefiaftica,Scpoft omnes Nicephorus Calliftus.SedfubCommodoii,quiIudaicePafchacclebrabant,dam-nati funt hxrdeos a Vidorc Romano Epifcopo, Sc aliis, quos ipfe im fynodu conuocauerat. Differentia autem huius celebrationis duplex eft. Autenim in rationeLunx,autin ritu. Rationis Luna: irem duplex differentia eft. Autenim in neomenia,quatenus neomcnix tripliciter vfurpatx funt a veteribus, vt in anno Grxco difputauimus: aut in cm-bolifmo.Neomenixenimaut xj auoo^ov, quales prifeorum Attico-rum, aut x? quales veterum Chaldxorum,aut xj D fzluuoet^ putantur,quales funt Arabum. Embolifmi diffcrunt pro rations capitis cyclorum-.quandoquidem alij aliunde cycles fuOsor-diuntur.vt ludaici cycli annus primus efttertius noftri in Tifri, & quartusinNifan. Hoc modo Chriftianorum menfis Pafchalis ali-quando incurrit in Ijar ludaicum^idquc in cyclo 8,& 19. Ritus autem TSayapgcxcMt^xarmWifterebat interdum folo tempore a ritu Europxo-rumzquod Europxi Dominica die a>)a7acn(aoj' celebrandurm cenfcrent cenfcrent, Tsoi-^incouiefaiTiTo^ autem 7r%7rsm fzltussTtA^sMAiiu.oifl;sw rsarctyt. Quatuordecim ergo annis cyclum ludaicum definit, cum, in illo interuallo v$o%h Solaris fit dierum quatuor, hor. 16,1051. Sed nequcvllaprxcifa ratio ita confici ex ilia Teflarefdecacteride poteft. Quatuordccim anni lulianifiunt dies 5113, horse 11. AnniLunaresto- > tidem fimpliccs 4956. Differentia dies 157,11. De quibus intercalcn-B tur TyaxovSn/M^i mentesv. Remanent dies 7-A Deinde quatuor horx quatuordccicsconftituunt dies quatuor, horas 8. qux fumma. de diebus 74-detrafta relinquit differentiam verx Tefiarcfdecaetc-ridis- 8cfalfx, dies iA En ratioprxeife. Ta men 8>C in Palxftina^, 8c inter ludxos 8< Samaritanos adco ilium ex eius ftriptis verlatum pa-rctjVt ex illistcire potuerit, quifnam corum anni ciuilis flatus & forma efiet. Sed omnes vctcrcs leriptores hac in parte negligentix culpa, liberate non poffum,. DE HECC2EDECAETERIDE HIPPOLYTI EPISCOPh p Octaeterida primamfuiffc inftitutamanteomnesaliaspc-riodos Lunarcs,ex iis,qux fiipra ftridtim dcmonftrauimus,con-ftare poteft. Dionyfius quoque A lexandrinus etiam poft alios Odae-terida inftituit:inquaoftenditPafchaante xxn Martij riteeelebrari non poftcjinepiftola, quam ad Domitium SiDidymum fcripfit, 8c Canoni Oftaetcridos fax prxfixit. In qua, vt inquitEufebius,(c xaw. vet j (^,on fin aMoTg,w $ tIuj etctyM iw/Myttv Tret^ot tyM Tra^ct^^. Producebat enim, vt puto, vetuftiffimum Canoncm,« n? 7$tf(ZvTS&im hc&Moc tum dywuy J’llaya n’aezw? ^gra Idouw ('or- D rexit igitur annum quondam Odlaetcridis,quern ex communi embo-limxum fccit, vt manifefto oftenditEpiftola-, ne Pafcha ante xxn Martij celebraretur. An poft hunc Dionyfium, an vero ante pciio-duinfuam xvi annorum fcripferit Hyppolytus, hoc vero diuinaro eft. Id vnum cxploratum habemus,hunc noftrum Hippolytum nihil nouiadhancrem attulifle - vt aliquid in embolifmis, aut neomeniis innouaueriL. Sed vidit illc in duabusOdactcridibusaliquam lericm, feriarum DE EMEND AT. TEMPORVM LIB. II. I47 feriarum effe, vt temper x v 11 annus incipiaraferia proximo antece-dente illam,a qua primus annus experac. Exemplum. Incipiat primus annus a feria prima. Annus decimusleptirnus incipiet a feria proximo antecedenti, nempe a Sabbato; deinde annus tricefimus terrius a feria fexta: quadragefimus nonusa feria quinta: & ita perorbem,donee compleantur xim odaetcrides,qux font feptem gxxaJgxflunie^. Etianihoc habet infigne hxc periodus, quod annus vltimus incipiat* ab cadem feria, a qua primus. Quxomnia pores vidcre in fubieda^ TabulaCanonis. Hocmodd&capitc&calce fibi tota fimilis eft periodus gxxou^xaeTOgAxw. Nam feries feriarum capitis Z,$-,E, △, r,B,A, occurrit eadem fcrie immutabili in limbo. Hxc ratio fuit,quare «x-$ xzw^^sm^a potius, quam ox&gire/ta. amplexus fit. Quxomnino puerilis eft,vt fuo locodemonftrabitur, 8cvitia huius pcnodidecla-rabuntut. c D HEC C jEDEC AETERIS PASCHALIS HIPPOLYTI E P IS C 0 Pl, ab anno primo Impcratoris Alexandri. - E M B O L. E I D I B. APRIL. G F E D c B A I IUJ. NON. A PR1L D C B k B A G I£_ BISSEX. X I I .XL KAL. April. A G F E D 1 ■ (3 B III E M B O L. ~V. E 1 D. APRIL. G F E — j n c B A [III I III- KAL-APRIL. D G B A G b E V XV. KAL. APR IL. A G F E D C VI_ EM 80 Lj BISSEX. NON. APRIL. G F E D C B A VII VIII. KAL. APRIL. ' P c B A G F IE VIII EMBOL E I D 1 B. A PR1L. B A G F E D IX till. NON. A PRIL. G F E £) c B 1 A X BISSEX XII.XI. K AL. APRIL. D (j B A G F Ei E M S O L. V. EID. APRIL. B A G_ E ,D. XII Uli. KAL. APRIL. G F E D c 1 k XIII XV. KAL. APRIL. D Qj B A G 1 F I E XIIII E M B O L. BIS SEX. NON. APRIL. C B A G El E D XV VIII. KAL. APRIL. G IF", E D C j B A XVI N 1 DE CY- 148 IOSEPHI SCAIICERl DE CYCLO P A S C H A LI ALEXANDRINORVM. . . I Qv a n t v m antiquitus in Eccletia curbatum fit propter Pafcha. J lis cultus obferuationem, Sc ij fciunt,qui hiftoriam Ecclefiafti- | cam legerunt^Sc nos quxda paulo ante delibauimus, cum oftendimus J in hac cclebratione diflenfum fuifte dupliciter; in die, Sc in mente. Jn | die,cum Teffarefcxdecatitx omniplenilunio,reliqui dominica proxi- 1 ma port plcniluniu Pafchacclcbrarent. In menfe.cum alij plenilunio | proximo poft xquinodiu vernum, alij plenilunio ante xquinodium. I Qux diucrfitas contingebat ex embolifmis, cum aliis gcntibus idem f annus embolimxuseftet,qui aliis communis. Di cTitas vero embo-B f lifmoru nata ex co, quod alij Odaeteridas ample#crcntur, alij TetTa- £ retcxdecaeteridas, alij Heccxdecaeter Idas. Hoc vi loresperiti Alexan- t ,drinxEcclefix,itatumukus Sc turbas in ccclefia componi pofteputa- | runt,,fl ratio Sc modus periodoru Lunarium, quibus hadenus vteba-tur Ecclefia, mutaretur. Itaquead vcterum Grxcorum atqueadeo ludxorum epilogifmos confugerpnt, prxfcrtinb cum quotidie ludxi Chriftianis merico exprobrarent Pafchatis celcbrandi nullamaliamrationem iniri po(Te,quam earn, quo: inter ipfos v fitata erat. Quam ludxorum oftentationcftomachabundus caftigatlmperatorCoftantinusepiftola adEccle-fias de Adis Concilij, Liinquit, ajjfidcAr- C/XUrd? 6-k 71^'S.T-, t OUU'HiV ch- JacrxaTuas fakct (pvActdiv GttApSp ixxwf Sed ludxi rede Chriftianorum fupinftatcm arguebanc, inter quos hadenus nemo extitiflet, qui rem lu-dxis,Chaldxis, Syris, Hagarenis, Samaritanis, Grxcis tritiflimam isnorarcnt.Lunx&xaTas’a-ov in xix annis lulianis fieri. Non tulerunt igi-tur hocEccb 'ix /Egypti, Sc abrogatis Odactc-ridibus,Heccxdecaeteribus.,&aliis incptisperio-dis, Erneadecaeterida conftruxerunt, cuius primus annus incidit in514 Adiacx vidorix, cyclo Dionyfiano xi x, cyclo Solis xn 1. Neomenia_ Lunaris Sc Toth cohucniebant in vnum, feria vi. 1 1 5 4 j G I Diet | Paophi. 7 8 9 10 11 12 :: 15 XV 16 ini J7 I 18 XII >9 * 10 21 IX 22 I 2 J [xvi I ' 24 ; vi ■ v I 26 XHIl 27 j III 28 2<) |x 1 I 50 [XIX 6 1-8 9 ’7 18 20 23 24 2; 27 28 XVIII I JO I 2 5 V c X Neomeniahodierna Tifri 4045 tranflata fuillet in fccundam Toth propter Adu. Ab hoc principio cxptumab yEgyptiis putare uutia, imperij Dioclctiani, eoqtie ad hanc vfquc diem vtuntur Ecclefix tain jEgypti, quam ^Ethiopia: inepilogifmo Pafchali, propter cyclum, Toth DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. II. I49 Toth Dioclctiani. Adeoque Ecclefiis omnibus hxc ratio placuir, vt non fblum iptx cycles fibi fimiles inftitucrinr, fed Sc fiquando controuerfia de fblcnni Pafchatis incurreret, ea de re ad Alcxan-drinam Ecclefiam rcferretur': quod alibi tetigimus. Imo cura de-nunciandx fblennitatis Pafchalis Romano Epitcopo delcgata fine Alexandrine antiftiti pcrlmperatorcmu, vt luculcntiflime traditur a Beda,xl ii cap. de sationc temporum. Huius cycli plcrique veterurm merninerunt: fed Sc inter alios Ambroiius cpiftola i x x x 11i, lib. x, in hxc verba: ^Anno lxxx, ex die imperijDioclctiani, cum xi i n Lunaeflet ix Kalend. A prills, nos eelebranima Tafcba prid. Kalend,. A prills. Alexandr ini cjuocjue Abgyptifr 'ut fpfi fcripferunt\ cum inci- difiei x 1111 Luna x x v 111 Tharmutht menfis,cdcbrarunL Ta-fcha quinta die Pharmuthi menfis, qut efl pridie Kal. A prills. & fr con-uenerenobifeum. Hocacciderenonpotuitjnifianno Chrifti yq. Tunc cnimterminusPafchalisfuit2.4Martij,cycloLunx 13, literadomini-cali F, cyclo Solis 18. Quarc error eft lxxx ex die imperij Diocle-tiani,pro lxxxix: item xxvi 11 die Pharmuthi,pro Phamcnuthi. Quarc corrigatur locus optimi Sc ChriftianiiTimi fcriptoris. Primi igituromnium Chriftianorum Alcxandrini Sc cyclum decemnoue-nalem inftitucrunt, Sc epadas docuerunt, qux in primo, aut fecundo menfe,hoc eft in Toth,aut Paophi, nouiluniumindicarent. Annus enim Lunaris duodecim menfium alternis plcnorum Sc cauo-q rum eft: cxceftus autem Solis fupra ilhirrL,dies xi: qui detradi do menfe relinquunt xix cpochamnouilunij. Secundo annoexceflus eric bis xi. qui detradus de menfe relinquitcpocham nouilunij im vin mentis. Tcrtio anno ter x i dies funt maiorcs menfe. Detrado menfe, relinquuntur in diesexcetfus,quidemenfe dedudi relinquunt epocham neomenixinxxvi i mentis. Itatemperproceditur per incremcntum x i, Sc detradionem mentis Lunaris, vbi opus eft. Hx dies wAxctxwc vocatxfunt ab Alexandrinis S7ra?.Tul: qux cum detradx fuerintde menfe, reliquum vocatur a Grxcis, voce Geometrica^iVt vfiirpatur ab Euclide propofit. l x x i i i i libri x. Arabcs vocanc . ETraxroi didx idco, quod vt Luna So-D lem confcquatur, adiiciendx funt: quafi alcititiasdicas. Hxc fuic prima origo Epadarurru , qux temporibus Dioclctiani antiquior non cft:cum tamen hodic quidam acutieasa Cxfare fimul cum anno Solari excogitatas dicanc. Imo ne vfus quidem eArum ftatim in vul-gus. Longeenim pofterior ilia res, quam cychis. Sed & Eufebius aliiim poftca cyclumGrxcisinftituit,qui nihil aliud eft,quam Alcx-andrinus. Non cnim vllum commentus eft: ted Alexandrinunu Grxcis publicauitJ:quodex xlii capipeBedxderationctemporum. N 5 conftat \, i' . ■. ■ 150 t lOSE^ril SCALIGERI conftat. Itaqucex Ambrofiocognotcirnus temper Grxcis cum Alex. A andrinis de celebratidne Patcha conuenifie, Occidentals autem ah ipfis diferepafte in cyclo 8, Sc 19. De quorum Occidentalium cyclo dicendurm. Vfus Epadx & Apotomes hie eft. Detrada Epada de diebus mentis jeliquum dicitur Apotome, eique apponitur cyclus. Exemplum.Quandocycluseft 1111, Epada eft 14,qua:detradade 30 diebus mentis relinquit 16 diem mentis apotomcn, cui apponitur 1111 nota cycK. Sic cum cyclus eft x v 11, Epada 7 de 2 0 diebus de trada relinquit apotomcn 2.3 diem mcntisxui apponiturx v 11, cyclus nempe illius anni. Apdtomxigitur notanr nouilunia in diebus mentis. Et hoc per totum annum, ac deinccps tingulae notx pertoturm cyclum,. • B DE CYCLO PASCHAL! OCCIDENTALIVM StVE LATIN ORVM. Mirvm Vidorem Epitcopum Romannm expoftulatfe cuitl Afianis, quod nullum aliud Pafcha agnotcerent prater x 1111 Nifan Iudaici,cum ipteinterea nullo certo Canone ad Pafchalenu neomeniam deprehendendam vteretur: fiquidem odaeteride & hec-cxdecaeteriderem explicabant: quocontequcbantunvtco nomine a TctTaretcaidecatitisriddrencur,qui neomeniispure ludaicis vtebantur. Qilin poftea quern cyclum admi(crunt,is merus erat Iudaicus,& non C alius, quamTcflarctcardecatitarunL: cuius exemplum infra fubie-cimus. In omnibus igiturconueniebat inter vtrofque,praterquam in cyclis 8, &19 Alcxandrinorum. Nam cum ij tintEmbolimxi, iru Occidentalium cyclocrant communes, vtporc, cum odauus Alexandrinus fir quintus Occi-dentalis, 19 autem Alexandrinus fit texnrtdeci-mus Occidentals. Ita Occidentals Itali,Hifpa- Emb.. ni, & Galli Patcha in Nifan ludaico celebra-bant, Alexandrini autem &C Grxci in Ijar ludai- Emb-co. Quarcannis Chrifti 330,349,387,in quibus Emb. currebat cyclus Alcxandrinorum odauus, item. in annis 341,379, qui inciderunt in annum, 19 Emb. ciufdemcycli Alexandrini, Latini Patcha in Ni-fam, Alexandrini, &C Grxci in Ijar cclcbrarunt,. Emb-Vidorinus in Prologo fuse magnx periodi it a. r -1 1 r • tit , Emb. ten be bat: Latim a 111 Aon arum Martiarunc^ ad 1111 l\cnas sprites,diebtu fctlicet x x ix,ob- Etnb- fcruandwn maxime cenfuerunL'ut quocwtque eorum die Luna ftier it nata 17 Emb. 18 1 ^.Emb, 31 * 6 7 8 9 io 3 4 Emb. Emb. J} 8 £ 101 Emb. Emb. >4; 161 >4 Emb. DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. II. 15I 54#, effidat primi menfis inttium, cutw Luna decima quar ta fi feria ftxtt prouenerit, fubfequens dominions, id eft Luna decima fexta^fe-fliuituti Pafchah [me ambiguo deputed#. Sin autem die Sabbati pie-nilunium ejje contigeritconfequenticDominico Luna decimaqumtu reperiri , eadem Hebdomada fran/miffa', in alt er urn diem Donnni-cum 3 id eft, Lunam tviceftmam fecundam\ transferri debere Pa/cha dixerunti: ne minus eiu[denL> Dominici peraoendo myfterio deftina-re»t>, quam fextamdedmam, nec ampliw, quam 'vicefimam fecundarru Lunam altcjuando reciperenL , eligerites pottos in Lunam tvtceftmam-> fecundam diem fefti Pafchalu extendicjuam domtnicam Pafionenu ante Lunam quartamdecimam wllaterMS ineboari. Quartafdecimas oporto Lunas menfis eiufdem a Xv Kaltndarum Apnhum ‘vfyue in XVI Kalendas Maias afferuntJ effe feruandas. Haderlus Vidorinus. Vbi vides manifefto quartamdccimam vocari pleniluhium.: quia neomenix Chnftianorum Patchales funt (ptLrtw. Porro multafunt in verbis Vidorini,qux meriiorcprehendas,fiadexamenu conferantur. DE PERIODIS PASCHALIBVS THEOPHILI, CYRILLI, VICTORINI, VICTOR1S, DIONYSII EXIGVI. Qv a m vis dePafchatispritcorituapud Chriftianosaliquid fii-periorecapitetetigimus, tamcn locus hie poftulat, vt de ea rc> ampliusdicamus. Omnes vetcrcs Chriftiani Patcha ad annum Lu-narem dirigebanb, hoc folo ad earn rem xcwvtentes, atque eo putantesteveftigiis Mofis Sc ludxorum infiftere. Sed duplex erat differentia. Altera eft quod alij citius, alij terius aliis mentes intercala-banc. Nam Afiani, quiIoannis Euangelifhe, & aliorum,quiApo-ftolorumxqualesfuerunt, veftigia fcquebantur, mero anno ludaico vtebantur. Europxi vetocyclum fuum ad xquinodiumcompone-bant, & proximo poftarquinodium plenilunio Patcha celebrabanr. Hxc erat differentia in menfibus. Altera differentia erat in die: quod alij videlicet ludaicein x 1111 Nitan , alij proxima poftquaitamde-D cimam Lunam die Dominica, tblcmnitatem Pafchalem indicebant. Imo aliud tertium genus erat hominum, qui priuatum Sc propriunu morem habercnL. Nam quia veteribus perfuafum erat Chrifturm patfurn viii Kal.Aprilis,Gallicana:Ecclcfix,quacunquedie vm Kal. Aprilis fuitfent, in ea die Patcha celebrabant. Audor Beda dc> Temporum rationecap.xLim. Hine conrcntiones ortx a temporibus vfq. Vidoris Epifcopi Romani hadenus Eccletiam agitarunt, donee vtrique malo per panes Niccnos occurreretur. Hi differentiam pri-N 4 marm, TJ1 lOStPHI SCALIGERI maimquxcrat in Embolifinis,itacompofuerunc, vtPafchakmquar- A tamdecimam earn ftatucrent,qux proxime xquinodium fcqueretuq quod tunc deprehendebatur in xxi Martij. Alteram differential^, propter quam capitalia odia in Ecckfiis fuccrcueranc,nihilominus fuftukrunt,indida cekbritate Pafchatis in earn Dominicans, quae x 1111 diem Pafchakm fcqueretur. Ita duo fublata a confeffu Nice, no, diuerfitas 'embolifmorunv,& diuerfitas diei. Nam antea nois conudnicbat inter Ecclefias Oricntis, & Occidents. Europxi dvasotatpi rationem habebant: Afiani 7rd%oiT& : quod Chriftiani w.u/xoy Si wd^a. id di™ vocanL. Huie gencri ho. minum nomen fadum ouptmt Ttoro^tmoahxa.Ti’rdv, vt iam diximus. Ncquetamen ftatim port Nicenam fynodum a diftenfionibus teni-B peratum. Iam fexcenta millia cyclorum, Odaeteridum, Teftarcskx. decacteridon ab hominibus otiofis edita nihil aliudquaininfcitians audorum detegebant. Cyclusquidem Lunarisoftendebat epochas quartarumdecimarum Pafchalium.;quos Terminos Pafchales Com. putatorts vocant'. Sed quotiefcunque ipfi Termini in dominicam* incidebant, maxima pars Ecckfiarum in ipia quartadecima, Ka.^ dvasduip.01 cekbrabanf: reliqui autem in dominicam proxime ft- j quentem'transfcrcbant. Itanullus finis crat diifentiendi. Tandem, Computatoribus vifum non aliter has lites componi poffe, quam, fi vtTerminorumPafchaliunsJta feriarumquxdam periodus,aut cyclus inftituerctur, quo vertente,omnis ratio feriarum &C Termi-^ norum Pafchalium in orbem redirect Primus omnium •, quod qui-dem feiamus, earn rem aggreflus eft Cyrillus Alexandria: Epifco-pus, excogitata annoruni nonagintaquinque periodo, quam ob id vocauir', camquo ad-ditis feftiuitatis Pafchalis rationibus Ecckfiis publicauib: cuius periodi initium con-furgebat ex anno Diocktiani ccntefimo quin-quagefimo tertio, anno Chrifti vulgari, 5 8 0, Poftumio Syagrio v. c> Fl. Annio Eucherio c o s s. cum anno antecedence expiffet didus annus Diocktiani. Sed earn rurfiis cafti-gauic Theophilus eiufdcm vrbis Epifcopus, edita totidem annoruns , fed caftigatioro, vt ipli videbatur, fiimpto initio ab anno Chrifti 457, qui crat Diocktiani 110, Fl. Si-gcuukejV. c, Fl. Actio v. c. Mag. vtr. milit. coss. Dionyfius Abbas cognomine fcribit periodu ipfius Cyrilli expiffe ab anno Diode* ELENCHVS Period: THEOPHILI BT CYRILLI. Cydui । Litera Cy«!u» |titera 1 G 10 D G 5 D 6 G ’4 D ’7 AG ED 18 A 8 E 11 A 19 E 11 A 1 E r BA 15 FE 16 B 14 F 17 \ B 7 F IO 1 B 18 F 11 CB 1 1 GF 4 C 1 'J C 16 c 9 DC DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVKF LIB. II. I55 A Diocktiani 153, vt quidem a nobis pofitum eft. Sed quidam Chro-nologi contrarium in fuis indicibus temporum annotarunt: inter quos Florentins Wigornienfis monachus ait Theophilum orfum pc-riodum fuam anno Diocktiani 15 3, Chrifti 380, Cynllum auterm fuam anno Chrifti 457* Nos melioribus audonbus, Dionyfio 8C Gennadio, contrarium fccuti fumus: quorum alter, vt diximus, air earnperiodum inireab anno Chrifti 380, id eft Dioclctiani 155. alter veto ait Theophilum earn obtulifteTheodofio iuniori. Id vero plane conuenit anno Chrifti 380. Sed non (bl um vitiola, led ridiculaeft hxc periodus.Nam 84annis,qui ftinttres cycli Solares,detradis de 95 annis remanetannus cycli vndecimus Iraq, fi annoxn cycli,a quo proxime 5 lequitur bilextum, perpctiioaddantur vndecim, primus annus primx periodi, fecundx,tertix,& quarto: incipiet a litera g. annus vero primus quiiEX,fcxtx, fcptimx, odaux ini bit alitera proxime fcquente, nempcab a. Sc ficdeinceps.vt habes in Tabellafuperiori. quudpotcs periclitari in annis Chrifti. Anno Chrifti 535, cyclus Solis x 11, litera dominicahs g, Terminus 1 Aprilis feria fecunda. Hoc continuatur annis fequenribus 650, 715, 82.0, cyclis Solis 13,6,17. Sed annis fc-quentibus 915,1010,1105, moo, critferiaprinn,cyclis Solis 18, it,2.1,5. Reliqua perte potes experiri. Hac Theophili & Cyrilli hallucinatio-ne deprehenla, Vidorinus (Victorias dicitur Fedx, & aliis) nations , Aquitaniisjnuitatus ab Hilario Sardo Romx Epifcopo,comentus eft C periodum fatiseleganrem,dudis annis cycli Solaris in annos cycli Lu-naris, qui huntomnes anni 531, quorum orbe fcrix Termini Pa-fchalesad initiumftium recurrunc. Qupd faneprudenrer ab eo fa-dum, (iquidem neomenix vni diei affixx client in Kalendario, ncque 1 Vnodiein anteriora per 304 annos eniterentur. Initium huic ma-gnx periodo a Kalend. lanuarij anno,in quern contulit baptifmuni. Chrifti,qui erat, vt ipfeputauir, xv Tiberij, confulatu duorum Geminorum, cyclo Solis vndecimo, Lunx duodecimo- anno periodi lu-lianx 4743. Eamque periodum continuauitcircitervfq uc ad tempera lua, appofitis a latere paribus Confulum,vt vidimus in peruetufta-magniillius Cuiacij membrana, maiulculis literis,quas capitaks vo-|Dcant;pericripta_. ScdfbediiTimierrores crantJ,tamin Confulum nominibus, culpa libra riorum- quam in terminis Palchalibus Sc domi-nicis rclurredioniSjUegligcntia iplius Vidorini. Ncque melior eft codex, quern penes nos habcmus. In vtroque codicc nomen Vidorini, non ' idorij prxferebatur. His erroribustam Pafchalium Terminorurn, quam raj'xygxaxJv manum admouit Vidor Capux Epifcopus, qui huius periodi eknehum fcriplit anno Chrifti 550, qui eratnonus poft Confulatum Bafilij lunioris. Hoc enimcolligimus ’ ' ex verbis IOS'EVPHI SCALIGERI ex verbis ipfius Vittoris. Cum , inquit, Tafchalft veneranda folen- A nitasquanam die pot if imam proueniret ,per anni prrfentft Indiftio. riem tertiamdecimam , a nobis folicite qu&reretur, & tuxta PatrunLi wenerabilia Conftriuta oftauo Kalendarum Matarum diceremw re-furreftwnem Domini proculdubio celebrandam : aliquibus minime ra-tionabilu vifd eft noftra reftonfio: to quod Viftorius quidam in circulo Pafchali, quern edidtt, airier diem dominict refur reft ion ft affixerit, licet & hunc deft'gnauerit, quern nos celebrandum pari ter profit emur. Poft: Sed nunc, inquam, ordo expetit,vt cyclorum ,quos I iftorius edidit , patefaciam euidenter errores, dum nefcit legitimum diem definite Ta-fchalem: vt cum in pr&teritft oftenfus hoc modo fuerit deliquiffe, in pr&-fentibw ac futures, auftorttate care at, occafionem prauA perfua- B fionis amrifat. Hare omnia igitur non potuero concurrere, nifi im annum Chrifti 550, nempevt indittione tertiadecima Pafcha ayaya-ttyioy conueniret in xx 1111 Aprilis. Igitur fcripfiL, poft tempore luftiniani, Sc quidem poft Dionyfium pta^v, Mirum igitur,cur Dionyfij nullam fecerit mentionem, ft Dionyfius Vittorini, fine Vittorij periodum emendauit. Hxc igitur Vittoriniana, fine Vitto-riana periodus inrerpolata eft a Dionyfto non folum in Terminis Pa-fchalibus Sc Dominicis refurrettionis, fed etiam in capito, quod quidem non a baptifmo, vt Vittorinus, fed a prima Pafchali quar-tadecima deducit,in menfe Martio. Itaquc pcriodi auttor V ittorinus, emendatorautem Dionyfius, qui hac interpolatione precium eius ac- q cendit, Sc dignitatem ill i commendationefiiaquxfiuit: adco vt apud pofteritatem non Vittoriniana abauttorc, fed Dionyfiana a reccn-fitore dici meruerit. Sero ramen inEccIefiis Gallix locum habuit, quxadhuc Vittorini priorem editionem retinebant, vt conftat ex Gregorio Turonenfi, Aimoino monacho,SC Adono Viennenfi. Itaque neftio an apud illos Vittoriscyclus perperam aut V ittorij, pro Vittorini. Nam fcio nunc Vittorinum, nunc Vittorium vocari,non autem Vittorerm. Vittor enim Vittorinum emendauit, vtiarti vidimus. Scripfit igitur cyclum fuum Dionyfius anno Chrifti 516, vt ipfemet teftatur ft\svox\ori\Tr&fentft annimonftremusexemplum. Indi ft to qutppe quartn eft, & Lun ar ft cyclus vndecimtis, & decemnouen- D nalft quartufdecimus, Pt quia Hendecadis eft fextus annus, eum 7a pen effe necejfe eft. <±A quintadectma itaque Luna pr&teriti fefti,vfque adquartamdecimam prafentis ,quot dies funt->, diligent ites inquiramus, & inueniemus proculdubio, quando Tafcha celebrare debemus. Tranf afto anno per fndiftionem tertians , PafchA quart amdecimam Lu-nam, nono die Kalendarum aprilis, id eft vicefimaquarta die menfis eTldartij,fui(fc, quis dubriizt? Anno igitur Chrifti quingentefimo vice-fnno ... DE EMENDAT. tFMPORVM LIB. II. I$‘$ A fimofexto cyclum Vittorini recenfebat Dionyfius, incipicns fuum_, cyclum ab anno vltimo illius,id eft ab anno quingentefimo tricefimo fecundo. Prxcipit enim annis Domini vnitatem addere, reliquum im xi x partiri: quod fcilicet annus primus cycli fecund um Alcxandri-nos, eft is, cuius neomenia incidit in 11 diem Martij. Cum autenv ecclcfia admilerit natalem Chrifti in xxvDecembris,Dionyfiuspu-tauit eum natalem incidifle in annum,cuius xxn Martij habuit ncomeniam, Sc proinde fuiffe primum cycli. Itaque fequens Martius, qui competit primo anno Chrifti currenti, habuit cyclum fecundum. De quo poftea fatis loco fuo. Magnus igitur ifte cyclus $ conftat enneadecaeteridibus xx v 111, aut cyclis Solis xix: Enneadecaetcris vero diebus 6955, quatuor prxtcrea diebus, quxin quatuor bifoxtisintercalan-tur. Nam horx 18 appendicesex tribusquadrantibus diet conflatx eximuntur fine cycli: quodGrxcivo-cant o-gAw, noftri Computatorcs faltung Lunx. Alioquin ablque ilia fuccifioneeflet dies vl-tima cycli peflum irct in x x 111 Martij: a qua potius incipere debet cyclus. Terminorum epochas conie-cimus in laterculum, quas iam Luna diem vnum a temporibus Niccnx Iynodi,biduum autem a Chrifto q anteuerterat: id quod ipfe Dionyfius indicat, emm aliumcyclum Lunarem, alium Paichalem inftituat. Ad methodum cycli Lunaris IxculoDionyfianocon-uenientis tria detrahenda funt de cyclo Pafchali. Proinde anno Chrifti 516, cyclus Palchalis erat quartus decimus,Lunaris vndccimus. Manifcftumeft autem,vbiperiodus Cyrilli definit, inde Dionyfianam iftcipero. Annus primus Cyrillianx eft annus Chrifti 457* nonagcfimus quintus eft 551 Chrifti. Hoc etiam monet ipfe Dionyfius: Hoc monemus, inquit, quod cyclus ifte non agintn quinque annorum, quern fecimus, non per omnia in fe ipfum rcutrtitur* pt/ ideo poft expletionem nonaginta quinque annorum-' 3 non ad quin-turn cyclum fanfti Cyrilli.qui incepttcyclos fuosab anno centefimoquin-quagefimo tert to Diocletiani, quorum quint um cyclum nc effarto no-bft prApofuimus, fed ad noftrum primum cyclum , quern nos ab anno ducentefimo quadragefimo oftauo eiufdem Diocletiam incepimus . le-ftor adewrat. Continuauib autem totam periodum ad annurm 1063, vt ait Beda. HineiplcBcda ad annum 1596. Sed ineptiffi-mum tres periodos continuare. cum vna fufliciat,fiquidemin vna^ L A T E R. C V 1 V -M T « K M 1 H 0 K V M Pifchalium in cyclo Dionyfun*. twvyXuoi UltllOUtl । TERMINI ; Palchalcs. I v. Aprilis t xxv. Martij } xm. Aprilis 41 1 1. Aprilis xxn. Martij 6 y Apulis '! 7 x x x. Martij 8 xvir 1. April. 9 vii. Aprilis IO !xxv j 1. Marr. 11 xv. Aprilis 11 1111. Aprilis '5 xxii n.Mar. ■4 xi 1. Aprilis Kai. Aprilis :6( xx 1. Mamj 17I ix. Avails 18 x x i x, Martij 19 xvi 1 .Aprilis. omnes I O’SETH I SCALIGERI omnesferix Si Termini Pafchales recurrunr. Sedipfe Dionyfius,qui^ nihil aliud, quam V idorianam periodum recoxit, ne i plc quidem per omnia fetutum a rcprchenfione prxftitit. Ecce in illis verbis, qUx fupra adduximus, ait anno Chrifti 515 ,indidione tertia, tcrminuuL Pafchalemincidifle in xxim Martij, cum ramen eftet in xxmt Dicitenim nono Kalendarum Martiarum, cum verefuerit decimo Kalcndarum-be vicefimaquarta.cuinfuent vicefima tertia. Nequc vcroputeserroremlibrariorum. Plura enim Sc talia Sc maioris mo. menti peccata funt abeo. Ecce in eius cyclo primus annus a Chrifto habet,vt debet, terminum Pafchalcm v Aprilis: eregione vero lite-ramdominicalcm e, hoc eft cyclum Solis v 111. Atqui co tempore primus annus cycli Lunaris refpondebat nono Solari • fecundus, qui ft eft primus annus Chrifti vulgaris, conueniebat in decimum, non in odauum,vtvultDionyfius. Rurlus primus annus fecundx periodi eft 531 Chrifti. Rede notatur Ter minus in v Aprilis, & litcra domi-nicalis b item rede. cur non in priore eodem modo ? Sed SC inepte vnitatem adiiciendam prxeipit ad methodum cycli. Nam in omni xra primus annus poteftefle primus cycli tarn Lunx,quam Solis. An. no primo NabonaftaricyclusLunx erat xv. Itaque qui in rarione Pafchxeftquintufdecimus,inrationeannorum NabonafTari eft pri-mus. Quod enim dicaturprimus cyclusLunas,non magis poteft efle primus,quam principium eflein circulo.Omne principium in circulo eft 5mi,n6 Sed quiaprima enneadecaeteris Chnftiana caepit ab p initio Dioclctiani, propterea is annus eft primus cycli Chriftiani. De hallucinationcautemincomputationcannorum Chrifti, alibi fufius dicetur. Nam male merituseft de poftcritate Chriftiana, qui primus omnium xram Chriftivno anno mutilauit. Porroperiodus haze,quia, a natali Chrifti initium capir, proptcrea periodus annorum gratia: vo-cata eft. JZthiopes vocant annos gratix. Ea .vt diximus,antc tempera Caroli Magni in Galliis locum non habuit,cyclo Vidorianore-gnum in Ecclefi is G allicis obtinento. DE FALSO CYCLO PASCHALL Er at genus hominum 3 cui ndmen impofitum nullum memini. Tantum eorum methodum,qua vtebantur in cyclo fuo Pafcha-li, Maximus Monachus vocat (c wrcwA&jtn^quod vno ver-bo poterat dicere « JgxctTrAaw, vel Nam primuni. aliquid fexies, deinde idem quinquies multiplicare, aut diuidere, tan-tundem eft, ac fcmel vndccies id faccro. Ij igitur homines, vt ait Maximus, primo annum fuumLunarem fupra 354 dies, quinque ctiam DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. II. 1^7 \ {crupulorum diurnorum xftimabant. Deinde quot dies a Kal. Ian. putanturadterminum PafchalcmEufebianum,hoc eft,ad terminum in omnibus Ecclefiis receptuim, tot (crupulos dierum colligcbanc. Dcniqucfingulis annis cycli vndenos dies imputabant. Tandem a congerie illorum vndccim dierum, fcrupulorum, Sc dierum a Kal. lanuarij colledorum, abiedis omnibus rricenariis,reliquum pro termino Pafchaliaccipiebant". Hoc modo aliquando x 1111 Luna exi-bat, aliquando x v, & x v 1. Quod ft abied is 30, rcliquum cllct x v 1 Luna, 8c in {ecundam feriam incidcret,7ra^« aVavocnuoi' in prxccdcn-ncclcbrabant,qux crat feriaprima. Nam, inquiebanc, fix vt Luna incurrit in decundam feriam,x 1111 incidit in v 11. Sequenti igitur, p quxcft feriaprima,licet perCanonemN icenum Pafcha omoum;celebrate. Scd merito illos reprehendit Maximus Monachus. Quia, qua: nobis eft x 1111 Luna, illorum cpilogiimus cam aliquando x v, aliquandoctiamxv 1 conftituebaf. Quarecum fena fecunda inci-debat in xvi,qux nobis eft x 1111, tantum abeft, vtcontraCano-nem non peccarcnt,qui interdicit, vt ctiam kJ Pafcha ante x 1111 Lunam eelebrarent. Multtimde hoc gencre hominum difputat idem Maximus,Sc quidem ita obfeure & intricate, Vt vix Scadodis ipfis intclligi poflic. Nos expeditius Siplanius explicate cona-bimur,fi prius primi cycli eorum magnx L| £ Itp.o. 1 1 n.„. Kil.ta. kollcfti. llerrntni (VaLlulu kycli ri' juoft. ■ C vclui Ilf 4 1 11 3. Td 14 1- E 5 2 22 E D 6 3 lOOi ... C 7 4 44 89 B 8 5 jr - 108 •5 i AG 9 6 66 >0, 97 JL F IC / 77 - 2L E 11 8 IF 40 T-’, j 5 D 12 9 99 4) 94 1 2L CB 15 IO 1 IO J°i 8) A >4 11 121 J5 G 'J 12 •33 91 j •J F - u 80 E 0 IT 14 jjf I.- 99_’ 2L C 18 if 166 88 j 22 B >9 16 —7Z 10 107' 16 ' A 17 188 lid H 95 ' -9- GF 1 18 •99 A 22- E '9, 110 15 10; . >5 I D verfu primo pofuimus filum cycli Pafcha-lis Dionyfiani, fine Eufebiani: in fccundo cyclum horum hominum^uibus nullum nomen fecit antiquitas, tantum cos vo-cans s^oAaufe (B Tcrtius ver- fuscontinct dies collcdos ex Solis fupra. Lunam exccffu,quos quidam epadasanni Solaris vocant, vtre vera func. Quartus fcrupulos colledos, quos diximus quinos anno Lunari attribui,fupra dies 554.Quin-p to continentur dies a Kal. lanuarij ad terminum Pafchalemvfitatum colledi. Sextus compleditur terminos Pafchales il-lius cycli. Septimus & vltimus cyclum. Solis. In annis igiturcycli fui, 1,1,3,4,18, quartamdecimam colligunt ex ratiociniis flis. In quibus annis dumtaxat cum ter* r.imo v fkatocxieniuntdn reliquis vero annis cycli,neutiquam. Nam O in x v t Iio . IOSEPHI SCALIGERI nia Mucharam Indici, (cd lecunda lanuarij fait, feria feptima: Cuius A nouilunijCharacter,7,i, 940. Atqui Cxfar non magis nouitvfunu epadarum, quam hcbdomadis ludaicx. Potuit igitur in Faftis fuis nouiluniorum notas apponere, vtftellarum onus SCoccafus, fed non pcrenneadecacteridas. Namabfquecontroucrfia Pafchatis fuiffet, quid efletcyclus Luna:, hod ic folum ludxorum vulgus, & dpdi dun-taxat Chriftiam IcircnL. Cyclus,inquam, Luna: Pafchalis hanc Me, thodum nobis peperit,quam fruftraattribuuntCaefari. In Chronico Eufebij,annoleptimo luliano annotatur, curium Luna: co tempore deprehenfum fuilfe. Quid fit, nclcio. Porro ex vetuftiflimis fcripto-ribus,qui quidem exftant, Marcus Varro vtitur ordinatione temporis luliani in libris rerum rufticarum,. Eius verba funtex libro prinio.B Dies primus eft Verts tn oAquario, uftatu tn Tauro ,autumni tn Leone, htemu tn Scorptone. Cumvntufcuiufque horum quatuor Signorum_> dies tert iiu& vicefimus quatuor temporumfitprimus ,efficitur ,vt i er dies habeas x c 1, xEftas x c 1111, ^Autumnus x c 1, Hterns 1 x x x 1 x. Qus redact a ad dies duties noftros,qui nunc funt, print verni temporu a.d. vii Eid. Sext. htberni ex a.d. 1111 6id. Nouernb. Manifcfto dies ciuiles lulianos intelligit. Sed & Cicero & Brutus, ac Calfius paulo antcquamhxc leribcret Varro, eadem dclcriptionc vtuntur: quia., quod Ciceroni dolebat, Ln hiLTdyiJu&c hoc facere cogebantur. ver-tens enim locum Oeconomici Xenophontci, vbi audor Graecus fe-rere vetat ante, quam Deus lignum dederit, Cicero Noucmbris imbre q fieriinterpretatuseft. NoncratigiturNoucmbcr prilcus,qui illofae-culo incurrcbat in Auguftum lulianum,fed nimirumlulianumNo-uembrem intelligit. Et profedo Oeconomicum vertit poft editionern lulianaiTL. Cxtera de appellationibus menfium, lulij, & Augufti, 8c fl qua funt id genus, notiora funt, quam vt iterum rccoqucnda lint. Porro locus exigebat, vt parapegma Sofigcnis hue coniicercmus, hoc eft ortus & occafus liderum, atque,vt Ouidius dicit,Lapfaque fub terras orraque figna: quod ex Ouidio ipfo, Columella, & Plinio haurire 1 icebat. Sed tanta eft inter illos tres audores in hac re dilcrepantia, vt melius vifumfueritab hac re abftinerc, quam inccrta pro ccrtis pro-ponere Immaneenim quantum in multisdifterunt Plinius Sc Oui- D dins,cum tamen vterque editionern Cazfaris lequi vidcatur. Habes prxtcrca optimum Commentarium Cl. Ptolemrei de inerrantium, ftellarum lignificationibus,a NicolaoLconico olim Latino conuer-lum. Eius libri meminit Suidas,cum leribit inter alia Ptolcmxunu edidilfe rsfei eftum/uaindv drtp&w ft. DE ANNO DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. I I II. ill A* DE ANNO fGYPTIORVM A C T I A C O. ■ i Qv 6 d nationes ac Prouinciae Rbmani orbis ex edido luliand annum ciuilem Romanonim ftatim non acceperinc, incaulL fuit prxptopera mors C. Cxfaris,qux incidit in Idus Martias anni fecund i luliani. Qu^re anno tricelimo feptimo acaede Gelaris, Ci Odauius Cxfaremilic fecundum Edidum anni corrigendi,quo& nationibus impcrij Romani hanc anni forma m indixit. Sed dEgyptij iam acceperant, anno Nabonalfariyi^quo Antonius & Cleopatra^ ab Augufto nauali ptselio ad Adium promontorium vidi funt. Pto-g lemxus a meridie Nabonaffari,ad Thoth Philippeum mortis Alexandra, colligit annos 42.4. Hine ad Thoth Adiacum,anno$ 194. Summa anni Jigyptiaci perfedi 718. Ergo Thoth 719 Nabonaifari eft Thoth Adiacus. Cenlbriilus ait annum Auguftorum Adiacumu 167 elf? 1014 Iphitij Sc 986 Nabonaifari. Ergo Adiacus annus cur-rens inciderat in 747 annum Iphiti, & 719 Nabonaifari. Rurfus, quantum colligere pores ex illis, qua: de anno luliano difputauimus, Kalendx primx lulianx iheiderunt in annum Nabonaifari curren-tem 705. Quod li annus Adiacus congruit anno 719, ergo is fuit annus IulianuSi6, cuius Augufto Thoth Adiacus compctir. Annus Nabonaifari 719 eft 19 cycli Solis Nabonaifari. E cuius regions C charader Thoth eft feria pritria.. Cui in lecunda columna dexcra_. congruit annus cycli Solis luliani odauus. Litera Dominicans E,iru vltiiria Augufti. Quadrahs annorum Nabonaifari 176,18, detradis 56 relinquit dies exadas 12.6.18, anni 719. quae proculdubio incipiunt ab vltima Augufti. Hxc ratio vera erat, ft Sacerdotes Romani Bilexti intcrcalacioncm redeobiuiflent. Nunc quiCxlarem annicorrigen-diredam formamdocument, ipfi vitiofam fecuti lunt, vtRomani: donee ex lecundo edido,quodemifitOdauiusCa:lar, annisxi 1 lino intercahtione tranlire iulfis, ipfi redam viam intercalationis inftite-runt. Igitur annus 16 lulianus ,in cuius Auguftum Thoth 719 in-currebat, habuit bifextumvitiofum D C,vt habes in capite anni lu-D liani, feria prima, in litera C. Itaque Thoth ,cui debetur litera. C, propter feriam primam, quae eius character fuit, incidit in 19 Augufti, cum ex methodo emendati cycli deberct in vltima Augufti. Hxc eft ratio, quare 19 Augufti eft prima Thoth fixt .Egypriaci. Quam. rem fruftratentaflem, ficycli emendati, non vitiofi rationem habuif-fem; Tandem anno luliano 49,qui eratdiiodecimuscurrens corum,’ quos Auguftus fine intercalatione tranfegic,iinputarunt quadranterru dici in fine 18 Augufti mentis, 6c anno quinquagelimo lecundo iru T 3 fine^ Ill IOSBPHI SCALtGERI fine eiufdem 18 diei inrcrcalatus eft dies vnus ex quadrantibus qua* A tuor conflatus. qua: fuit prima rc&a intercalatio in annis Adiacis. Quare Thoth Adiacusincidit intricefimam Augufti, feria III,cyclo Solis emendato xvi. Romani vero,cente(imo odagefimo die poft jEgyptiosfoumBifextumredum inter Terminaliafic Regifiigiunt inteitalarunt, anno luliano j^vtfiipra difputatum eft. Ab eo tempore, ad hancvfque diem, jEgyptij, atque Aithiopes 180 diebus ante nos intercalationem foam celebrant, die 19 Augufti, qua: dicata eft paffioni Ioannis Baptiftar,& fuum Thoth difteruntin jo Augufti; qui tamen temper incurrit indccollationem Ioannis. Vnde fit, vr annoEmbolimaeoeorumfolemnitates,& fefti dies poftridie quant, ab Ecclefos Romana, Grxca & Antiochena eelebrentur. Plutarchus B tzJk ABgypti loquens,nonaliisvtitur,quamAdia- cis menfibus, hoc eft fixis, non vagis. Nam in libro rafet £ On- Trt%, inquit, Ag'7*W iCAyin fzlwog ASvp, &oti> Sxo^zoyonAi^ As^wii’. Athyr, in quo Scorpium permeatSol, eft merus Athyr Auguftorum,& Adiacus. At quo tempore cafada-finguntur, nullus erat Athyr fixus. Neq. vero putes Plutarchum A Acafc hzc fingere. Summus enim ille fcriptor in his rebus puer eft. Nam quidni hocfateamur,cum ipfe tarn manifefte prodat fc illis,quae in eodem libro adiicit ? Ao pUg Atty depcMi&wcq tv Ocn^iv Asy w, ore idv swiwf o' pfyi NaA@P , yj/iFocfrcq 3 Poftarquinodium Autumni hoc contingere pueri AEgy-Q ptiorum feiunt. & merus Athyr Auguftalis eft ille. Item: 07J011 Ilaau 9 10 4' 6ii 7 2 847 9 J I 10 6.1 16 *7 I LATERCVLVS MENSIVM ACT1AC.0RVM u V e J ^GYFTIOHVM MtNitS, jETHIOPVM minses. Tuth Mafcaram O 3 Tikmith 1 5 iTathur A$u£ 7RCII H'avar. 4 7 Cbtach Xoiax Tachjanu 6 1 Tubes Ti£i 'PC II Tir 1 4 >.<1 Amfchir Ptl'H’lt lachathith j 6 Parmahath oojaf 11 Magabitb 5 I Hajud ft % II Sene 4 1 Epip th F’a 11 Hamle 6 1 Mefori Mgfot frh.fi. 11 SN^abafes t ' 4 Nifi S7TCiyO(jSjUObf ....... . . 1: Pagomcn. T< J a 6 nous 114 IOSETHI SCA1IGER1 annus ab into Diocletiani 1199. Dequibusiamfluxeruntduxpc- A riodi mignx Dionyfianx, qux fiuntanni 1064. Et relinquebantur anni 155 periodi tertix,quicontinuabanturvfquead $$z, qui eft modus vnius periodi magnx. diuifis 135 per 18, rclinquitur annus xi cycli Solaris Kopti, Sc AEthiopum, qui in linea fubie&a refpondet n cycli noftri. In tertia linea habes Regularem vnum, qui appofitus ft. cundx linexchara&cris menfium componit feriam quartam neome-nix Thoth anni aDiocletiano 1199, in anno Chrifti 1581. Anno ft, quenti 11, Regulates tres eidem charadcri appoliti conftituent feriam Thoth vi.&C Thoth eric in 30 Augufti: in qua Decollationem Ioannis cdebrarunt, qux in Ecclefiis Romana, Antiochcna, Conftantinopo, litana pridic celebrabatur. Hos Regulates Elkupti, & TEthiopes B Grxco nomine Plinchion, hoc eftLaterculum, vocant: vt in computo jfkhiopico explicabitur. In quarca lineaeft character Thoth,qui charaderibus priorislinex menfium adiedus efficit idem, quod regulates akerilinex appoliti. Apercum eft ,quare Character neomcniae Thoth vocetur dies Ioannis,cum neomenia Thoth temper dicata lit memonx paffionis Ioannis Baptiftx. Menfibus Elkupti vetereuL appellationem Alcxandrinorum adiecimus, vteos comparare inter Ie poftis. Sunt enim iidem,aliquantum ramen aveten appellations defoifcentes.Simul etiam vceos haberes emendatiores.Nam Sc in edi-tione Latina Albateni, & in Indicibus Alfonfinis ioculariter depraua-tx funt illx menfium appcllationes. Td? STa^o^z/iEthiopes etiam- £ numPAGOMEN vocant:Coptitx nisi. Albateni diciteasvocaritAG-n a h 1 r. Sedmulca apud ilium audorcm deprauate leguntur,line interpretisin (ci tia, fine Librariorum culpa. Vt cum apud eum legi-tui Alkept pro Elkupti. Nam Cupti vox deprauatacx vt /ithiopesadhucdicuntGibtu, pro £gypto. Item cum legitur apud cumfcriptorem, Tarich Elkupti putari a morte Alexandri, Sc tamen differentiam Tarich dilkarnainconftituir annorum 587. Vtrumque eft faifuim. Ncque eft error Albateni, fed librariorum. Nam fi anni Elkupti putarentur a morte Alexandri,ea Tarich diet annis 11 and-quior,quam Tarich Dilkarnain. Nunc veto e Tarich Dilkarnain iu bee abiicere 587 ad methodum Tarich Elkupti. Sed Sc numcrus $87 D falfiffimuseft. Nam differentia Tarich Dilkarnain, Sc Elkupti, eft annorum folidorum 595.Eaque differentia adieda annis Diocletiani producit Tarich Dilkarnain.Sc contra detrada de Dilkarnain confti-tuit illam Diocletiani. HxcxravtiliseftTabulisThconis, Sedmcn-fium Alexandririorum nomina Arabica foils Chriftianis Elkupti ho-diein vfufunt. Nam Muhammedanorum vulgus ea ignorat. Ne mi-rerevero, quod amsch ir pro /uepk fcribunt. Qupties enim Grxcmm DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. I I I f. ILJ A Grxcum prxeedit literas g, «,o,«, n,u, Arabes exprimunt £ per liiunr. notatum triplici apicc. Cuius pronunciatio eft qualisGalli-hcum ch in chetif, chifre,ScHifpanorum xin xarave,en-xvto, enxerir: Sc omnino qualis cftfonusHcbraici I’tf,cui refpondet Arabica* Vtraque etiam in fuo idiomate pronumerd trecentorum ponitur. Idem vero fonus eft Grxci £, in ^ap^,SCc. vtquidem hodie pronunciat vulgus Grxcorurmquod adeo in ea gente vetuftum eft, vt in Euangelio pa- raphraftes quidam Arabs (tres autem diuerfos penes me habeojlite-rim ^reddideritperfuum . Sed hoc minim vidcri non debef. $ lllud mirormagis,quod in Pafchnes litcra £ ante 5 uiya. reddita fit/ per ■> & quidem genitiuus non autem nominatiuus Trctyw. Non enim Pafchnested Pafchunoslegendum cft,fiquideni. apices Grammatici addercntur^l^ . Parmahath autem mukurm diftat a primigenio Rcliqua omnia pene incolumisL retenta funt. His menfibus Elkupti congruentes fingulos ffkhiopi-cos e regione addidimus, quos ab Vrbe Kairo ad nos tranfmifit bonus quidam facerdos ffkliiops manu fua exararos. C DE ANNO SYROGRjECORVM ET ANTIOCHENORVM IVLIANO. Macedones, qui fub Seleucidis in Syria Sc Afia fuerunt, vo-cantur a Grxcis ab Arabibus id eft Grxci.Ij antiquitus Vtcbantur in Syria aiinoveteris periodi Macedo-nicx, SC Calippico Lunari: in Chaldxa, anno Chaldxorum Lunarii jEgyptij putabantannosfuos a morte Alexandri, Sevocabantannos Phil ippcos,dc quibus libro primo Sc tecundo.Quorum caput quam- uis a morte Alexandrideduceretur,tamen Philippei ob id diCli, quia hoc modo etiam antca appcll abat ur.Sic periodiis Calippi Alcxandrea locum habuit in Syria x 11 annis poft mortem Alexandri. Et quem-admodum cam nominauerats Calippus audor ,ita etiam Selcucus D Sceius pofteritas, qui ea fimulcum periodo Macedonica vfi funt, vo-carunt Alexandream, vtre veraeft. Condita enim periodiis Calippi in gratiam Alexandrei Imperij Afix. Atquc hademishde nomino vocatur ab iis, qui ea cpocha vtuntur, Syris, Syrochaldxis, Sc aliis Chriftianis, qui in Ecclefiam Antiochenam contributi fiir.t. Vocant enim I ’^ocC^-’^RAM alexandream. Albateninominal^Terik dilkarnain,i7roq-W Sch- 2j0 ' 1OSEPHI SCALIGERI fari non Augufto tribuunt. Tcrtiam adde ignor^tionem vocis ^Erx. A De qua vide libro fequenti. . DE ANNO IVDjEORVM SOLARI. Dv p 11 c 1 anno vtuntur ludxi, Lunari,&: Solari,quern tanquam trama fubtemen ipfeLunaris percurrir, itquereditqueviant interuentu embolifmi ab alienis finibus ad fuos lummotus. Ante Exodum non eft dubium, quin Iudxorumdiesmtercalatitius,quem Brfextum vocamus, eo loco infereretur,quo 8c menfis Lunaris embo-limus,nempe ante Tifri,quamuisnon Tifri, led primus menfis yo-caretur. Deuademenfevernoprocapite anni fumptotradueftumbi-fextum in veris tempus, quia 8c ante ver proxime menfis Lunaris in- p tercalatio inftituta. Poftquam autem anni formam & penodum Lu-narem Calippicam ai Seleucidis accepcrunt, nihil mutatum eft in ra- ; tionc anni Solaris. Nam bifextum eorum inferebatur inter primant 8c (ecundam Aprilis:quae eratTekupha Nifan. Poftea accepta lulia-na forma, Bifextum exptufa intercalari inter xx v 8c x x v i Martij. qux ratiohadenus apudeosobtinuit. Etquia a xxv Martij adfe-cundam Aprilis, qux er&t fedes prifoi bilexti, fuperfunt dies v 11, pro-pterea totidem dies hodie eximuntur ad Tekupham Nifan inuefti-gandam, quemadmodum tredecim detrahuntur, quoties inueftiga-tur Tekupha Tifti. Tekupham vocant quadrantem anni luliani, quiconftatdiebus 9i,horis Temporibus Mofis Tekupha vni- £ ca tantumdicebatur pundum interiedum inter finem anni antece-dcntis,& caput fuccedentis: idque in autumno: circa quod tempus quam proxime 0x^701710* celebrari prxeipit Deus. Eft igiturTeku-pha, momentum,aut pun&um temporis, in quo, finito quadrantc anni, alius ftatim quadrans incipif. Id pimdum adeo (uperftitiofo ob(eruant,vt li latum pilumexcederent, magnum vitxdikrimen fo TEKVPH/E QVADRIENNU I V DA I CL I- 1 Horsr Scrap. | i I. Hora Scrap HI. Hor. S««|>. Illi. Hohr Scrap. T1SRI 1ZZ° J 0 11 0 i; 0 TE BE TH 4 ! ' ■ ' 10 50 4 11 NISAN , 0 0 6 IO 11 0 »8 e TAMVZ. 7 PB [9 jo J. P adituros putarent. Vnicui-que enim Tekupha: fount elementum tribuunt. Verbi gratia TekuphaeTamuz fol-ftitiali attribuuntignem. Ex clementorum exccflu putant periculum rebus immincro. puta,ex Tekupha Tamuzc/x-7rvpMU>: 8c qui in momento illiusTekupha: biberet,autederet,ilium. ardentiftimafebricorreptumiri. Appofuihic Laterculum omnium, Tekupharum quadriennij vnius: qux quadriennioconfe&oredcunL in orbent. Anno ludaico per quatuor diuifo facile foies qua: Teku- D DE EMENDAT. TEMPORVM LIB. I I I I. 10 A pha cuius anni fit. Si'enim poft diuifionem rchnquatur vnitas;Te-ktfpha Tifri eft 9. o.fiddo, Tekupha Tifri eft 3.0. Et itadeinceps. Quando hora eft infra tune incidit in nodem: cum maior, iit diem: 8c abiicienda: funt hora: xii. Tekuphoefokefixx font 8C flats in Compute Iudxo,vrpotecum fintSolares. Vnus prxterea dies flatus in nNouenYbris,nempe nW*? pro pluuiisinftitutt, quia diluuium incidit in xvn focundi menfis, cuius neomenia fuit in vi Nouem-briSjCum primi menfis neomcniam in conditu Mundi in vn Odobris fuifle afleranc. Eft autem Tekupharum antiquiflima obferuatio,8c cognitu propter vetuftatem digniflima, prxfortim cum. Grxci & jEgypbj partes annorum quatuornotarent, quorum alterixfir?a cos, B alteri quadrantes vocabanr. Annum enim fimplicem jEgyptij inquatuor a^,8c annum Caniculareminquatuorannos fynplices tribuebant. NequeGrxcorum xs^ogneq. jEgyptiorurn&^alijfunt aTekuphisIudxorum.^r enim layum vocabant ejU&wOn&J®*, item 4^ ^Saiop. ttyv hAi«, fyrmnv Atque vt Hxbrxi incrementa anni per hos quadrantes notantes, a Nifan incipiebant, propter annum noutimMofisPafohalem: ita ctiam JSgyptij a Canicula quadrantes foos aufpicabantur (quodiam tetigimus,) propter incrementa Nili, qux turn primum incipiebant fieri: rum etiam, quia ex ortu caniculx anni ftatum coniiciebant, peftilens,an falubris-, fterilis, an frugifer fu-£ turns cflet. Orus Apollo: mihu/fv $ GuAoptyjoi J\,»A4>j‘ctf, lew, Jr’ I57 70-rettxa, Jtn. tz/ J’ c«W xa} tIw Stcv mucuiwiv. Itnc q 7rc^’ao’% ^Aiyj^lxaAy^^ SQOIS, Muoisi $ ASTPOKtON,& XgqfJ'oxa^cttnA^ idv Aomavort[jtyj /uai^wtor6 9 fiarewr dvctTifoav. Hgyon/tyi on «to? . in q ^ihon kJ tIu) Stuffiv avcL&h) 7rcwn j» izJpcf to zvtMnd/zs V.o7tox rgAficSf.cho^ Gjx aAo^w cvicturv I SIN A^yaw.Manilius deCilicibus idemdi-cit, quod Orus de Jigyptiis: Hane quifurgentem, primo cum redditur ortu, o^Hontu ab excelfo fyeculantur vert ice T~auri, Euentua frugum varies, & tempora dicunt_>, D Quique valet udo venial, concordta quanta, &c. Cicero ex Heraclide Pontico idem Ccis attribuit, librodc Diuinatid-ne primo: Ut enim Ceos accepimw ortum Canicula diligent er quotannu folere ferule>coniefturamque capere,vt fcribit Tonticw Heraclides, an peEilens annus futurefit, &c.Exhacexadi(Tima obferuauone Canicular quadrantes reliqui pcndebant,vt ex Tekupha Nifan rcliqux; Quide temporibus olim foribebant, a vetuftiflimis Grxcis didi funt d^ypdqm. Alij fcnbuntcos ellc annalium fcriptores. Vi nAPA- MEDIEVAL LATIN WORD-LIST FROM BRITISH AND IRISH SOURCES PREPARED BY / R Hi BAXTER, D.Litt., Hon. D.D. AND CHARLES JOHNSON, MA. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF PHYLLIS ABRAHAMS, MA., D. Univ. Paris. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF A COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE BRITISH ACADEMY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD *934 . • r/i ahi ?3 MEMBERS OF THE DICTIONARY COMMITTEE Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte, k.c.b., f.b.a. (Chairman) Rev. Prof. J. H. Baxter, d.litt. (Secretary) G. G. Coulton, f.b.a. S. Gaselee, c.b.e. tJ. P. Gilson fSir Israel Gollancz, f.b.a. M. R. James, o.m., f.b.a. Rev. Prof. C. Jenkins, d.d. C. Johnson, F-.B.A. (Secretary) Prof. M. L. W. Laistner Prof. W. M. Lindsay, f.b.a. Prof. A. G. Little, f.b.a. E. A. Lowe Sir F. G. Kenyon, g.b.e., f.b.a C. T. Onions, c.b.e. fW. Page fRev. C. Plummer, f.b.a. Prof. F. M. Powicke, f.b.a. F. J. E. Raby, c.b Prof. C. Singer, f.r.c.p. A. E. Stamp, c.b. Prof. F. M. Stenton, f.b.a. fProf. T. F. Tout, f.b.a, fProf. Sir Paul Vinogradoff, f.b.a. Rev. Prof. E. W. Watson, d.d. |R. J. Whitwell Rev. Dom A. Wilmart, O.S.B. . (Secretary of the British Academy) Scottish Committee f David Murray (Chairman) tJ. T. T. Brown Rev. Prof. J. H. Baxter W. R. Cunningham (Secretary) J. Edwards fProf. J. S. Phillimore D. Baird Smith, c.b.e. Irish Committee Prof. E. MacNeill, m.r.i.a. (Chairman) 1 E. Alton, m.r.i.a. Rev. A.Gwynn,s.j.,m.r.i.a.(Secretary) ' Rev. Prof. T. Corcoran, s.j., m.r.i.A. Prof. R. M. Henry, M.R.I.A. Rev. Prof. J. D’Alton Prof. J. Hogan, m.r.i.a. Rev. J. Fahey fProf. L. C. Purser, F.B.A., M.R.I.A. American Committee Prof. J. F. Willard (Chairman and acting Secretary) Rev. Prof. F. S. Betten, s.j. Prof. G. R. Coffman Prof. R. J. Deferrari Prof. G. H. Gerould Prof. W. E. Lunt Prof. W. A. Morris Prof. N. Neilson Prof. J. S. P. Tatlock Prof. G. E. Woodbine Deceased members. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE FOR a good many years the project of producing a dictionary of Medieval Latin was entertained by Mr. John Murray, whose publishing house had already given the public not only Smith’s Latin Dictionary, but also other works of reference that.have found a permanent place in libraries. Mr. Murray’s plan was that an abridged version of Du Cange’s famous Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis should be compiled and published for English students, under the editorship of the Rev. E. A. Dayman, to whom, after some time, Mr. J. H. Hessels was added as assistant. After having spent a large sum of money on the scheme, Mr. Murray was compelled to abandon it in 1882, and though Mr. Hessels returned to the task in 1897 and produced one or two articles by way of specimens and firstfruits, the enterprise proved too gigantic for the powers of one man and had to be abandoned. But in 1913 the idea was revived by Mr. R. J. Whitwell who, at the Historical Congress held in London in that year, brought forward a project for a Dictionary of Medieval Latin on historical principles similar to the English Dictionary begun by Sir James Murray and now happily completed. The Great War which so shortly followed precluded the execution of this scheme, and only in 1920 was it revived by the International Academic Union, 'which requested the co-operation of the British Academy. This body in 1924 appointed two Committees, one to collect British and Irish material for the international scheme (which did not then include anything after the eleventh century), and another to do the same for a dictionary of later Latin as used in the British Isles. Domesday Book (1086) was taken as the dividing line between the fields of the two Committees. These Committees have since been amalgamated, and the following List shows the non-classical Latin words about which they have collected information. As the scheme progressed, Committees were formed, in the United States, Scotland, and Ireland, to co-operate with those formed by the British Academy, and these have given substantial assistance in recruiting contributors, and in preparing a list of authorities. The classification and arrangement of the quotations collected has of necessity been the work of the original Committees. The Editors of the List are conscious that the material so far collected is not exhaustive. For the earlier period it is indeed nearly complete, but for the later period a large number of works remain to be read. Many philosophical, theological, and scientific terms have doubtless escaped notice, and many of the words noted may occur over a wider period than indicated in the List. The principal motive for putting this List into the hands of students is the hope of interesting them in the progress of the future Dictionary and enlisting their help vi PREFACE in the collection of further material and in the elucidation of individual words. The Editors are indebted to the members of both Committees for constant direction and help, and to the many voluntary workers who have supplied dated quotations from printed books or from manuscripts. Among these they would especially mention Mr. R. J. Whitwell (to whom the scheme owed its inception), Mr. Uvedale Lambert, Mr. R. W. Cracroft, Mr. G. R. Scott, the Rev. C. R. Bingham, and the Rev. E. S. Prideaux-Brune, none of whom lived to see the firstfruits of their labour; and His Honour Judge J. R. V. Marchant, Mr. H. J. Hardy, Mr. G. G. Loane, the Rev. R. Dew, the Rev. William Brooke, Mr. C. J. Fordyce, and Mr. S. Gaselee. Much help has been received from American workers such as Professors F. S. Betten, J. S. P. Tatlock, Raymond T. Hill, E. Faye Wilson, A. Hoffmann, P. E. Kretzmann, Eva M. Sanford,’ and Mr. H. E. Wedeck; and from Scottish workers such as the late Mr. D. M. Lamont, the Misses G. F. Peterson* and E. H. Dowden, Mrs. S. C. Wilson, and Messrs. W. Murison and W. A. Anderson; and in Ireland, where a corresponding Committee has been formed, the late Dr. L. C. Purser rendered valuable assistance. The actual task of putting the material into shape has been carried out by Miss Abrahams; and Miss M. Joyner, of St. Andrews University, has done some similar work for the period before 1086. Dr. C. T. Onions, though unable to act as an editor, has given valuable advice with regard .to typographical and other difficulties. The British Academy have supported the work of the Committee by an annual grant, and the publication of this List had been helped by the cooperation of the Selden Society. Without the hospitality and assistance afforded by the Public Record Office the execution of the work would have been much more difficult. In conclusion the Editors wish to express their indebtedness to the Printer both for technical help and for valuable suggestions. The Committee invite scholars to help them to make this Word-List a step towards the fuller Dictionary which they are preparing, by contributing dated quotations from British and Irish writers illustrating Latin words not found in this List, or extending the limits of date given for individual words. Quotations which define or explain obscure terms are invaluable. Such notes should be sent to THE SECRETARY, MEDIEVAL LATIN DICTIONARY COMMITTEE, PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE,* CHANCERY LANE, • ' LONDON, W.C. 2. INTRODUCTION THE following List contains all Latin words of which examples had been collected by the Medieval Latin Dictionary Committee by the end of 1932 which are either themselves not classical or, though classical, are used with altered meanings. At that date, the material, which had been divided into two groups (pre-Conquest and postConquest), had reached a stage when it seemed desirable to makb it accessible to students. It was felt that, for a good proportion of the eventual contents of the Dictionary, enough was already in hand to render further excerption unnecessary and to show readers where gaps might usefully be filled. It was therefore decided to compile a Word-List on the following lines:—Every word contained in the* material collected has been noted in the Word-List, together with the earliest and latest date, and some indication of the meaning. As the collection falls into two groups, one of which is practically complete while the other is still slowly accumulating, the dates have also been divided into two groups (separated in the text by a full stop) indicating pre-Conquest and post-Conquest use respectively. The purpose of the present list is purely practical; it does not represent more than a choice of the materials available, and it was designed in the first instance to aid the contributors upon whose voluntary labours the Committee rely for the execution of their task. The methods employed in the two parts of the field naturally differ to some extent; for the ordinary Latin-English Dictionary, even that of Lewis and Short, contains a sprinkling of late words and a certain proportion of the Vulgate vocabulary, which, although haphazard and occasionally inaccurate, seemed to render superfluous the reproduction of such words as are to be found there. And again, it has not always seemed advisable to aim at providing a full list of the hapax legomena of any author, and, in the earlier period, several texts which had been read for the pre-Conquest Committee but are being re-read for the Irish Committee, have been deliberately left out of account. In the first period, words recorded only in glcfssaries have been included: in the later period, such words, unless attested by actual quotations, are omitted and must be sought in such works as the Promptorium Parvuloruni, the Catholicon Anglicum, or Wright’s Old English Vocabularies. In the later period only, words continuously attested between the earliest and latest dates given are marked with an asterisk. Considerations of space have made it impossible to include more than a minimum of grammatical, syntactical, and explanatory matter. Proper names have been omitted, but a few adjectival forms and titles of books have been included. Users of the Word-List are asked to take careful note of the information viii INTRODUCTION given in the following pages under the headings Spelling and Abbreviations. The words themselves are printed in clarendon type, grammatical indications in italic, meanings and explanations in roman. The arrangement is by groups of words of which the beginnings are the same, without any etymological implication. Variant forms are cross-referenced either to the word itself (clar.) or to the alphabetical group to which it belongs (sm. caps.). Many alphabetical groups are divided into subsections by the use ‘of semicolons. When a subsection commences with a date or with an English translation, the reference is to the first Latin word in the preceding subsection. Thus, in the alphabetical group claus/a (page 82) the Latin word referred to by the dates c 1159, c 1450 in line 5 of the alphabetical group is claustralis. Similarly the Latin word translated ‘right to enclose’ in line 13 of the alphabetical group is claustura. Occasionally, in unusually long alphabetical groups, Latin forms have been repeated (as in commun/a, page 90). Semicolons are also employed to separate the different meanings of the same word (e.g. clavis, on page 82). When a word is repeated in a phrase, the initial only is used. Thus c. ecclesiae = clavis ecclesiae. In a long alphabeticafr group, the initial refers to the first Latin word of the preceding subsection. The wider margin is ihtended for additions and corrections. • SPELLING The following variants, often found in medieval texts, have been disregarded : i = y = hi i=j,j = i ea — ia yim = ium e — ae = oe {note, these spellings have all been reduced to e.and the digraphs do not appear at all) c = k c = t f = Ph h omitted or wrongly inserted i© most cases (see below) double letters for single, and vice versa On the other hand, the following ar, er, or, ur o, ou, u aill, alii ulus, ellus mpt, mt, nt mpn, mn, nn c, s (the existence of these variants has been indicated, but details have not been given of all cases) variants have been distinguished: gj, hi p,ph* t, th in English words v, w X, xs ex9 esy Xy s A certain number of general headings will be found in the Word-List, e.g. ipr-, see irr. Wherever possible variants of the same word have been grouped together under a convenient heading. The grouping is not to be considered final, and does not pretend to be based upon scientific principles. INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS a = ante A.S. = Anglo-Saxon abl. — ablative ac. = academic acc. = accusative act. = active adj. — adjective adv. — adverb alch. = alchemical, chemical astr. = astronomical, astrological bibl. == biblical (with special reference. to the text of the Vulgate) c (before a figure) = circa c (after a figure) = century class. = classical coll. = collective dat. = dative • correl. = correlative deci. == declinable dep. --- deponent eccl. == ecclesiastical (when found without a date indicates that a word first found in early Christian writers has a continuous history throughout the period Covered by the Word-List) f. = feminine • fig. — figurative gen. =*= genitive Gr. Greek gramrn. = grammatical her. = heraldic imp. = imperative impers. = impersonal indecl. = indeclinable inf. = infinitive inter. — inteijection intrans. = intransitive I. = Irish leg. — legal log. = logical m. — masculine math. = mathematical med. = medical must = musical n. = neuter O.E. = Old English p = post*. pass. = passive phil. = philosophical pl. = plural p.p. = past participle prep. = preposition s. = singular Sc. = Scots sub. = substantive subj. = subjunctive trans. = transitive trop. = tropological v. = verb • W. = Welsh * An asterisk indicates that sufficient examples have been received for the given meaning and period. Placed before the word it denotes that every meaning given has been fully illustrated for the period indicated. Placed after the word it refers to one meaning only. It refers only to Post-Conquest material. f An obelisk indicates that a word is of doubtful meaning or form.’ Explanatory matter has been used as sparingly as possible. National indications (Irish, Welsh, and Scots) have been limited, with a few exceptions, to those words of which more than one example has been received. Grammatical indications have been reduced to a minimum. Deponent verbs, reflexive verbs, and the irregular use of passive forms have usually been indicated, but space could only be found for a skeleton treatment of adverbs and prepositions, while much grammatical matter has had to be omitted. Neuter plural nouns have been distinguished from feminine singular forms, and second and fourth declension nouns have also been distinguished, but it has not always been possible to separate first and second declension forms. SI • si-, for ci- : signus, silicinus, silicium, sim-balum, sinimum, sinomomus, sinoglos- . sitorium, sista, Sisterciensis, sitatio. sibe, for sibi c 731. sibil/ator, one who whispers c 1255; -o, to maintain, insinuate c 1114; to speak wisdom c 1159. fsiblegerrum, (perhaps) weregeld c it 14. sic,/or tam 790; sicsic, for sic 870. sic/a CI150, 15c., -us cn8o, c 1259 syke, stream, ditch; -etum c 1220,1300, *siketus c 1129, 1464, secheta 1262, c 1300 small syke. fsiccetta prati, (perhaps) water-meadow 1380. sicariatus, assassination 9c. j-sicca, fish, (perhaps) cultle-fish 1130. sicc/itas, act of drying 1325; -um, dry wood . 1255; *-us, hard (of cash) 1269, c 1450. siclas, for cyclas c 1392, c 1437. siclus, coin 805. c 1114, 12c. sicut, for si, if c 1000. sidile, cidile, for sedile, seat 1498. sidule,for sedule 9c. sigellus, sigillus, hobble for horses c 550. *sigill/arius 12c., 1419, -ator c 1190, *-ifer CI192, 1380 official in charge of a seal; -atio, *sealing, stamping with a seal c it 14, a 1564; marking, stamping 1267; *-o, t® seal, stamp with a seal CI125, 1558; to mark, stamp 12c., 1345; -or (dep.), to seal 1266; -um *796, 1001. c 1130, 1565, sigul-lum 550 seal; the great seal 1130, c 1450; *s. magnum c 1324, 1426; s. patens, open or common seal 1278, 1324; *s. privatum c 1290, 1475, s. secretum 1369, 1445 privy seal; -um, *stamp for bread 1203, c 1324; sealed document 1440; s. crucis 939, 947 singillum crucis 966 sign of the cross. sigillo, for sugillo, to deride 12c. sigl/a, sail c'1114; -o, to sail c 1300. sign a (/.$.), mark, token, sign 836; -abilis, expressed by signs or letters c 1363; -acu-lum 720, c 1148, *s. crticis 8c., 867. c 1125, 1482 sign of the cross; -aculum, *tag or clasp of a book 1345, 1445; -aliter, figuratively c 1363; -anter, significantly 7c., 8c. 1267, 13c.; *expressly 1345, 1506; -atum 1419, *-etum 1281, 1536, -itum a 1553 a, the signet; -atum, imprint 13c.; -ate, significantly 13c.; -atio, designation C1204, 13c.; *marking, stamping 1274, 1546; sealing 1446; -ativus a 1381, -atrix 13c. significant; -atura, sign, mark, stamp 1417; sign manual 1565; -ificative, with a typical purpose c 830; by way of significance 1267; -ificativus, indicative of 790,870; -ificator, he that signifies or indicates 1267, 13c.; -ificatrix, she that signifies or indicates 13c.; -ificatum, meaning 1267, 31408; -ificavit, name of a’writ (leg.) 15c.; -ifico, to ennoble 1241; -o, to mark with the sign of the cross 720, c 1000. c 1148, 1397; to brand c 1102, 1166; to inform, notify 1228; to assign, attach 1243; singno, to mark 1231, 1284; -um, *bell 1050-1100, c 1436; boundary-mark c 1150; beacon 1258; pattern 1259, 1264; buoy 1297, 15c.; sign, device (on documents) c 1459, 1549; 1285, singnum 1284 badge; c 1450, s. armorum [388] SIGNUS 1419, coat of arms; s. criminis, branding c 1110; s. crucis, sign of the cross c 600, 1001. ci 114, 1461; s. manuale c 1204, 1450, s. manus 676, 738 sign manual; s. Salamonis, plant, Solomon’s seal c 1250. si gnus, for cygnus c 1307, a 1347. sigullum, see sigilium. siketus, see sic silba, for silva c 740. 873. fsilempsis, (probably) for syllepsis, grammatical figure c 1218. silfa, for silva 839. siliba, for syllaba c 1365. silicet, for scilicet 969. 1292. silic/inus, -ium, see cilic silicum, small coin or number 799. *siligo, rye 1227, 1349. silinga, see solinum. • silio, for sileo, to be silent 1200. silv/a cedua 1287, 1425, s. sedua 1345, . -icedium 1237, 1479 coppice-wood; -aticus, wooded c 1066; ignis "s., wild fire c 1436; -atinus, of or for a wood 15c.; -iuncula, small wood 11c.; -ositas, wooded region c 1200. si mb alum, for cymbalum, bell 1397. • simbalum, see symbolum. sim/enellus (adj.), panis simnellus, panis s., simnel-bread 1275; (subst.) *c 1066, c 1437, seminellus 1282, siminellus c 1200, c 1436, simnellus c 1174,12c. simnel bread, loaf of simnel bread; -ilago, loaf of fine wheaten flour 1312; -ula, for simila, fine wheaten flour 1342. sim/ialis, of or for an ape c 1255; -itas, flatness (of noses) c 1257. simil/ate, feignedly 1461; -atio, feigning, deceit 1511; -atorius, like, resembling c 1200; -iter, at one time 7c.; *-itudinarie, figuratively c 1200, c 1380; -itudinarius, figurative c 1500; -o, to liken 1461; see also SIMUL siminellus, simnellus, see simenellus. simiterium, see cemiterium. simon/achus 12c., -iacus c 1190, 1377, -ianus c 1465 (subst.) simonist (eccl.); *-ia CI114, 1562, -iaca 12c., c 1308 simony (eccl.); -iace, simoniacally (eccl.) 1136, 1537; -iacus 7c., 8c. c 1100, 1549, -ialis c 1125, 13c. (adj.) simoniacal (eccl.) simpl/ex *1318, 1433, -icus 1402 unlined; inferior 13^5; -icitas, simplicity (title) 8c.; Trinity 957; -iciter, entirely, completely c 1400; -us, simple 790, c 860. simul/atorie, deceitfully 9c.; -atorius, of or for feigning c 1200; -atrix, feigning, deceiving 720, 9c. c 1190; -tatorius, counterfeit, imitated c 1197; -tas, deceptive appearance c1190. simul/or (dep.), to unite, agree c 1200, c 1425; -taneitas 13c., -tas c 1267, 13c. simultaneity. sin alias, but if otherwise 8c. sinalimpha, for synaloepha, contraction of syllables c 1125, 12c. sinap/ius, of or for mustard c 1200; -um 1271, cinapium 1368, 1463, cenapium 1290, 1351, *senapium 1313, 1415 mustard. [389] SINCATIO sinc/atio 1374, -tatio 1376 sinking a shaft; ' sinko, to sink a shaft c 1358. sincellus, one who shares the same cell 7C* sinceriter, sincerely 720, 9c. • sincubo, see syncopo. sindo/ *1243, 1345, cindo 1290, t355sindon, fine material of silk or linen; corporal cloth 720. c 1250; sheet, coverlet c 1200; -nicius, of or for sindon c 1370. sindo, for scindo 1275. sindregabulum 1234, sindegabulum c 1250 lease for years. sindula, see scindula. sinefectura, see cenevectorium. singilium, see sigill singn-, see sign singul/aris, wild boar 893; -arissime*, most matchless 870; -aritas, being alone, singleness 790; outstandingness, marked character 720. c 1070, 1267; sole possession c 1190, 12c.; -ariter, in singleness of heart c 1500; -tatim, one by one 1408; -us, every c 1365; unlined 1419. . singult/atio, sobbing, sob 15c.; -ivus c 1150, -uosus 1050-1100, 1423 sobhing. sinimum, see cinamonium. sinister, treacherous, evil c 1197, 1560; sini-str/alis, northern 7c., 893; ecclesia s., • church built north and south c 500; -anter, treacherously, wickedly c 1397; "e> on the left side c 1250; -o, to place on the left 12c.; to thwart 1376, c 1397; to do wrong a 1408. sinko, see sinc sinodochium, see xenodicum. sinoglossitorium, lee cinglocetorium. sinomomus, see cinamonium. sinopsis c 1200, cinoprum 1336,1341 sinople, red ochre. . sin/ositas, intricacy c 1436; -uositas, sinuosity c 860. sinothus, see synod sin$calus, waiter 790; see also senescallus. sinthoma, symptom 13c. siosbole, dios )3ovA^, will of Zeus c 1159-fsipessocna, district, (perhaps) district liable to furnish a ship c 1114. siphus, see scyphus. sippa, dry measure c 1320. siquidem, but 957; without doubt c 1000. sir/a, -emotus, -ia, see scira. siricum, robe 8c. siring/ia, -ies c 1114, -is c 1150 buttermilk. siro-, see chiro sirpus, for scirpus 1382, 1445. sirupum, syrup c 1257, I3C. sirurgicus, see cfiirurgicus. sisamum, for sesamum, sesame 13c. * sismaticus, see schism sison, for aa>/.), Saturday preceding Passion Week (introit) 1341. sit/ualis, local, relating, to position c 1205, 1267; -uatio 1450, scitus 1230, 1467 site; placing in position 1512; -uo, *to place, situate 1198, 1494; to found, institute, construct a 1408, 1505; to impose a tax 1461; -us 1228, *scituatus c 1350,1504, cituatus 1389, c 1450 situated; *-us (coll.), manners, customs c 1114, 1241; scitor, to be situated 1430. situla, see setula. situs, see sisus. sivi, for sive c 834, 863. six/hindus, -ihindus, -hundus, see sex sixterium, see sextarium. skamberlengaria, see camb skermia 1220, skirmia 1419 sword-play, fencing; eskermio, to fence 1207. skip-, see eskip skivanus, see scabious, skuvinagium, see escavingor. sladum, stream 1583; see also lada. slatta, slat or slate, bastard incense 1345. sleddus, sled c 1400. sloppum, slop, loose gown 1378, 1416. slusagium, see exclusa. slyngeropa, sling-rope, noose 1325. smalemannus, inferior tenant 1130. smaragdo, for smaragdus 1205, 1245. smegmum, see smigma. smelt/is 1312, -us c 1324, smyltus c 1324 small fish, smelt, sprat, or sperling. smeremangestra, female dealer in butter and cheese c 1114. *smigma 1375, 1528, smegmum 1439 soap, smoltus, fish, smolt, young salmon (Sc.) c 1315,c1320. snecka c 1200, esnecka 1187, 1203, necka c 1200 royal yacht or warship. snocum, snook c 1230. soalagium, due or toll c 1189. *soc/a, -um 1086, c 1437, -na 1067, c 1414, sokena c 1087 soc, soken, form of jurisdiction; 1109, 1320, -agium 1156, 1511, sochogia 1147, -na *1131, c 1320 soke, area of special jurisdiction; -agium *H73. 1511, soggagium 1190 socage, form of tenure; *1088, 1331, sokemannia 1281 land held in socage; service due from a socman 1253, 1331; s. liberum, free socage 1219, 1364; land held in free socage 13c.; s. villanum, villein socage c 1250; -man-nus c 1080, c 1357, -omannus a 1609, sokemannus, sochemannus * c 1070, 4307, sakemannus 1201 sokeman, tenant in socage; -na, recourse, refuge CI114; sokemannus c 1320, sokereva, sokerevis c 1290, sokerevus c 1320, 1419 reeve of a soke. socco, to put in shocks c 1350. soci/ative, unitedly 870;*-etas, fraternity (eccl.) 692, 957. c 1,123, CI148; religious order 1548; *association, complicity (leg.) c 1114, 1291; s. adventuraria, company of merchant adventurers 1597; s. fortunae [39i] 4 Instances of corruption: Jaromir of Prague had been founded at Prague (c. 975) in which the Popes took special interest, and indeed the Latin rite was used there from the outset. So Bohemia looked towards the Papacy. But Willigis of Mayence had consecrated St Adalbert to Prague (983), and so to claims of overlordship bv the German kings was now added a German claim to ecclesiastical control over Christians who, as we are told, lived much as barbarians. Then Bratislav of Bohemia, largely for political reasons, founded or restoreci a lapsed Moravian see at Olmiitz, over which he placed John, a monk from near Prague, Severus of Prague being promised compensation in Moravia. In 1068 Bratislav, for family and political reasons, made his troublesome brother Jaromir Bishop of Prague, in the hope of rendering him more amenable. But the only change in the disorderly prince was that of taking the name of Gebhard. He, like Severus, strove for the delayed compensation but took to more drastic means: he visited (1071) his brother-bishop at Olmiitz, and after a drunken revel mishandled his slumbering host. John complained to Bratislav, who shed tears over his brother’s doings, and sent to Rome to place the burden of the unsavoury quarrel upon Alexander II. His messenger spent a night at Ratisbon on his road with a burgher friendly to Gebhard. Then, strangely enough, he was stopped and robbed on his farther way and came back to tell his tale. A second and larger embassy, headed by the Provost of St George at Prague, an ecclesiastic so gifted as to speak both Latin and German, was then sent, and reached Rome early in 1073. A letter from Bratislav, weighted with two hundred marks, was presented to the Pope, and probably read at the Lenten Synod. Legates were sent who, at Ratisbon, were to investigate the case, but its settlement remained for Gregory VII. It is a sordid story of evil ecclesiastics on a background of equally sordid social and dynastic interests. And there were many like it. The common corruption is better told us and easier to depict for regulars than for seculars. In the districts most open to incursions, many monasteries were harried or sorely afflicted. If the monks walled their houses as protection against pirates or raiders, they only caused neighbouring lords to desire them for fortresses. The spirit of the ascetic life, already weakened by the civil employment of monks, seemed lost. The synod of Trosly, near Soissons, called by Herve of Rheims in 909, ascribed the decay of regular life mainly to abbots, laymen, for the most part unlearned, and also married, and so eager to alienate property for their families. Lay lords and laymen generally were said to lack respect for Church laws and even for morality itself; debauchery and sensuality were common ; patrons made heavy charges on appointments to their parish { churches. This legislation was a vigorous protest against the sins of the day, and it is well to note that the very next year saw the foundation of * Cluny. The Rule was kept hardly anywhere; enclosure was forgotten, and any attempt to enforce episcopal control over monasteries was useless when I bishops were so often themselves of careless or evil life. Attempts at Farfa. Episcopal elections improvement sometimes caused bloodshed: when the Abbot Erluin of Lobbes, trying to enforce the Rule, expelled some malcontents, three of them fell upon him, cut out his tongue, and blinded him. The story of the great Italian monastery of Farfa is typical. It had been favoured by Emperors and was scarcely excelled for splendour. Then it was seized by the Saracens (before 915) and afterwards burnt by Christian robbers. Its members were scattered to Rome, Rieti, and Fermo; its lands were lost or wasted; there was no recognised abbot, and after Abbot Peter died his successor Rimo lived with the Farfa colony at Rome and there was poisoned. Then as the great nobles strove eagerly for so useful a fortress, King Hugh supported a new abbot, Rafred, who began to restore it: he settled in the neighbourhood 100 families from Fermo and rebuilt the cloister. As far as was possible, the monks were recalled and the monastic treasures restored. But there was little pretence of theology or even piety; only the study of medicine was kept up, and that included the useful knowledge of poisons, as abbot after abbot was to learn. When Rafred was disposed of, one of his poisoners maintained himself in the monastery by military force; the so-called monks lived openly with concubines; worship on Sundays was the sole relic of older habits, and at length even that was given up. One Campo, to whom King Hugh had given the monastery in lief, enriched his seven daughters and three sons out of its property. When some monks were sent from Rome to restore religion, he sent them back. Then Alberic drove Campo out by force, and installed as abbot one Dagobert, who maintained himself for five tumultuous years until he, too, fell before the local skill in poison. Adam of Lucca, who followed with the support of Alberic and John XII, led much the life of Campo. Then Theobald of Spoleto made his own brother Hubert abbot, but he was removed by John XII, and succeeded by Leo, Abbot of Sant’ Andrea at Soracte. But the task of ruling was too hard for any man, and only force heavily applied could procure even decency of life. If this was the sad state and tumultuous history of monasteries, once homes of piety and peace, it can be guessed how, with less to support them, parishes suffered and missions languished. Priests succumbed and forgot their holy task. Their bishops, often worse than themselves, neither cared nor attempted to rule or restrain them. For the episcopate was ineffective and corrupt. The primitive rule for election of bishops had been that it should be made by clergy and people. To choose a fit person was essential, but the mode of choice was not defined. Soon the clergy of the cathedral, first to learn of the vacancy and specially concerned about it, began to take a leading part. They, the clergy of the neighbouring country, and the laity, were separate bodies with different interests, and tended to draw together and to act as groups. But the forces, which made for centralisation of all kinds in civil politics, worked in the ecclesiastical sphere as well, and the cathedral clergy gained the leading part in elections, other CH. I. 12 Enforcement of clerical celibacy from sub-deacons upwards. Siricius (384-398), by what is commonly reckoned the first Decretal (385), and Innocent I (402-419) pronounced strongly against clerical marriage. Henceforth succeeding Popes plainly enunciated the Roman law. There was so much clerical immorality in Africa, in spite of the great name and strict teaching of St Augustine, and elsewhere, that the populace generally preferred a celibate clergy. Ecclesiastical authorities took the same line, and Leo I extended the strict law to sub-deacons. The Theodosian Code pronounced the children of clergy illegitimate, and so the reformers of the tenth and eleventh centuries could appeal to much support. Nevertheless, there were both districts and periods in which custom accorded badly with the declared law, and the confusion made by reformers between marriages they did not accept and concubinage which opinion, no less than law, condemned makes the evidence sometimes hard to interpret. St Boniface dealt firmly with incontinent priests, and on the whole, although here popular feeling was not with him, he was successful both in Austrasia and Neustria. The eighth and ninth centuries saw the struggle between law and custom continuing with vary ing fortune. Custom became laxer under the later Carolingians than under Charlemagne, who had set for others a standard he never dreamt of for himself; Ilincmar, who was an advocate of strictness, gives elaborate directions for proper procedure against offending clerks, and it is clear that the clergy proved hard either to convince or to rule. By the end of the ninth century, amid prevalent disorder, clerical celibacy became less general, and the laws in its favour were frequently and openly ignored. It was easy, as Pelagius II (578-590), in giving dispensation for a special case, had confessed, to find excuse in the laxity of the age. So too St Boniface had found it necessary to restore offenders after penance, for otherwise there would be none to say mas$. Italy was the most difficult country to deal with, and Ratherius of Verona says (966) that the enforcement of the laws, which he not only accepted but strongly approved, would have left only boys in the Church. It was, he held, a war of canons against custom. By about the beginning of the eleventh century celibacy was uncommon, and the laws enforcing it almost obsolete. But they began to gain greater force as churchmen turned more to legal studies and as the pressure of abuses grew stronger. The tenth and eleventh centuries had special reason for enforcing celibacy and disliking clerical families. Married priests, like laymen, wished to enrich their children and strove to hand on their benefices to them. Hereditary bishops, hereditary priests, were a danger1: there was much alienation of clerical property; thus the arguments urged so repeatedly in favour of celibacy were reinforced. Bishops, and not only 1 Atto of Vercelli (from 945) links clerical marriage and alienation of church property together, putting the latter as a cause of abuse. The case is well put by Neander, vi, 187 (Eng. trans.) and Fleury, Bk. lv, c. 55. Secular canons 13 those who held secular jurisdiction, thought and acted as laymen, and like laymen strove to found dynasties, firmly seated and richlv endowed. Parish priests copied them on a humbler scale. Hence the denial of ordination to sons of clerks is frequent in conciliar legislation. One attempt at reform of the secular clergy, which had special importance in England, needs notice. This was the institution of canons, which has a long and varied history. The germ of the later chapter appears at a very early date in cathedrals, certainly in the sixth century; a staff of clergy was needed both for ordinary mission work and for distribution of alms. But poverty often, as with monasteries later on, led to careless and disordered life. Chrodegang of Metz (pb. 766), the pious founder of Gorze, near his city, and of Lorsch, set up, after a Benedictine model, a rule for his cathedral clergy: there was to be a common life, although private property was permitted; a synod under Louis the Pious at Aix-la-Chapelle (817) elaborated it and it was widely applied. The ideal was high, and although inspired by the asceticism which produced monasticism, it paid regard to the special tasks of seculars; it infused a new moral and intellectual life into the clergy at the centre of the diocese, and education was specially cared for. So excellent an example was soon copied by other large churches, and the system spread widely. In its original form it was not destined to live long: decay began at Cologne with the surrender of the common administration of funds; Gunther, the archbishop, yielded to the wish for more individual freedom, and his successor Willibert in a synod (873) confirmed his changes1. After this the institution of prebends (benefices assigned to a canon) grew, and each canon held a prebend and lived apart. This private control of their income, and their surrender of a common life, began a long process of decay. But variations of the original form, which itself had utilised much older growths, appeared largely and widely in history. Brotherhood and the sympathy of a common life furthered diligence and devotion. In councils of the tenth and eleventh centuries, clerical celibacy and simony are repeatedly spoken of. With few exceptions1 2, all well-wishers of reform, whether lav or clerical, desired to enforce celibacy, although 1 At the Roman Council of 105!) Hildebrand spoke against the laxity of the system, especially its permission of private property and its liberality as to fare (Mabillon, ASB, and Hefele-Leclercq, pp. 1177-8, with references there). In 1074 Hildebrand, as Gregory VII, put out a Rule for canons (Hefele-Leclercq, v, p. 94 n., Duchesne, Lib. Pont, i, clxviih); it was wrongly ascribed to Gregory IV. See Dom Morin, R.Ben. 1901, xvm, pp. 177-183. Hildebrand’s Rule breaks off short in the MS., and the abbreviation can. for canonicorum led to its being attributed to musical history (canendi). 2 Ulrich (Udalrich) of Augsburg (923-973) was, perhaps, an exception. So later on was Cunibert of Turin, himself a celibate whose clerks reached a high standard of life: he permitted them to marry, for which Peter Damian reproved him. Both these prelates were earnest reformers. Damian tried to get Adelaide, Regent of Piedmont and Savoy, to enforce his policy against Cunibert. CH. I. 14 Rome some thought circumstances compelled laxity in applying the law. Thus in France the Council of Poitiers (1000) forbade priests and deacons to live with women, under pain of degradation and excommunication. The Council of Bourges (1031), while making the same decrees (repeated at Limoges the same year), went further by ordering all sub-deacons to promise at ordination to keep neither wife nor mistress. This promise resembles the attempt of Guarino of Modena1 a little earlier to refuse benefices to any clerk who would not swear to observe celibacy. In Germany the largely-attended Council of Augsburg (952) forbade marriage to ecclesiastics, including sub-deacons; the reason assigned was their handling the divine mysteries, and with German respect for Canon Law appeal was made to the decrees of many councils in the past. Under Henry III the prohibitions were better observed, not only through the support of the Emperor, but because collections of Canons, especially that by Burchard of Worms (Decretum, between 1008 and 1012), were becoming known and gaining authority1 2. The statement of principles, especially from the past, as against the practice of the day was becoming coherent. But the Papacy, which had so repeatedly declared for celibacy, was not in a state to interfere authoritatively. Thus we come to the question of reform at Rome. The movement for reform needed authority and coherence, which were to be supplied from Rome. But first of all Reform had to capture Rome itself. At Rome a bad ecclesiastical atmosphere was darkened by political troubles and not lightened by religious enthusiasm. There as elsewhere local families were striving for local power; the nobility, with seats outside, was very disorderly and made the city itself tumultuous and unsafe. The Crescentii, so long and so darkly connected with papal history, had lands in the Sabina and around Farfa, and although with lessening influence in the city itself they stood for the traditions of civic independence, overshadowed, it is true, by the mostly distant power of the Saxon Emperors. Nearer home they were confronted by the growing power of the Counts of Tusculum3, to whose family Gregory, the naval prefect under Otto III, had belonged; they naturally, although for their own purposes, followed a German policy. Either of these houses might have founded at Rome a feudal dynasty such as rose elsewhere, and each seemed at times likely to do so. But in a city where Pope and Emperor were just strong enough to check feudal growth, although not strong enough to 1 This tendency to enforce celibacy on seculars by an oath might have led to a general policy, but was not followed. It was an obligation understood to be inherent in the priestly office. 2 Burchard illustrates, on celibacy and lay interference, the conflict between old canons and later customs. He copies the former, but accepts the latter, and allows for them. 3 For a discussion of their genealogy see R. L. Poole, Benedict IX and Gregory VI (reprinted from Proceedings of British Academy, vm), pp. 31 sqq. Benedict JrIII 15 impose continuous order, the disorderly stage, the almost anarchy, of early feudalism lingered long. When Sergius IV (1009-1012) “Boccaporco," son of a Roman shoemaker and Bishop of Albano, died soon after John Crescentius, the rival houses produced rival Popes: Gregory, supported by the Crescentii, and the Cardinal Theophylact, son of Gregory of Tusculum. Henry II of Germany, hampered by opposition from Lombard nobles and faced bv King Arduin, had watched Italian politics from afar, and the disputed election gave him an opening. Rome was divided. Theophylact had seized the Lateran, but could not maintain himself there; Gregory Hed, even from Italy, and (Christmas 1012) appeared in Henry's court at Pohlde as a suppliant in papal robes. Henry cautiously promised enquiry, but significantly took the papal crozier into his own keeping, just as he might have done for a German bishopric. He had, however, partly-recognised Theophylact, and had indeed sent to gain from him a confirmation of privileges for his beloved Bamberg1: a decision in Theophylact's favour was therefore natural. Henry soon appeared in Italy (February 1013); his arrival put Arduin in the shade. Theophylact, with the help of his family, had established himself, and it was he who, as Benedict VIII, crowned Henry and Cunegunda (14 February 1014). The royal pair were received by a solemn procession, and six bearded and six beardless Senators bearing wands walked “mystically” before them. The pious Emperor dedicated his former kingly crown to St Peter, but the imperial orb bearing a cross was sent to Cluny. Benedict VIII was supported now by the imperial arm, and in Germany his ecclesiastical power was freely used; he and the Emperor worked together on lines of Church reform, even if their motives differed. Benedict VIII (1012-1024) proved an efficient administrator, faced by the constant Saracen peril, and wisely kept on good terms with Henry II. Although he was first of all a warrior and an administrator1 2, he also appears, probably under the influence of the Emperor, as a Church reformer. A Council was held at Pavia (101S)3, where the Pope made an impressive speech, which, it is suggested, may have been the work of Leo of Vercelli, on the evils of the day, denouncing specially clerical 1 For the foundation of Bamberg see Hefele-Leclercq, Les Conciles, iv, pp. 909 sqq.; Hauck, op. cit. in, p. 418; and Giesebrecht, Deutsche Kaiserxeit, n, pp. 52sqq. The missionary importance, as well as the ecclesiastical interest, of the new see and the disputes about it should be noted. For the Church policy of Henry II see supra, Vol. in, pp. 231 sqq. 2 A more favourable view of him is summarised in Hefele-Leclercq, iv, p. 914. So K. W. Nitzsch, Gesch. des deutschen Volkes, Leipsic, 1892, i, pp. 392 sqq., in the same sense. 3 The date of this Council is disputed. 1022 was accepted until Giesebrecht suggested 1018 (op. cit. n, p. 188, and note 623-4). Also Hauck (who prefers 1022), op. cit. in, p. 528, n. 2. The earlier date seems a little more probable, hi Vol. in supra, p. 251, the date 1022 is accepted. CH. I. 16 The Emperor Henry II concubinage and simony. His starting point was a wish to protect Church property from alienation to priestly families, a consideration likely to weigh with a statesmanlike administrator, although Henry II might have had a more spiritual concern. By the decrees of the Council, marriage and concubinage were forbidden to priests, deacons, and subdeacons, indeed to any clerk. Bishops not enforcing this were to be deposed. The children of clerks were to be the property of the Church. In the Council the initiative of the Pope seems to have been strong. The Emperor gave the decrees the force of law, and a Council at Goslar (1019) repeated them. Italy and Germany were working as one. There was little difference between the ecclesiastical powers of Henry in Italy and in Germany. He knew his strength and did not shrink from using it. Before his imperial coronation he held a synod at Ravenna (January 1014) where he practically decreed by the advice of the bishops; for Ravenna he had named as archbishop his half-brother Arnold, who was opposed by a popularly-supported rival Adalbert. This probably canonical prelate was deposed, and after Henry’s coronation a Roman synod approved the judgment, although it did obtain for the victim the compensation of a smaller see. Decrees against simonist ordinations and the alienation through pledges of Church lands were also passed, and published by the Emperor. A liturgical difference between Roman and German use in the mass was even decided in favour of the latter. So far did German influence prevail. The reforming tendencies of the German Church found full expression at the Synod of Seligenstadt (12 August 1023). In 1021 a young imperial chaplain Ari bo had been made Archbishop of Mayence; and he aimed at giving the German Church not only a better spirit but a more coherent discipline. In the preamble to the canons, Aribo states the aim of himself and his suffragans, among whom was Burchard of Worms (Bishop 1000-1025): it was to establish uniformity in worship, discipline, and ecclesiastical morals. The twenty canons regulated fasting, some points of clerical observance, observance of marriage, in which the canonical and not the civil reckoning of degrees of kinship was to hold1; lay patrons were forbidden to fill vacancies without the approval and assent of the bishop; no one was to go to Rome (i.e. for judgment) without leave of his bishop, and no one subjected to penance was to go to Rome in the hope of a lighter punishment. This legislation was inspired by the reforming spirit of the German Church, due not only to the saintly Emperor but to many ecclesiastics of all ranks, with whom religion was a real thing; and for the furtherance of this the regulations of the Church were to be obeyed. The Canon Law, now always including the Forged Decretals, involved respect to papal authority, but Aribo 1 The civil law reckoned brothers and sisters as in the first degree; the canonical law was now reckoning cousins-german as such. Benedict IX 17 and his suffragans laid stress also upon the rights of metropolitans and bishops in the national Church, which gave them not only much power for good but the machinery for welding the nation together. In June 1024 Benedict VIII died and was followed by his brother Romanns the Senator, who became John XIX; his election, which was tainted by bribery and force, was soon followed by the death of the Emperor (13 July 1024). The new monarch, Conrad II, was supported by the German adherents in Italy and especially by the Archbishop Aribert of Milan, a city always important in imperial politics. Both he and John XIX were ready to give Conrad the crowns which it was theirs to bestow. So in 1026 he came to Italy; and he and his wife Gisela were crowned in St Peter’s (26 March 1027). Then, after passing to South Italy, he slowly returned home, leaving John XIX to continue a papacy, inglorious and void of reform, until his death in January 1032. Under him old abuses revived, and so the state of things at Rome grew worse, while in Germany, although Conrad II (1024-1039) was very different from Henry II in Church affairs, the party of reform was gaining strength. With the election of Benedict IX, formerly Theophylact, son of Alberic of Tusculum, brother of a younger Roman us the Consul, and nephew of Benedict VIII and John XIX, papal history reached a crisis, difficult enough in itself, and distorted, even at the time, by varying accounts. According to the ordinary story, Benedict IX was only twelve years old at his election, but as he grew older he grew also in debauchery, until even the Romans, usually patient of papal scandal, became restive; then at length the Emperor Henry HI had to come to restore decency and order at the centre of Western Christendom. But there is reason to doubt something of the story. That Benedict was only twelve years old at his accession rests on the confused statement of Rodulf Glaber; there is reason to suppose he was older. The description of his depravity becomes more highly coloured as years go by and the controversies of Pope and Emperor distort the past. But there is enough to shew that as a man he was profligate and bad, as a Pope unworthy and ineffective. It was, however, rather the events of his papacy, singular and significant, than his character, that made the crisis. He was the last of a series of what we may call dynastic Popes, rarely pious and often bad; after him there comes a school of reformed and reformers. Conrad II differed much in Church matters from Henry II. It is true that he kept the feasts of the Church with fitting regularity and splendour and that he also was a “brother” of some monasteries. But his aims were purely secular, and the former imperial regard for learning and piety was not kept up. Some of his bishops, like Thietmar of Hildesheim, were ignorant; others, like Reginhard of Liege and Ulrich of Basle, had openly bought their sees, and not all of them, like Reginhard, sought C. MED. H. VOL. V. CH. I. 2 18 The Emperor Conrad II absolution at Rome. Upon monasteries the king’s hand was heavy: he dealt very freely with their possessions, sometimes forcing them to give lands as fiefs to his friends, sometimes even granting the royal abbeys themselves as such. Thus the royal power worked harmfully or, at any rate, not favourably for the Church1, and bishops or abbots eager for reform could no longer reckon upon kingly help. It is true that Poppo of Stablo enjoyed royal favour, but other ecclesiastics who, like Aribo of Mayence, had supported Conrad at his accession, received small encouragement. Conrad’s marriage with Gisela trespassed on the Church’s rule of affinity, and the queen’s interest in ecclesiastical appointments, by which her friends and relatives gained, did not take away the reproach; but she favoured reformers, especially the Cluniacs, whose influence in Burgundy was useful. A change in imperial policy then coincided with a change in Popes. Benedict VIII may have been inspired by Henry II, but John XIX was a tool of Conrad. For instance, he had to reverse a former decision, by which the Patriarch of Grado had been made independent of his brother of Aquileia. Poppo of Aquileia was a German and naturally an adherent of Conrad; everyone knew why the decision was changed1 2. It was even more significant that the Emperor spoke formally of the decree of the faithful of the realm, “of the Pope John, of the venerable patriarch Poppo, and others.” It was thus made clear that, whether for reform or otherwise, the Pope was regarded by the Emperor exactly as were the higher German prelates. They were all in his realm and therefore in his hands. Here he anticipated a ruler otherwise very differently-minded, Henry HI. Benedict IX3 could be treated with even le’ss respect than John XIX. It is true that he held synods (1036 and 1038), that he made the Roman Bishop of Silva Candida blbliothecarius (or head of the Chancery) in succession to Pilgrim of Cologne. But in 1038 he excommunicated Aribert of Milan, who was giving trouble to Conrad. To the Emperor he was so far acceptable, but in Rome where faction lingered on he had trouble. Once (at a date uncertain) the citizens tried to assassinate him at the altar itself. Later (1044) a rebellion was more successful: he and his brother were driven from the city, although they were able to hold 1 See supra, Vol. in, p. 271. 2 The later incident, 1042, in which Poppo entered Grado by force, burning and destroying churches and houses, slaughtering and ravaging, illustrates what some bishops of the day were and did. The story of this revived quarrel between Grado and Aquileia is well told by F. C. Hodgson, Early History of Venice, London, 1901, pp. 196-206 sqq.; also supra, Vol. iv, pp. 407-8. The quarrel, which was old ecclesiastically, had now a twofold connexion with Venetian and German politics. 3 On the difficult chronology of Benedict’s papacy see R. L. Poole, Benedict IX and Gregory VI {Proceedings of the British Academy, vm). For the chronology of, and authorities for, the Italian journey of Henry HI, Steindorff, Jahrhiicher des deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich HI, i, pp. 456-510. Sylvester III and Gregory H 19 the Trastevere. Then John, Bishop of Sabina, was elected Pope, taking the name of Sylvester III. Again we hear of bribery, but as John's see was in the territory of the Crescentii, we may suppose that this rival house was concerned in this attack upon the Tusculans; in fifty days the latter, helped by Count Gerard of Galeria, drove out Sylvester’s party, and he returned to his former see. Then afterwards Benedict withdrew from the Papacy in favour of his godfather, John Gratian, Archpriest of St John at the Latin Gate, who took the name of Gregory VI. The new Pope belonged to the party of reform; he was a man of high character, but his election had been stained by simony, for Benedict, even if he were weary of his office and of the Romans, and longed, according to Bonizo’s curious tale, for marriage, had been bought out by the promise of the income sent from England as Peter’s Pence. The change of Popes, however, was welcomed by the reformers, and Peter Damian in particular hailed Gregory as the dove bearing the olive-branch to the ark. Even more significant for the future was Gregory’s association with the young Hildebrand; both were probably connected with the wealthy family of Benedict the Christian1. There was a simplicity in Gregory’s character which, in a bad society calling loudly for reform, led him to do evil that good might come. For nearly two years he remained Pope, but reform still tarried. Attention has been too often concentrated on the profligacy of Benedict IX, which in its more lurid colours shines so prominently in later accounts. What is remarkable, however, is the corruption, not of a single man, even of a single Pope, but of the whole Roman society. Powerful family interests maintained it; the imperial power might counterbalance them, and, as we have seen, the Papacy had been lately treated much as a German bishopric. In the Empire itself there had been a change; Conrad II had died (4 June 1039), and his son Henry III, a very different man, now held the sceptre. Whether it be true or not that, as Bonizo tells us, Peter the Archdeacon became discontented and went to ask Henry’s interference, it is certain that in 1046 Henry came to Italy; German interests and the state of the Church alike incited him. At Pavia (25 October) he held a Council, and the denunciation of simony made there1 2 by him gave the keynote of his policy, now, after Germany, to be applied to Italy and Rome itself. Henry was now a man of twenty-two, versed in business, trained to responsibilities and weighty decisions since his coronation at eleven. 1 For a very probable genealogy see Poole, Benedict IX and Gregory VI, pp. 23 sqq. The connexion explains but avoids Hildebrand’s alleged Jewish descent. 2 Steindorlf places here Henry’s discourse (given by Rodulf Glaber, ed. Prou, p. 133). See Steindorlf, op. cit. pp. 301) sqq. and 497 sqq., followed by Hefele-Leclercq, iv, pp. 979 sqq. But see also Hauck, op. cit. in, p. 586, n. 3, who rightly holds the words not to be taken as an exact report. CH. I. 2—2 46 Conciliar legislation William of Normandy, was success undiluted. The king was just and conscientious; Lanfranc was a theologian and a reformer, even if of the school of Damian rather than of Humbert. The episcopate was raised, and the standard of clerical life; councils, such as marked the movement, became the rule, as was seen at Winchester and London in 1072. But if England moved parallel to Rome it was yet, as an island, apart. It was also peculiar in its happy co-operation of a just king and a great archbishop. The growth of canonical legislation (1049-1073) is easily traced. It begins with an attempt to regain for the Church a control over the appointment of its officers through reviving canonical election for bishops and episcopal institution for parish priests. But the repetition of such canons, even with increasing frequency and stringency, had failed to gain freedom for the Church in face of royal interests and private patronage. The Synod of Rheims under Leo IX (1049) had led the way: no one was to enter on a bishopric without election by clergy and laity. The spread of Church reform and literary discussion moved towards a clearer definition of the rival principles: the Church’s right to choose its own officers, and the customary rights of king or patron in appointments. So the Roman synod of 1059 went further: its sixth canon forbade the acquisition either gratis or by payment by any cleric or priest of a Church office through a layman. The French synods at Vienne and Tours (1060), held under the legate Stephen, affirmed the necessity of episcopal assent for any appointment. Alexander II, with greater chance of success, renewed in his Roman synod of 1063 Pope Nicholas’ canon of 1059. Under him the two elements, the cure of souls, which was obviously the Church’s care, and the gift of the property annexed to it, about which king and laymen had something to say, were more distinctly separated. It was significant when on 21 March 1070 Alexander gave to Gebhard of Salzburg1 the power of creating new bishops in his province, and provided that no bishop should be made by investiture as it was accustomed to be called or by any other arrangement, except those whom he or his successors should, of their free will, have elected, ordained, and constituted1 2. So far, and so far only, had things moved when Alexander II died. The constant use of legates was continued if not increased, and France was as before a field of special care. Thither Damian had gone, returning in October 1063, and Gerard of Ostia (1072) dealt specially and severely with simony. In France, and also elsewhere, the frequency of councils 1 Throughout the Middle Ages the right of confirming his suffragans was left to this archbishop, and the peculiarity was mentioned at the Council of Trent. 2 Jaffe-Lowenfeld, Regesta, no. 4673. The history is clearly summarised in Scharnagl, Der Begriffder Investitur in den Quel/en und der Litteratur des Investitur-streites {Kirchenrechtliche Abhandlungen, ed. U. Stutz, No. 86). Some of the canons mentioned are in Bernheim, tyuellen. Also at length Hefele-Leclercq {passim). The Latin originals in Mansi. Alexander II and Milan 47 locally called is now noticeable. Not only the ordinary matters but laxity of marriage laws among the laity arising from licence among great and small were legislated upon. The course of affairs at Milan, however, needs longer and special notice. Alexander II had been for many years concerned in the struggle at Milan; his accession gave encouragement to the Patarines; to the citizens and clergy he wrote announcing his election. When Ariald visited Rome under Stephen IX, Landulf, who was on his way thither, was wounded at Piacenza; his wound was complicated by consumption, and he lost the voice and the energy which he had used so effectively. After his death, the date of which is uncertain, his place was more than filled bv his brother Erlembald, a knight fresh from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and with, as it was said, private, as well as family, wrongs to avenge upon the clergy. He had a personality and appearance very different from his brother’s; striking and handsome as became a patrician, splendidly dressed, gifted with that power of military control and organisation which was destined to reappear so often in medieval Italian States. He fortified his house, he moved about with a bodyguard; he became the Captain of the city; personal power and democratic rule were combined and so he was the real founder of the Italian commune. Ariald was content, as he put it, to use the word while Erlembald wielded the more powerful sword. The new leader visited Rome (1065) when Alexander was settled there; he received from the Pope a white banner with a red cross, and so became the knight of the Roman and the universal Church. The archbishop, with no traditions of family or friendship to uphold him, saw power slipping from his hands, and the Emperor counted for naught. From a second visit to Rome (1066) Erlembald returned with threats of a papal excommunication of Guido, and fresh disturbances began. Married priests and simonists were sharply condemned from Rome, and believers were forbidden to hear their masses. But the Papacy sought after order, and the cathedral clergy, faced by persecution, gathered around the archbishop. More tumult arose when Ariald preached against local customs of long standing. Milan had not only its own Ambrosian Liturgy1, but various peculiar customs: the ten days between Ascension Day and Pentecost had been kept since the fourth century as fasts; elsewhere only Whitsun Eve was so observed. Ariald, preferring the Roman custom, preached against the local use, and so aroused indignation. Then Guido at Whitsuntide seized his chance, and rebuked the Patarines for their action against him at Rome in 1 It seems best with Duchesne {Origins of Christian worship, p. 88) to connect the Ambrosian Rite with the Gallican group. Aquileia and the Danubian districts followed Milan. The Carolingian changes affected the Gallican Church, and through imperial influence reached Rome. But Milan kept its Ambrosian traditions, dating from the days of Auxentius (355-374), a Cappadocian Arian and immediate predecessor of St Ambrose; no doctrines were concerned (Duchesne, op. cit. pp. 93 sqq.). CH. I.